The Global Market for Advanced Batteries 2024-2034

2.1 The global market for advanced batteries
2.1.1 Electric vehicles
2.1.1.1 Market overview
2.1.1.2 Battery Electric Vehicles
2.1.1.3 Electric buses, vans and trucks
2.1.1.4 Electric off-road
2.1.1.5 Market demand and forecasts
2.1.2 Grid storage
2.1.2.1 Market overview
2.1.2.2 Technologies
2.1.2.3 Market demand and forecasts
2.1.3 Consumer electronics
2.1.3.1 Market overview
2.1.3.2 Technologies
2.1.3.3 Market demand and forecasts
2.1.4 Stationary batteries
2.1.4.1 Market overview
2.1.4.2 Technologies
2.1.4.3 Market demand and forecasts
2.1.4.4 Technologies
2.1.4.5 Market demand and forecasts
2.2 Market drivers
2.3 Battery market megatrends
2.4 Advanced materials for batteries
2.5 Motivation for battery development beyond lithium

3.1 Battery chemistries
3.2 LI-ION BATTERIES
3.2.1 Technology description
3.2.1.1 Types of Lithium Batteries
3.2.2 SWOT analysis
3.2.3 Anodes
3.2.3.1 Materials
3.2.3.1.1 Graphite
3.2.3.1.2 Lithium Titanate
3.2.3.1.3 Lithium Metal
3.2.3.1.4 Silicon anodes
3.2.3.1.4.1 Benefits
3.2.3.1.4.2 Development in li-ion batteries
3.2.3.1.4.3 Manufacturing silicon
3.2.3.1.4.4 Costs
3.2.3.1.4.5 Applications
3.2.3.1.4.5.1 EVs
3.2.3.1.4.6 Future outlook
3.2.3.1.5 Alloy materials
3.2.3.1.6 Carbon nanotubes in Li-ion
3.2.3.1.7 Graphene coatings for Li-ion
3.2.4 Li-ion electrolytes
3.2.5 Cathodes
3.2.5.1 Materials
3.2.5.1.1 High-nickel cathode materials
3.2.5.1.2 Manufacturing
3.2.5.1.3 High manganese content
3.2.5.1.4 Li-Mn-rich cathodes
3.2.5.1.5 Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) - LCO
3.2.5.1.6 Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) - LFP
3.2.5.1.7 Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) - LMO
3.2.5.1.8 Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2) - NMC
3.2.5.1.9 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) - NCA
3.2.5.1.10 LMR-NMC
3.2.5.1.11 Lithium manganese phosphate (LiMnP)
3.2.5.1.12 Lithium manganese iron phosphate (LiMnFePO4 or LMFP)
3.2.5.1.13 Lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO)
3.2.5.2 Comparison of key lithium-ion cathode materials
3.2.5.3 Emerging cathode material synthesis methods
3.2.5.4 Cathode coatings
3.2.6 Binders and conductive additives
3.2.6.1 Materials
3.2.7 Separators
3.2.7.1 Materials
3.2.8 Platinum group metals
3.2.9 Li-ion battery market players
3.2.10 Li-ion recycling
3.2.10.1 Comparison of recycling techniques
3.2.10.2 Hydrometallurgy
3.2.10.2.1 Method overview
3.2.10.2.1.1 Solvent extraction
3.2.10.2.2 SWOT analysis
3.2.10.3 Pyrometallurgy
3.2.10.3.1 Method overview
3.2.10.3.2 SWOT analysis
3.2.10.4 Direct recycling
3.2.10.4.1 Method overview
3.2.10.4.1.1 Electrolyte separation
3.2.10.4.1.2 Separating cathode and anode materials
3.2.10.4.1.3 Binder removal
3.2.10.4.1.4 Relithiation
3.2.10.4.1.5 Cathode recovery and rejuvenation
3.2.10.4.1.6 Hydrometallurgical-direct hybrid recycling
3.2.10.4.2 SWOT analysis
3.2.10.5 Other methods
3.2.10.5.1 Mechanochemical Pretreatment
3.2.10.5.2 Electrochemical Method
3.2.10.5.3 Ionic Liquids
3.2.10.6 Recycling of Specific Components
3.2.10.6.1 Anode (Graphite)
3.2.10.6.2 Cathode
3.2.10.6.3 Electrolyte
3.2.10.7 Recycling of Beyond Li-ion Batteries
3.2.10.7.1 Conventional vs Emerging Processes
3.3 LITHIUM-METAL BATTERIES
3.3.1 Technology description
3.3.2 Lithium-metal anodes
3.3.3 Challenges
3.3.4 Energy density
3.3.5 Anode-less Cells
3.3.6 Lithium-metal and solid-state batteries
3.3.7 Applications
3.3.8 SWOT analysis
3.3.9 Product developers
3.4 LITHIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES
3.4.1 Technology description
3.4.1.1 Advantages
3.4.1.2 Challenges
3.4.1.3 Commercialization
3.4.2 SWOT analysis
3.4.3 Product developers
3.5 LITHIUM TITANATE AND NIOBATE BATTERIES
3.5.1 Technology description
3.5.2 Niobium titanium oxide (NTO)
3.5.2.1 Niobium tungsten oxide
3.5.2.2 Vanadium oxide anodes
3.5.3 Product developers
3.6 SODIUM-ION (NA-ION) BATTERIES
3.6.1 Technology description
3.6.1.1 Cathode materials
3.6.1.1.1 Layered transition metal oxides
3.6.1.1.1.1 Types
3.6.1.1.1.2 Cycling performance
3.6.1.1.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages
3.6.1.1.1.4 Market prospects for LO SIB
3.6.1.1.2 Polyanionic materials
3.6.1.1.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages
3.6.1.1.2.2 Types
3.6.1.1.2.3 Market prospects for Poly SIB
3.6.1.1.3 Prussian blue analogues (PBA)
3.6.1.1.3.1 Types
3.6.1.1.3.2 Advantages and disadvantages
3.6.1.1.3.3 Market prospects for PBA-SIB
3.6.1.2 Anode materials
3.6.1.2.1 Hard carbons
3.6.1.2.2 Carbon black
3.6.1.2.3 Graphite
3.6.1.2.4 Carbon nanotubes
3.6.1.2.5 Graphene
3.6.1.2.6 Alloying materials
3.6.1.2.7 Sodium Titanates
3.6.1.2.8 Sodium Metal
3.6.1.3 Electrolytes
3.6.2 Comparative analysis with other battery types
3.6.3 Cost comparison with Li-ion
3.6.4 Materials in sodium-ion battery cells
3.6.5 SWOT analysis
3.6.6 Main players and competitive landscape
3.6.6.1 Battery Manufacturers
3.6.6.2 Large Corporations
3.6.6.3 Automotive Companies
3.6.6.4 Chemicals and Materials Firms
3.7 ALUMINIUM-ION BATTERIES
3.7.1 Technology description
3.7.2 SWOT analysis
3.7.3 Commercialization
3.7.4 Product developers
3.8 ALL-SOLID STATE BATTERIES (ASSBs)
3.8.1 Features and advantages
3.8.2 Technical specifications
3.8.3 Types
3.8.4 Microbatteries
3.8.4.1 Introduction
3.8.4.2 Materials
3.8.4.3 Applications
3.8.4.4 3D designs
3.8.4.4.1 3D printed batteries
3.8.5 Bulk type solid-state batteries
3.8.6 Shortcomings and market challenges for solid-state thin film batteries
3.8.7 Product developers
3.9 FLEXIBLE BATTERIES
3.9.1 Technical specifications
3.9.1.1 Approaches to flexibility
3.9.2 Flexible electronics
3.9.2.1 Flexible materials
3.9.3 Flexible and wearable Metal-sulfur batteries
3.9.4 Flexible and wearable Metal-air batteries
3.9.5 Flexible Lithium-ion Batteries
3.9.5.1 Electrode designs
3.9.5.2 Fiber-shaped Lithium-Ion batteries
3.9.5.3 Stretchable lithium-ion batteries
3.9.5.4 Origami and kirigami lithium-ion batteries
3.9.6 Flexible Li/S batteries
3.9.6.1 Components
3.9.6.2 Carbon nanomaterials
3.9.7 Flexible lithium-manganese dioxide (Li-MnO2) batteries
3.9.8 Flexible zinc-based batteries
3.9.8.1 Components
3.9.8.1.1 Anodes
3.9.8.1.2 Cathodes
3.9.8.2 Challenges
3.9.8.3 Flexible zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn-Mn) batteries
3.9.8.4 Flexible silver-zinc (Ag-Zn) batteries
3.9.8.5 Flexible Zn-Air batteries
3.9.8.6 Flexible zinc-vanadium batteries
3.9.9 Fiber-shaped batteries
3.9.9.1 Carbon nanotubes
3.9.9.2 Types
3.9.9.3 Applications
3.9.9.4 Challenges
3.9.10 Energy harvesting combined with wearable energy storage devices
3.9.11 Product developers
3.10 TRANSPARENT BATTERIES
3.10.1 Technology description
3.10.2 Components
3.10.3 Market outlook
3.11 DEGRADABLE BATTERIES
3.11.1 Technology description
3.11.2 Components
3.11.3 Market outlook
3.12 PRINTED BATTERIES
3.12.1 Technical specifications
3.12.2 Components
3.12.3 Design
3.12.4 Key features
3.12.5 Printable current collectors
3.12.6 Printable electrodes
3.12.7 Materials
3.12.8 Applications
3.12.9 Printing techniques
3.12.10 Lithium-ion (LIB) printed batteries
3.12.11 Zinc-based printed batteries
3.12.12 3D Printed batteries
3.12.12.1 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing
3.12.12.2 Materials for 3D printed batteries
3.12.12.2.1 Electrode materials
3.12.12.2.2 Electrolyte Materials
3.12.13 Market outlook
3.12.14 Product developers
3.13 REDOX FLOW BATTERIES
3.13.1 Technology description
3.13.2 Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)
3.13.3 Zinc-bromine flow batteries (ZnBr)
3.13.4 Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)
3.13.5 Iron-chromium flow batteries (ICB)
3.13.6 All-Iron flow batteries
3.13.7 Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries
3.13.8 Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries
3.13.9 Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries
3.13.10 Organic flow batteries
3.13.11 Hybrid Flow Batteries
3.13.11.1 Zinc-Cerium Hybrid
3.13.11.2 Zinc-Polyiodide Hybrid Flow Battery
3.13.11.3 Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow Battery
3.13.11.4 Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow Battery
3.13.11.5 Vanadium-Polyhalide Flow Battery
3.13.12 Market outlook
3.13.13 Product developers
3.14 ZN-BASED BATTERIES
3.14.1 Technology description
3.14.1.1 Zinc-Air batteries
3.14.1.2 Zinc-ion batteries
3.14.1.3 Zinc-bromide
3.14.2 Market outlook
3.14.3 Product developers

4.1 By battery types
4.2 By end market

Table 1. Competing technologies for batteries in electric boats
Table 2. Competing technologies for batteries in grid storage
Table 3. Competing technologies for batteries in consumer electronics
Table 4. Competing technologies for batteries in stationary batteries
Table 5. Competing technologies for sodium-ion batteries in grid storage
Table 6. Market drivers for use of advanced materials and technologies in batteries
Table 7. Battery market megatrends
Table 8. Advanced materials for batteries
Table 9. Commercial Li-ion battery cell composition
Table 10. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery supply chain
Table 11. Types of lithium battery
Table 12. Li-ion battery anode materials
Table 13. Manufacturing methods for nano-silicon anodes
Table 14. Markets and applications for silicon anodes
Table 15. Li-ion battery cathode materials
Table 16. Key technology trends shaping lithium-ion battery cathode development
Table 17. Properties of Lithium Cobalt Oxide) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries
Table 18. Properties of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4 or LFP) as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries
Table 19. Properties of Lithium Manganese Oxide cathode material
Table 20. Properties of Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)
Table 21. Properties of Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide
Table 22. Comparison table of key lithium-ion cathode materials
Table 23. Li-ion battery Binder and conductive additive materials
Table 24. Li-ion battery Separator materials
Table 25. Li-ion battery market players
Table 26. Typical lithium-ion battery recycling process flow
Table 27. Main feedstock streams that can be recycled for lithium-ion batteries
Table 28. Comparison of LIB recycling methods
Table 29. Comparison of conventional and emerging processes for recycling beyond lithium-ion batteries
Table 30. Applications for Li-metal batteries
Table 31. Li-metal battery developers
Table 32. Comparison of the theoretical energy densities of lithium-sulfur batteries versus other common battery types
Table 33. Lithium-sulphur battery product developers
Table 34. Product developers in Lithium titanate and niobate batteries
Table 35. Comparison of cathode materials
Table 36. Layered transition metal oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries
Table 37. General cycling performance characteristics of common layered transition metal oxide cathode materials
Table 38. Polyanionic materials for sodium-ion battery cathodes
Table 39. Comparative analysis of different polyanionic materials
Table 40. Common types of Prussian Blue Analogue materials used as cathodes or anodes in sodium-ion batteries
Table 41. Comparison of Na-ion battery anode materials
Table 42. Hard Carbon producers for sodium-ion battery anodes
Table 43. Comparison of carbon materials in sodium-ion battery anodes
Table 44. Comparison between Natural and Synthetic Graphite
Table 45. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof
Table 46. Comparison of carbon based anodes
Table 47. Alloying materials used in sodium-ion batteries
Table 48. Na-ion electrolyte formulations
Table 49. Pros and cons compared to other battery types
Table 50. Cost comparison with Li-ion batteries
Table 51. Key materials in sodium-ion battery cells
Table 34. Product developers in aluminium-ion batteries
Table 52. Market segmentation and status for solid-state batteries
Table 53. Shortcoming of solid-state thin film batteries
Table 54. Solid-state thin-film battery market players
Table 55. Flexible battery applications and technical requirements
Table 56. Flexible Li-ion battery prototypes
Table 57. Electrode designs in flexible lithium-ion batteries
Table 58. Summary of fiber-shaped lithium-ion batteries
Table 59. Types of fiber-shaped batteries
Table 54. Product developers in flexible batteries
Table 60. Components of transparent batteries
Table 61. Components of degradable batteries
Table 62. Main components and properties of different printed battery types
Table 63. Applications of printed batteries and their physical and electrochemical requirements
Table 64. 2D and 3D printing techniques
Table 65. Printing techniques applied to printed batteries
Table 66. Main components and corresponding electrochemical values of lithium-ion printed batteries
Table 67. Printing technique, main components and corresponding electrochemical values of printed batteries based on Zn-MnO2 and other battery types
Table 68. Main 3D Printing techniques for battery manufacturing
Table 69. Electrode Materials for 3D Printed Batteries
Table 54. Product developers in printed batteries
Table 70. Advantages and disadvantages of redox flow batteries
Table 71. Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 72. Zinc-bromine (ZnBr) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 73. Polysulfide bromine flow batteries (PSB)-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 74. Iron-chromium (ICB) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 75. All-Iron flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 76. Zinc-iron (Zn-Fe) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 77. Hydrogen-bromine (H-Br) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 78. Hydrogen-Manganese (H-Mn) flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 79. Organic flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 80. Zinc-Cerium Hybrid flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 81. Zinc-Polyiodide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 82. Zinc-Nickel Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 83. Zinc-Bromine Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 84. Vanadium-Polyhalide Hybrid Flow batteries-key features, advantages, limitations, performance, components and applications
Table 85. Redox flow batteries product developers
Table 86. ZN-based battery product developers
Table 87. Global market for advanced batteries, by battery type, 2018-2035 (Billions USD)
Table 88. Global market for advanced batteries, by end use market, 2018-2035 (Billions USD)
Table 90. CATL sodium-ion battery characteristics
Table 91. CHAM sodium-ion battery characteristics
Table 92. Chasm SWCNT products
Table 93. Faradion sodium-ion battery characteristics
Table 94. HiNa Battery sodium-ion battery characteristics
Table 95. Battery performance test specifications of J. Flex batteries
Table 96. LiNa Energy battery characteristics
Table 97. Natrium Energy battery characteristics

Figure 1. Annual sales of battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
Figure 2. Sodium-ion grid storage units
Figure 3. Salt-E Dog mobile battery
Figure 4. I.Power Nest - Residential Energy Storage System Solution
Figure 5. Sodium-ion grid storage units
Figure 6. Costs of batteries to 2030
Figure 7. Lithium Cell Design
Figure 8. Functioning of a lithium-ion battery
Figure 9. Li-ion battery cell pack
Figure 10. Li-ion electric vehicle (EV) battery
Figure 11. SWOT analysis: Li-ion batteries
Figure 12. Silicon anode value chain
Figure 13. Li-ion electric vehicle (EV) battery
Figure 14. Li-cobalt structure
Figure 15. Li-manganese structure
Figure 16. Typical direct, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical recycling methods for recovery of Li-ion battery active materials
Figure 17. Flow chart of recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)
Figure 18. Hydrometallurgical recycling flow sheet
Figure 19. SWOT analysis for Hydrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling
Figure 20. Umicore recycling flow diagram
Figure 21. SWOT analysis for Pyrometallurgy Li-ion Battery Recycling
Figure 22. Schematic of direct recyling process
Figure 23. SWOT analysis for Direct Li-ion Battery Recycling
Figure 24. Schematic diagram of a Li-metal battery
Figure 25. SWOT analysis: Lithium-metal batteries
Figure 26. Schematic diagram of Lithium-sulfur battery
Figure 25. SWOT analysis: Lithium-sulfur batteries
Figure 27. Schematic of Prussian blue analogues (PBA)
Figure 28. Comparison of SEM micrographs of sphere-shaped natural graphite (NG; after several processing steps) and synthetic graphite (SG)
Figure 29. Overview of graphite production, processing and applications
Figure 30. Schematic diagram of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)
Figure 31. Schematic diagram of a Na-ion battery
Figure 25. SWOT analysis: Sodium-ion batteries
Figure 32. Saturnose battery chemistry
Figure 25. SWOT analysis: Aluminium-ion batteries
Figure 33. Schematic illustration of all-solid-state lithium battery
Figure 34. ULTRALIFE thin film battery
Figure 35. Examples of applications of thin film batteries
Figure 36. Capacities and voltage windows of various cathode and anode materials
Figure 37. Traditional lithium-ion battery (left), solid state battery (right)
Figure 38. Bulk type compared to thin film type SSB
Figure 39. Ragone plots of diverse batteries and the commonly used electronics powered by flexible batteries
Figure 40. Flexible, rechargeable battery
Figure 41. Various architectures for flexible and stretchable electrochemical energy storage
Figure 42. Types of flexible batteries
Figure 43. Flexible label and printed paper battery
Figure 44. Materials and design structures in flexible lithium ion batteries
Figure 45. Flexible/stretchable LIBs with different structures
Figure 46. Schematic of the structure of stretchable LIBs
Figure 47. Electrochemical performance of materials in flexible LIBs
Figure 48. a-c) Schematic illustration of coaxial (a), twisted (b), and stretchable (c) LIBs
Figure 49. a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of the superstretchy LIB based on an MWCNT/LMO composite fiber and an MWCNT/LTO composite fiber. b,c) Photograph (b) and the schematic illustration (c) of a stretchable fiber-shaped battery under stretching conditions. d) Schematic illustration of the spring-like stretchable LIB. e) SEM images of a fiberat different strains. f) Evolution of specific capacitance with strain. d-f)
Figure 50. Origami disposable battery
Figure 51. Zn-MnO2 batteries produced by Brightvolt
Figure 52. Charge storage mechanism of alkaline Zn-based batteries and zinc-ion batteries
Figure 53. Zn-MnO2 batteries produced by Blue Spark
Figure 54. Ag-Zn batteries produced by Imprint Energy
Figure 55. Wearable self-powered devices
Figure 56. Transparent batteries
Figure 57. Degradable batteries
Figure 58. Various applications of printed paper batteries
Figure 59.Schematic representation of the main components of a battery
Figure 60. Schematic of a printed battery in a sandwich cell architecture, where the anode and cathode of the battery are stacked together
Figure 61. Manufacturing Processes for Conventional Batteries (I), 3D Microbatteries (II), and 3D-Printed Batteries (III)
Figure 62. Scheme of a redox flow battery
Figure 63. Global market for advanced batteries, by battery type, 2018-2035 (Billions USD)
Figure 64. Global market for advanced batteries, by end use market, 2018-2035 (Billions USD)
Figure 65. 24M battery
Figure 67. AC biode prototype
Figure 68. Ampcera’s all-ceramic dense solid-state electrolyte separator sheets (25 um thickness, 50mm x 100mm size, flexible and defect free, room temperature ionic conductivity ~1 mA/cm)
Figure 69. Amprius battery products
Figure 70. All-polymer battery schematic
Figure 71. All Polymer Battery Module
Figure 72. Resin current collector
Figure 73. Ateios thin-film, printed battery
Figure 74. Containerized NAS® batteries
Figure 75. 3D printed lithium-ion battery
Figure 76. Blue Solution module
Figure 77. TempTraq wearable patch
Figure 78. Exide Batteries Lead Acid Battery
Figure 79. Schematic of a fluidized bed reactor which is able to scale up the generation of SWNTs using the CoMoCAT process
Figure 80. Cymbet EnerChip™
Figure 81. Rongke Power 400 MWh VRFB
Figure 82. E-magy nano sponge structure
Figure 83. SoftBattery®
Figure 84. Roll-to-roll equipment working with ultrathin steel substrate
Figure 85. 40 Ah battery cell
Figure 86. FDK Corp battery
Figure 87. 2D paper batteries
Figure 88. 3D Custom Format paper batteries
Figure 89. Fuji carbon nanotube products
Figure 90. Gelion Endure battery
Figure 91. Portable desalination plant
Figure 92. Grepow flexible battery
Figure 93. HiNa Battery pack for EV
Figure 94. JAC demo EV powered by a HiNa Na-ion battery
Figure 95. Nanofiber Nonwoven Fabrics from Hirose
Figure 96. Hitachi Zosen solid-state battery
Figure 97. Ilika solid-state batteries
Figure 98. ZincPoly™ technology
Figure 99. TAeTTOOz printable battery materials
Figure 100. Ionic Materials battery cell
Figure 101. Schematic of Ion Storage Systems solid-state battery structure
Figure 102. ITEN micro batteries
Figure 103. Kite Rise’s A-sample sodium-ion battery module
Figure 104. LiBEST flexible battery
Figure 105. Li-FUN sodium-ion battery cells
Figure 106. LiNa Energy battery
Figure 107. 3D solid-state thin-film battery technology
Figure 108. Lyten batteries
Figure 109. Cellulomix production process
Figure 110. Nanobase versus conventional products
Figure 111. Nanotech Energy battery
Figure 112. Hybrid battery powered electrical motorbike concept
Figure 113. NBD battery
Figure 114. Schematic illustration of three-chamber system for SWCNH production
Figure 115. TEM images of carbon nanobrush
Figure 116. EnerCerachip
Figure 117. Cambrian battery
Figure 118. Printed battery
Figure 119. Prieto Foam-Based 3D Battery
Figure 120. Printed Energy flexible battery
Figure 121. ProLogium solid-state battery
Figure 122. QingTao solid-state batteries
Figure 123. Schematic of the quinone flow battery
Figure 124. Sakuú Corporation 3Ah Lithium Metal Solid-state Battery
Figure 125. SES Apollo batteries
Figure 126. Sionic Energy battery cell
Figure 127. Solid Power battery pouch cell
Figure 128. Stora Enso lignin battery materials
Figure 129. TeraWatt Technology solid-state battery
Figure 130. Zoolnasm batteries