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Used Car Market in the UK 2024-2028

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    Report

  • 137 Pages
  • July 2024
  • Region: United Kingdom
  • TechNavio
  • ID: 5887145
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The used car market in uk is forecasted to grow by USD 35.7 billion during 2023-2028, accelerating at a CAGR of 5.97% during the forecast period. The report on the used car market in uk provides a holistic analysis, market size and forecast, trends, growth drivers, and challenges, as well as vendor analysis covering around 25 vendors.

The report offers an up-to-date analysis regarding the current market scenario, the latest trends and drivers, and the overall market environment. The market is driven by excellent value for money proposition of used cars, reducing ownership cycle of cars, and increasing technological innovations in passenger cars.

The used car market in uk is segmented as below:

By Channel

  • Organized
  • Unorganized

By Vehicle Type

  • Compact car
  • SUV
  • Mid size

By Type

  • Petrol
  • Diesel
  • Others

By Geographical Landscape

  • Europe
This study identifies the improved touchpoint management as one of the prime reasons driving the used car market in uk growth during the next few years. Also, vending machine platform for dispensing used cars and increased penetration of websites dedicated to selling used cars will lead to sizable demand in the market.

The report on the used car market in uk covers the following areas:

  • Used car market in uk sizing
  • Used car market in uk forecast
  • Used car market in uk industry analysis
A robust vendor analysis within the report is designed to help clients improve their market position, and in line with this, this report provides a detailed analysis of several leading used car market in uk vendors that include Alibaba Group Holding Ltd., Aramis Group, Arnold Clark Automobiles Ltd., Auto Trader Group Plc, Bauer Media Group, Car Giant Ltd., Carcraft.co.uk, CarGurus Inc., CarMax Inc., Cazoo Ltd., Cinch Cars Ltd., Constellation Automotive Group Ltd., Group 1 Automotive Inc., Hertz Global Holdings Inc., Lithia Motors Inc., McCarthy Cars UK Ltd., Motors.co.uk Ltd., Penske Corp., Toyota Motor Corp., and TrueCar Inc. Also, the used car market in uk analysis report includes information on upcoming trends and challenges that will influence market growth. This is to help companies strategize and leverage all forthcoming growth opportunities.

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to an analysis of the key vendors.

The report presents a detailed picture of the market by the way of study, synthesis, and summation of data from multiple sources by an analysis of key parameters such as profit, pricing, competition, and promotions. It presents various market facets by identifying the key industry influencers. The data presented is comprehensive, reliable, and a result of extensive research - both primary and secondary. The market research reports provide a complete competitive landscape and an in-depth vendor selection methodology and analysis using qualitative and quantitative research to forecast the accurate market growth.

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary
1.1 Market overview
Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
Executive Summary - Chart on Country Market Characteristics
Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Channel
Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Vehicle Type
Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Type
Executive Summary - Chart on Company Market Positioning
2 Market Landscape
2.1 Market ecosystem
Parent Market
Data Table on - Parent Market
2.2 Market characteristics
Market characteristics analysis
2.3 Value chain analysis
Value Chain Analysis
3 Market Sizing
3.1 Market definition
Offerings of companies included in the market definition
3.2 Market segment analysis
Market segments
3.3 Market size 2023
3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2023-2028
Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Chart on UK: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Data Table on UK: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
4 Historic Market Size
4.1 Used Car Market in UK 2018 - 2022
Historic Market Size - Data Table on Used Car Market in UK 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
4.2 Channel segment analysis 2018 - 2022
Historic Market Size - Channel Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
4.3 Vehicle Type segment analysis 2018 - 2022
Historic Market Size - Vehicle Type Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
4.4 Type segment analysis 2018 - 2022
Historic Market Size - Type Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
5 Five Forces Analysis
5.1 Five forces summary
Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2023 and 2028
5.2 Bargaining power of buyers
Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2023 and 2028
5.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
5.4 Threat of new entrants
Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
5.5 Threat of substitutes
Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
5.6 Threat of rivalry
Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
5.7 Market condition
Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2023 and 2028
6 Market Segmentation by Channel
6.1 Market segments
Chart on Channel - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
Data Table on Channel - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
6.2 Comparison by Channel
Chart on Comparison by Channel
Data Table on Comparison by Channel
6.3 Organized - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
Chart on Organized - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Data Table on Organized - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Chart on Organized - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Data Table on Organized - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
6.4 Unorganized - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
Chart on Unorganized - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Data Table on Unorganized - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Chart on Unorganized - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Data Table on Unorganized - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
6.5 Market opportunity by Channel
Market opportunity by Channel ($ billion)
Data Table on Market opportunity by Channel ($ billion)
7 Market Segmentation by Vehicle Type
7.1 Market segments
Chart on Vehicle Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
Data Table on Vehicle Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
7.2 Comparison by Vehicle Type
Chart on Comparison by Vehicle Type
Data Table on Comparison by Vehicle Type
7.3 Compact car - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
Chart on Compact car - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Data Table on Compact car - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Chart on Compact car - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Data Table on Compact car - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
7.4 SUV - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
Chart on SUV - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Data Table on SUV - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Chart on SUV - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Data Table on SUV - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
7.5 Mid size - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
Chart on Mid size - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Data Table on Mid size - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Chart on Mid size - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Data Table on Mid size - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
7.6 Market opportunity by Vehicle Type
Market opportunity by Vehicle Type ($ billion)
Data Table on Market opportunity by Vehicle Type ($ billion)
8 Market Segmentation by Type
8.1 Market segments
Chart on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
Data Table on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
8.2 Comparison by Type
Chart on Comparison by Type
Data Table on Comparison by Type
8.3 Petrol - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
Chart on Petrol - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Data Table on Petrol - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Chart on Petrol - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Data Table on Petrol - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
8.4 Diesel - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
Chart on Diesel - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Data Table on Diesel - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Chart on Diesel - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Data Table on Diesel - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
8.5 Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028
Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
8.6 Market opportunity by Type
Market opportunity by Type ($ billion)
Data Table on Market opportunity by Type ($ billion)
9 Customer Landscape
9.1 Customer landscape overview
Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
10 Drivers, Challenges, and Opportunity/Restraints
10.1 Market drivers
10.2 Market challenges
10.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
Impact of drivers and challenges in 2023 and 2028
10.4 Market opportunities/restraints
11 Competitive Landscape
11.1 Overview
11.2 Competitive Landscape
Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
11.3 Landscape disruption
Overview on factors of disruption
11.4 Industry risks
Impact of key risks on business
12 Competitive Analysis
12.1 Companies profiled
Companies covered
12.2 Market positioning of companies
Matrix on companies position and classification
12.3 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. - Overview
Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. - Business segments
Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. - Key news
Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. - Key offerings
Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. - Segment focus
12.4 Aramis Group
Aramis Group - Overview
Aramis Group - Product / Service
Aramis Group - Key offerings
12.5 Arnold Clark Automobiles Ltd.
Arnold Clark Automobiles Ltd. - Overview
Arnold Clark Automobiles Ltd. - Product / Service
Arnold Clark Automobiles Ltd. - Key offerings
12.6 Auto Trader Group Plc
Auto Trader Group Plc - Overview
Auto Trader Group Plc - Product / Service
Auto Trader Group Plc - Key offerings
12.7 Car Giant Ltd.
Car Giant Ltd. - Overview
Car Giant Ltd. - Product / Service
Car Giant Ltd. - Key offerings
12.8 Carcraft.co.uk
Carcraft.co.uk - Overview
Carcraft.co.uk - Product / Service
Carcraft.co.uk - Key offerings
12.9 CarMax Inc.
CarMax Inc. - Overview
CarMax Inc. - Business segments
CarMax Inc. - Key offerings
CarMax Inc. - Segment focus
12.10 Cazoo Ltd.
Cazoo Ltd. - Overview
Cazoo Ltd. - Product / Service
Cazoo Ltd. - Key offerings
12.11 Cinch Cars Ltd.
Cinch Cars Ltd. - Overview
Cinch Cars Ltd. - Product / Service
Cinch Cars Ltd. - Key offerings
12.12 Constellation Automotive Group Ltd.
Constellation Automotive Group Ltd. - Overview
Constellation Automotive Group Ltd. - Product / Service
Constellation Automotive Group Ltd. - Key offerings
12.13 Group 1 Automotive Inc.
Group 1 Automotive Inc. - Overview
Group 1 Automotive Inc. - Business segments
Group 1 Automotive Inc. - Key offerings
Group 1 Automotive Inc. - Segment focus
12.14 Lithia Motors Inc.
Lithia Motors Inc. - Overview
Lithia Motors Inc. - Business segments
Lithia Motors Inc. - Key offerings
Lithia Motors Inc. - Segment focus
12.15 McCarthy Cars UK Ltd.
McCarthy Cars UK Ltd. - Overview
McCarthy Cars UK Ltd. - Product / Service
McCarthy Cars UK Ltd. - Key offerings
12.16 Motors.co.uk Ltd.
Motors.co.uk Ltd. - Overview
Motors.co.uk Ltd. - Product / Service
Motors.co.uk Ltd. - Key offerings
12.17 Penske Corp.
Penske Corp. - Overview
Penske Corp. - Product / Service
Penske Corp. - Key offerings
13 Appendix
13.1 Scope of the report
13.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
Inclusions checklist
Exclusions checklist
13.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
Currency conversion rates for US$
13.4 Research methodology
Research methodology
13.5 Data procurement
Information sources
13.6 Data validation
Data validation
13.7 Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Validation techniques employed for market sizing
13.8 Data synthesis
Data synthesis
13.9 360 degree market analysis
360 degree market analysis
13.10 List of abbreviations
List of abbreviations
List of Exhibits
Exhibits 1: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Overview
Exhibits 2: Executive Summary - Data Table on Market Overview
Exhibits 3: Executive Summary - Chart on Country Market Characteristics
Exhibits 4: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Channel
Exhibits 5: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Vehicle Type
Exhibits 6: Executive Summary - Chart on Market Segmentation by Type
Exhibits 7: Executive Summary - Chart on Company Market Positioning
Exhibits 8: Parent Market
Exhibits 9: Data Table on - Parent Market
Exhibits 10: Market characteristics analysis
Exhibits 11: Value Chain Analysis
Exhibits 12: Offerings of companies included in the market definition
Exhibits 13: Market segments
Exhibits 14: Chart on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 15: Data Table on UK - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 16: Chart on UK: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 17: Data Table on UK: Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 18: Historic Market Size - Data Table on Used Car Market in UK 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
Exhibits 19: Historic Market Size - Channel Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
Exhibits 20: Historic Market Size - Vehicle Type Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
Exhibits 21: Historic Market Size - Type Segment 2018 - 2022 ($ billion)
Exhibits 22: Five forces analysis - Comparison between 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 23: Bargaining power of buyers - Impact of key factors 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 24: Bargaining power of suppliers - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 25: Threat of new entrants - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 26: Threat of substitutes - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 27: Threat of rivalry - Impact of key factors in 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 28: Chart on Market condition - Five forces 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 29: Chart on Channel - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 30: Data Table on Channel - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 31: Chart on Comparison by Channel
Exhibits 32: Data Table on Comparison by Channel
Exhibits 33: Chart on Organized - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 34: Data Table on Organized - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 35: Chart on Organized - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 36: Data Table on Organized - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 37: Chart on Unorganized - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 38: Data Table on Unorganized - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 39: Chart on Unorganized - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 40: Data Table on Unorganized - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 41: Market opportunity by Channel ($ billion)
Exhibits 42: Data Table on Market opportunity by Channel ($ billion)
Exhibits 43: Chart on Vehicle Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 44: Data Table on Vehicle Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 45: Chart on Comparison by Vehicle Type
Exhibits 46: Data Table on Comparison by Vehicle Type
Exhibits 47: Chart on Compact car - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 48: Data Table on Compact car - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 49: Chart on Compact car - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 50: Data Table on Compact car - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 51: Chart on SUV - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 52: Data Table on SUV - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 53: Chart on SUV - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 54: Data Table on SUV - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 55: Chart on Mid size - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 56: Data Table on Mid size - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 57: Chart on Mid size - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 58: Data Table on Mid size - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 59: Market opportunity by Vehicle Type ($ billion)
Exhibits 60: Data Table on Market opportunity by Vehicle Type ($ billion)
Exhibits 61: Chart on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 62: Data Table on Type - Market share 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 63: Chart on Comparison by Type
Exhibits 64: Data Table on Comparison by Type
Exhibits 65: Chart on Petrol - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 66: Data Table on Petrol - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 67: Chart on Petrol - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 68: Data Table on Petrol - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 69: Chart on Diesel - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 70: Data Table on Diesel - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 71: Chart on Diesel - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 72: Data Table on Diesel - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 73: Chart on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 74: Data Table on Others - Market size and forecast 2023-2028 ($ billion)
Exhibits 75: Chart on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 76: Data Table on Others - Year-over-year growth 2023-2028 (%)
Exhibits 77: Market opportunity by Type ($ billion)
Exhibits 78: Data Table on Market opportunity by Type ($ billion)
Exhibits 79: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
Exhibits 80: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2023 and 2028
Exhibits 81: Overview on criticality of inputs and factors of differentiation
Exhibits 82: Overview on factors of disruption
Exhibits 83: Impact of key risks on business
Exhibits 84: Companies covered
Exhibits 85: Matrix on companies position and classification
Exhibits 86: Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 87: Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. - Business segments
Exhibits 88: Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. - Key news
Exhibits 89: Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 90: Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. - Segment focus
Exhibits 91: Aramis Group - Overview
Exhibits 92: Aramis Group - Product / Service
Exhibits 93: Aramis Group - Key offerings
Exhibits 94: Arnold Clark Automobiles Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 95: Arnold Clark Automobiles Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 96: Arnold Clark Automobiles Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 97: Auto Trader Group Plc - Overview
Exhibits 98: Auto Trader Group Plc - Product / Service
Exhibits 99: Auto Trader Group Plc - Key offerings
Exhibits 100: Car Giant Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 101: Car Giant Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 102: Car Giant Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 103: Carcraft.co.uk - Overview
Exhibits 104: Carcraft.co.uk - Product / Service
Exhibits 105: Carcraft.co.uk - Key offerings
Exhibits 106: CarMax Inc. - Overview
Exhibits 107: CarMax Inc. - Business segments
Exhibits 108: CarMax Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits 109: CarMax Inc. - Segment focus
Exhibits 110: Cazoo Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 111: Cazoo Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 112: Cazoo Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 113: Cinch Cars Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 114: Cinch Cars Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 115: Cinch Cars Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 116: Constellation Automotive Group Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 117: Constellation Automotive Group Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 118: Constellation Automotive Group Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 119: Group 1 Automotive Inc. - Overview
Exhibits 120: Group 1 Automotive Inc. - Business segments
Exhibits 121: Group 1 Automotive Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits 122: Group 1 Automotive Inc. - Segment focus
Exhibits 123: Lithia Motors Inc. - Overview
Exhibits 124: Lithia Motors Inc. - Business segments
Exhibits 125: Lithia Motors Inc. - Key offerings
Exhibits 126: Lithia Motors Inc. - Segment focus
Exhibits 127: McCarthy Cars UK Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 128: McCarthy Cars UK Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 129: McCarthy Cars UK Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 130: Motors.co.uk Ltd. - Overview
Exhibits 131: Motors.co.uk Ltd. - Product / Service
Exhibits 132: Motors.co.uk Ltd. - Key offerings
Exhibits 133: Penske Corp. - Overview
Exhibits 134: Penske Corp. - Product / Service
Exhibits 135: Penske Corp. - Key offerings
Exhibits 136: Inclusions checklist
Exhibits 137: Exclusions checklist
Exhibits 138: Currency conversion rates for US$
Exhibits 139: Research methodology
Exhibits 140: Information sources
Exhibits 141: Data validation
Exhibits 142: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Exhibits 143: Data synthesis
Exhibits 144: 360 degree market analysis
Exhibits 145: List of abbreviations

Executive Summary

The following companies are recognized as the key players in the used car market in UK: Alibaba Group Holding Ltd., Aramis Group, Arnold Clark Automobiles Ltd., Auto Trader Group PLC, Bauer Media Group, Car Giant Ltd., Carcraft.co.UK, CarGurus Inc., CarMax Inc., Cazoo Ltd., Cinch Cars Ltd., Constellation Automotive Group Ltd., Group 1 Automotive Inc., Hertz Global Holdings Inc., Lithia Motors Inc., McCarthy Cars UK Ltd., Motors.co.UK Ltd., Penske Corp., Toyota Motor Corp., and TrueCar Inc..

Commenting on the report, an analyst from the research team said: "The latest trend gaining momentum in the market is improved touchpoint management."

According to the report, one of the major drivers for this market is the excellent value for money proposition of used cars.

The study was conducted using an objective combination of primary and secondary information including inputs from key participants in the industry. The report contains a comprehensive market and vendor landscape in addition to a SWOT analysis of the key vendors.

Companies Mentioned (Partial List)

A selection of companies mentioned in this report includes, but is not limited to:

  • Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
  • Aramis Group
  • Arnold Clark Automobiles Ltd.
  • Auto Trader Group Plc
  • Bauer Media Group
  • Car Giant Ltd.
  • Carcraft.co.uk
  • CarGurus Inc.
  • CarMax Inc.
  • Cazoo Ltd.
  • Cinch Cars Ltd.
  • Constellation Automotive Group Ltd.
  • Group 1 Automotive Inc.
  • Hertz Global Holdings Inc.
  • Lithia Motors Inc.
  • McCarthy Cars UK Ltd.
  • Motors.co.uk Ltd.
  • Penske Corp.
  • Toyota Motor Corp.
  • TrueCar Inc.