Vitamin D. Volume Two. Edition No. 3

Table of Contents

VOLUME ONE

SECTION I: CHEMISTRY, METABOLISM, CIRCULATION

1 Historical Overview of Vitamin D

Hector F. Deluca

2 Photobiology of Vitamin D

Michael F. Holick

3 The Activating Enzymes of Vitamin D Metabolism (25- and 1a-Hydroxylases)

Glenville Jones and David E. Prosser

4 CYP24A1: Structure, Function, and Physiological Role

Rene St. Arnaud

5 The Vitamin D Binding Protein: DBP

Roger Bouillon

6 Industrial Aspects of Vitamin D

Arnold L. Hirsch

SECTION II: MECHANISMS OF ACTION

7 VDR

J. Wesley Pike

8 Nuclear Vitamin D Receptor: Natural Ligands, Molecular Structure-Function, and Transcriptional Control of Vital Genes

Mark R. Haussler, Carol A. Haussler, Jui-Cheng Hsieh, Peter W. Jurutka, and G. Kerr Whitfield

9 Structural Basis for Ligand Activity in VDR

Dino Moras and Natacha Rochel

10 Coregulators of VDR-mediated Gene Expression

Paul McDonald and Diane R. Dowd

11 Target Genes of Vitamin D: Spatio-temporal Interaction of Chromatin, VDR and Response Elements

Carsten Carlberg

12 Epigenetic Modifications in Vitamin D Receptor Mediated Transrepression

Shigeaki Kato, Alexander Kouzmenko, Fumiaki Ohtake, and Ryoji Fujiki

13 Vitamin D and Wnt/�-Catenin Signaling

Albert Munoz, Jos� Manuel Gonz�lez-Sancho, and Mar�a Jes�s Larriba

14 Vitamin D Response Element Binding Protein

John S. Adams, Thomas S. Lisse, Hong Chen, Mark S. Nanes, and Martin Hewison

15 Vitamin D Sterol/VDR Conformational Dynamics and Nongenomic Actions

Anthony W. Norman and Mathew T. Mizwicki

SECTION III: MINERAL AND BONE HOMEOSTASIS

16 Development of the Skeleton

Jane B. Lian, Gary S. Stein, Martin Montecino, Janet L. Stein, Andre J. van Wijnen

17 Vitamin D Regulation of Osteoblast Function

Renny Franchesci and Yan Li

18 Osteoclasts

F. Patrick Ross

19 Molecular Mechanisms for Regulation of Intestinal Calcium and Phosphate Absorption by Vitamin D

James Fleet and Ryan D. Schoch

20 The Calbindins: Calbindin-D28K and Calbindin-D9K and the Epithelial Calcium Channels TRPV5 and TRPV6

Sylvia Christakos, Leila Mady, and Puneet Dhawan

21 Mineralization

Adele Boskey and Eve Donnelly

22 VITAMIN D Regulation of Type I Collagen Expression in Bone

Barbara Kream and Alexander Lichtler

23 Target Genes: Bone Proteins

Howard Morris, Paul H. Anderson, Gerald J. Atkins, and David M. Findlay

24 Vitamin D and the Calcium-Sensing Receptor

Edward M. Brown

25 Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Voltage-Sensitive Calcium Channels in Osteoblast Differentiation and Morphology

Mary Farach-Carson and William R. Thompson

SECTION IV: TARGETS

26 Vitamin D and the Kidney

Rajiv Kumar and Peter Tebben

27 Vitamin D and the Parathyroids

Justin Silver and Tally Neveh-Many

28 Cartilage

Barbara D. Boyan, Maryam Doroudi and Zvi Schwartz

29 Vitamin D and Oral Heath

Ariane Berdal, Muriel Molla, Vianney Descroix

30 The Role of Vitamin D and its Receptor in Skin and Hair Follicle Biology

Marie B. Demay

31 Vitamin D and the Cardiovascular System

David Gardner, Songcang Chen, Denis Glenn, and Wei Ni

32 Vitamin D: A Neurosteroid Affecting Brain Development and Function; Implications for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders

John McGrath, Darryl Eyles, and Thomas Burne

33 Contributions of Genetically Modified Mouse Models to Understanding the Physiology and Pathophysiology of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-alpha Hydroxylase Enzyme [1a(OH)ase] and the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR)

David Goltzman, Geoffrey N. Hendy, and Richard Kremer

SECTION V: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

34 Vitamin D: Role in the Calcium and Phosphorus Economies

Robert P. Heaney

35 Fetus, Neonate and Infant

Chris Kovacs

36 Vitamin D Deficiency and Calcium Absorption During Childhood

Steven A. Abrams

37 Adolescence and Acquisition of Peak Bone Mass

Connie Weaver, Rick Lewis, and Emma Liang

38 Vitamin D Metabolism in Pregnancy and Lactation

Bonny Specker, Natalie W. Thiex, and Heidi J. Kalkwarf

39 Vitamin D: Relevance in Reproductive Biology and Pathophysiological Implications in Reproductive Dysfunction

Hugh S. Taylor and Lubna Pal

40 Vitamin D and the Renin-Angiotensin System

Yan Chun Li

41 Parathyroid Hormone, Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein and Calcitonin

John J. Wysolmerski and Elizabeth Holt

42 FGF23/Klotho New Regulators of Vitamin D Metabolism

L. Darryl Quarles and Valentin David

43 The Role of the Vitamin D Receptor in Bile Acid Homeostasis

David J. Mangelsdorf, Daniel R. Schmidt, Steven A. Kliewer

44 Vitamin D and Fat

Clifford J. Rosen and Francisco J. A. de Paula

45 Extra-renal 1a-hydroxylase

Martin Hewison and John S. Adams

Section VI: Diagnosis and Management

46 Approach to the Patient

Michael P. Whyte

47 Detection of Vitamin D and Its Major Metabolites

Bruce W. Hollis

48 Bone Histomorphometry

Juliet E. Compston and Linda Skingle

49 Radiology

Judith E. Adams

50 High-Resolution Imagine Techniques for Bone Quality Assessment

Sharmila Majumdar, Andrew J. Burghardt, and Roland Krug

51 The Role of Vitamin D in Orthopaedic Surgery

Joseph M. Lane, Aasis Unnanuntana, and Brian J. Rebolledo

SECTION VII: NUTRITION, SUNLIGHT, GENETICS, AND VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY

52 Worldwide Vitamin D Status

Paul Lips and Natasja van Schoor

53 Sunlight, Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer Epidemiology

Gary G. Schwartz

54 Nutrition and lifestyle effects on vitamin D status

Susan J. Whiting and Mona S. Calvo

55 Bone Loss, Vitamin D and Bariatric Surgery: Nutrition, Obesity and Bariatric Surgery

Lenore Arab and Ian Yip

56 Genes and Risk of Disease

Andri G. Uitterlinden

57 The Pharmacology of Vitamin D

Reinhold Vieth

58 How to Define Optimal Vitamin D Status?

Roger Bouillon

VOLUME TWO

SECTION VIII: DISORDERS

59 The Hypocalcemic Disorders: Differential Diagnosis and Therapeutic Use of Vitamin D

Thomas O. Carpenter and Karl L. Insogna

60 Vitamin D Deficiency and Nutritional Rickets in Children

John M. Pettifor

61 Vitamin D and Osteoporosis

Peter R. Ebeling and John A. Eisman

62 Relevance of Vitamin D Deficiency in Adult Fracture and Fall Prevention

Heike Bischoff-Ferrari and Bess Dawson-Hughes

63 Clinical Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis

Marc K. Drezner and Karen E. Hansen

64 Pseudo-vitamin D Deficiency

Francis H. Glorieux, Thomas Edouard, and Ren� St-Arnaud

65 Hereditary 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Resistant Rickets

Peter J. Malloy, David Feldman, and Dov Tiosano

66 Glucocorticoids and Vitamin D

Philip Sambrook

67 Drug and Hormone Effects on Vitamin D Metabolism

Sol Epstein and Barrie M. Weinstein

68 Vitamin D and Organ Transplantation

Elizabeth Shane and Emily M. Stein

69 Vitamin D and Bone Mineral Metabolism in Hepatogastrointestinal Diseases Daniel Bikle

70 Vitamin D and Renal Disease

Adriana S. Dusso and Eduardo Slatopolsky

71 Idiopathic Hypercalciuria and Nephrolithiasis

Murray J. Favus and Fredric L. Coe

72 Hypercalcemia Due to Vitamin D Toxicity

John P. Bilezikian, Natalie E. Cusano, and Susan Thys-Jacobs

73 Vitamin D: Cardiovascular Effects and Vascular Calcification

Dwight A. Towler

SECTION IX: ANALOGS

74 New Analogs

Hector DeLuca and Lori A. Plum

75 Mechanisms for the Selective Actions of Vitamin D Analogs

Alex J. Brown

76 Analogs of Calcitriol

Annemieke Verstuyf, Pierre De Clercq, Roger Bouillon, Lieve Verlinden, Guy Eelen, and Maurits Vandewalle

77 Analogs and Fx Prevention

Noboru Kubodera and Fumiaki Takahashi

78 Non-Secosteroidal Ligands and Modulators

Keith R. Stayrook, Yanfei L. Ma, Matthew W. Carson, and Jeffrey A. Dodge

79 The bile acid derivatives lithocholic acid acetate and lithocholic acid propionate are functionally selective vitamin D receptor ligands

Makoto Makishima and Sachiko Yamada

80 CYP24A1 Regulation in Health and Disease

Martin Petkovich, Tina Epps, and Christian Helvig

81 Calcitriol and Analogs in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease

Ravi Thadhani and Ishir Bhan

SECTION X: CANCER

82 The Epidemiology of Vitamin D and Cancer Risk

Edward Giovannucci

83 Vitamin D: Cancer and Differentiation

Johannes P. T. M. van Leeuwen, Alberto Munoz, Marjolein van Driel, and David Feldman

84 Vitamin D Effects on Differentiation and Cell Cycle

George P. Studzinski, Elzbieta Gocek, and Michael Danilenko

85 Vitamin D Actions in Mammary Gland and Breast Cancer

Joellen Welsh

86 Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer

David Feldman and Aruna V. Krishnan

87 The VITAMIN D System and Colorectal Cancer Prevention

Heide S. Cross

88 Hematological Malignancy

H. Phillip Koeffler and Ryoko Okamoto

89 Vitamin D and Skin Cancer

Jean Y. Tang and Ervin H. Epstein

90 The Anti-Tumor Effects of Vitamin D in Other Cancers

Donald Trump and Candace Johnson

SECTION XI: IMMUNITY, INFLAMMATION, AND DISEASE

91 Vitamin D and Innate Immunity

John H. White

92 Control of Adaptive Immunity by Vitamin D Receptor Agonists

Luciano Adorini

93 The role of vitamin D in innate immunity: Antimicrobial Activity, Oxidative Stress and Barrier Function

Philip T. Liu

94 Vitamin D and Diabetes

Chantal Mathieu, Conny Gysemans, and Hannelie Korf

95 Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis

Colleen E. Hayes, Faye E. Nashold, Justin A. Spanier, Corwin D. Nelson, and Christopher G. Mayne

96 Vitamin D and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Margherita Cantorna and Danny Bruce

97 Psoriasis and other Skin Diseases

SECTION XII: THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS AND NEW ADVANCES

98 The Role of Vitamin D in Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension

Bess Dawson-Hughes and Anastassios G. Pittas

99 Vitamin D Receptor Agonists in the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Mario Maggi, Annamaria Morelli, and Luciano Adorini

100 Sunlight protection by Vitamin D Compounds

Rebecca S. Mason, Katie M. Dixon, Vanessa Sequiera, and Clare Gordon-Thomas

101 The Role of Vitamin D in Osteoarthritis and Rheumatic Disease

Timothy M. McAlindon and M. Kyla Shea

102 Vitamin D and cardiovascular Disease

Harald Dobnig and Harald Sourij

103 Vitamin D, Childhood Wheezing, Asthma, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Carlos A. Camargo, Jonathan Mansbach, and Adit Ginde

104 Vitamin D and Skeletal Muscle Function

Robert U. Simpson and Lisa Ceglia

105 VITAL

JoAnn E. Manson

Authors

David Feldman Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. David Feldman, MD, is Emeritus Professor of Medicine (Active) at Stanford University School of Medicine where he has been on the faculty since 1974. He has been a full professor since 1984 and was chief of the Endocrinology Division for 10 years. His laboratory studies the role of steroid hormone receptors, particularly the vitamin D receptor, and its mechanism of action. His current major research focus is hormone-dependent cancer including breast cancer and prostate cancer and the pathways by which vitamin D inhibits cancer growth. Professor Feldman is actively involved in both basic science approaches to the anti-cancer actions of vitamin D as well as to clinical trials studying the use of vitamin D in breast and prostate cancer. Professor Feldman was recently honored with an award for a Career of Outstanding Contributions to Vitamin D Research. He has authored over 290 medical research articles, reviews, editorials, and book chapters. In addition to being a co-editor of all four editions of OSTEOPOROSIS, he is the editor-in-chief of Vitamin D, just published in its third edition. J. Wesley Pike Professor, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA. Dr. Pike's laboratory is focused on the molecular mechanisms whereby vitamin D, the sex steroids, and other systemic hormones regulate the production as well as cellular activity of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. A long-term area of interest has been in the actions of vitamin D. His laboratory has shown that these actions are mediated by a specific receptor that is localized to the nucleus of target cells and which functions as a transcription factor following activation by its hormonal vitamin D ligand. This research led to the molecular cloning of this factor and elucidation of its regulation and mechanism of action. John S. Adams Vice Chair for Research, UCLA-Orthopaedic Hospital Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Director, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles.