Table of Contents
Preface.About the authors.
Glossary and notation.
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION.
Chapter 2 BASES FOR DESIGN.
2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Basic Requirements; 2.2.1 Functional Requirements; 2.2.2 Authorities’ Requirements; 2.2.3 Environmental Impact; 2.3 Flow Calculations; 2.3.1 General; 2.3.2 Operational Parameters; 2.3.3 Pipeline Size Determination; 2.3.4 Flow Simulations; 2.4 Site Investigations; 2.4.1 General; 2.4.2 Geophysical Survey; 2.4.3 Geotechnical Survey; 2.4.4 Soil Sampling and In-situ Testing; 2.4.5 Laboratory Testing; 2.5 Meteo-Marine Data; 2.5.1 General; 2.5.2 Wind, Waves and Current; 2.5.3 Collection of Wave Data; 2.5.4 Design parameters; 2.6 Route Selection; 2.6.1 General; 2.6.2 Alignment Sheets.
Chapter 3 MATERIALS.
3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Soil Materials; 3.2.1 General; 3.2.2 Seabed Soil Classification; 3.2.3 Backfill Materials; 3.3 Linepipe Materials; 3.3.1 General; 3.3.2 Strength, Toughness and Weldability; 3.3.3 Sour Service Resistance; 3.3.4 Steel Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance; 3.4 Sacrificial Anodes; 3.4.1 General; 3.4.2 Zinc Alloy; 3.4.3 Aluminium Alloy; 3.5 Pipeline Component Materials; 3.5.1 General; 3.5.2 Component Materials for Sour Service; 3.6 Coating and Insulation Materials; 3.6.1 General; 3.6.2 Material Properties.
Chapter 4 LOADS.
4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Functional Loads; 4.2.1 General; 4.2.2 Internal Pressure; 4.2.3 Pressure Control Systems; 4.2.4 Temperature; 4.3 Environmental Loads; 4.3.1 General; 4.3.2 Hydrodynamic Forces; 4.3.3 Hydrodynamic Force Coefficients; 4.4 Accidental Loads; 4.4.1 General; 4.4.2 Dropped Object Loads; 4.4.3 Trawl Loads; 4.5 Installation Loads.
Chapter 5 RISK AND SAFETY.
5.1 Introduction;5.2 Safety Policy and Philosophy;5.3 Risk Management.
5.3.1 General;5.3.2 Hazard Identification;5.4 Risk Acceptance Criteria;5.4.1 General;5.4.2 Cost Benefit Analysis; 5.5 Risk Assessment;5.5.1 General;5.5.2 Risk Reducing Measures;5.5.3 Example: Risk of Anchor Damage;5.6 Special Risk Aspects;5.6.1 Subsea Isolations Valves;5.6.2 Flanged vs Welded Connections;5.6.3 Corrosion in HP/HT Pipelines; 5.7 Statistical Data.
Chapter 6 DESIGN.
6.1 Design Conditions;6.1.1 Codes and Standards; 6.1.2 Serviceability Limit States (SLS); 6.1.3 Ultimate Limit States (ULS);6.1.4 Partial Safety Coefficients;6.2 Wall Thickness Determination; 6.2.1 General; 6.2.2 Design Methods; 6.2.3 Location Class Definition; 6.2.4 Wall Thickness According to DNV OS-F101; 6.2.5 Code Comparison and National Wall Thickness Regulations; 6.2.6 Trawling and Hydrostatic Pressure; 6.2.7 Wall Thickness Design Example; 6.3 Hydrodynamic Stability; 6.3.1 General; 6.3.2 Design Activities; 6.3.3 Design Conditions and Requirements; 6.3.4 Static Stability Design Format; 6.3.5 Dynamic Stability Design Format; 6.3.6 Pipe-Soil Interaction; 6.4 Free Span Evaluation; 6.4.1 General; 6.4.2 Free Span Classification; 6.4.3 Pipeline and Free Span Data; 6.4.4 Static Analysis; 6.4.5 Dynamic Analysis; 6.4.6 Fatigue Analysis; 6.5 Expansion and Global Buckling; 6.5.1 General; 6.5.2 Pipeline Expansion ; 6.5.3 Pipeline Buckling; 6.5.4 Upheaval Buckling; 6.6 Corrosion Prevention and Insulation; 6.6.1 General; 6.6.2 Corrosion of Steel in Seawater; 6.6.3 Internal Corrosion Prevention; 6.6.4 External Barrier Coating; 6.6.5 Thermal Insulation; 6.7 Cathodic Protection; 6.7.1 General; 6.7.2 Protective Potential and Current Requirements; 6.7.3 Hydrogen Embrittlement; 6.7.4 Sacrificial Anode Design; 6.7.5 Impressed Current; 6.7.6 Electrical Isolation; 6.7.7 Stray Current Interference; 6.8 Bends, Components and Structures; 6.8.1 General; 6.8.2 Fittings; 6.8.3 Valves and Other Components; 6.8.4 Structures.
Chapter 7 FABRICATION.
7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Linepipe Production; 7.2.1 General; 7.2.2 Standardisation; 7.2.3 Seamless Pipe; 7.2.4 Welded Pipes; 7.2.5 Specified Properties of Linepipe Steels; 7.2.6 Hot Formed Bends; 7.2.7 Cladding, Lining and Weld-Overlaying; 7.2.8 Testing During Pipe Manufacture; 7.3 Internal Coating; 7.3.1 General; 7.3.2 Surface Preparation; 7.3.3 Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE); 7.3.4 Epoxy Paint; 7.3.5 Inspection and Testing of Epoxy Paint; 7.4 External Anti-Corrosion Coating; 7.4.1 General; 7.4.2 Surface Preparation; 7.4.3 Asphalt Enamel; 7.4.4 Three-Layer Polyolefin Coatings (PE/PU/PP); 7.4.5 Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE); 7.4.6 Elastomer Coating (Neoprene); 7.4.7 Thermal Insulation; 7.4.8 Inspection and Testing; 7.4.9 Other Coating Systems; 7.5 Anode Manufacture; 7.5.1 General; 7.5.2 Reinforcement Insert; 7.5.3 Alloy Materials; 7.5.4 Casting; 7.5.5 Anode Defects; 7.5.6 Electrical Connections; 7.5.7 Painting and Marking; 7.5.8 Inspection and Testing; 7.6 Anode Installation; 7.6.1 General; 7.6.2 Anode Mounting; 7.6.2 Electrical Connection; 7.6.3 Finishing; 7.7 Concrete Coating; 7.7.1 General;7.7.2 Concrete Mix Design; 7.7.3 Reinforcement; 7.7.4 Impingement; 7.7.5 Extrusion; 7.7.6 Slipforming; 7.7.7 Concrete Curing; 7.7.8 Inspection and Testing; 7.7.9 Anode Joints; 7.8 Marking, Handling and Repair; 7.8.1 General; 7.8.2 Marking; 7.8.3 Handling, Transport and Storage; 7.8.4 Repair; 7.9 Components and Fittings; 7.9.1 General; 7.9.2 Component Manufacture; 7.9.3 Risers and Expansion Offsets; 7.9.4 Tees and Valve Assemblies; 7.9.5 Pig Launchers and Receiver.
Chapter 8 INSTALLATION.
8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Seabed Intervention; 8.2.1 General; 8.2.2 Pre-Trenching; 8.2.3 Pipeline Supports; 8.2.4 Crossings; 8.3 Pipe Assembly; 8.3.1 General; 8.3.2 Girth Welding; 8.3.3 Engineering Criticality Assessment (ECA); 8.3.4 Field Joint Coating; 8.3.5 Mechanical Connections; 8.4 Pipelaying; 8.4.1 General; 8.4.2 S-Lay; 8.4.3 J-Lay; 8.4.4 Reeling; 8.4.5 Piggy-Back Installation; 8.4.6 In-Line Components; 8.4.7 Abandonment and Recovery; 8.5 Towing, Pulling and Directional Drilling; 8.5.1 General; 8.5.2 On-Bottom Towing and Pulling; 8.5.3 Off-Bottom, Surface and Controlled Depth Towing; 8.5.4 Pipeline Bundles; 8.5.5 Directional Drilling; 8.6 Risers, Shore Approaches and Tie-ins; 8.6.1 General; 8.6.2 Riser Installation; 8.6.3 Shore Approach Construction; 8.6.4 Tie-in; 8.6.5 Branch line connection; 8.7 Trenching and Backfilling; 8.7.1 General; 8.7.2 Jetting and Cutting; 8.7.3 Ploughing; 8.7.4 Artificial Backfilling; 8.7.5 Protective Covers ; 8.8 Pre-Commissioning; 8.8.1 General; 8.8.2 Flooding and Hydrotesting; 8.8.3 Gauging; 8.8.4 Cleaning; 8.8.5 De-watering; 8.8.6 Drying; 8.8.7 Nitrogen Purging.
Chapter 9 CONTROL AND DOCUMENTATION.
9.1 Introduction; 9.2 General Requirements; 9.2.1 General; 9.2.2 Quality management; 9.2.3 Document Formats; 9.2.4 Communication; 9.2.5 Document Register; 9.2.6 Document Review and Acceptance; 9.2.7 Nonconforming Items; 9.3 Design; 9.3.1 Design Basis; 9.3.2 Design Documentation; 9.3.3 Design Drawings; 9.4 Supply and Fabrication; 9.4.1 General; 9.4.2 Pipe Production; 9.4.3 Anode Manufacture; 9.4.4 Pipe Coating; 9.4.5 Other Supplies; 9.5 Installation; 9.5.1 General; 9.5.2 Installation Manuals; 9.5.3 Contractor’s Engineering and Management; 9.5.4 Installation Procedures; 9.5.5 Construction Reporting; 9.6 As-Built Documentation; 9.6.1 General; 9.6.2 Pipeline Management Systems; 9.6.3 Contractor’s engineering and management; 9.6.4 Installation procedures; 9.6.5 Construction reporting.
Chapter 10 FLEXIBLE PIPELINES.
10.1 Introduction;10.1.1 General; 10.1.2 The World’s First Subsea Flexible Pipes; 10.1.3 Unbonded Flexible Pipe Specification; 10.2 Flexible Pipe Structure; 10.2.1 General; 10.2.2 Internal Carcass; 10.2.3 Inner Liner; 10.2.4 Pressure Armour; 10.2.5 Tensile Armour; 10.2.6 Holding Bandage; 10.2.7 Outer Sheath; 10.2.8 Additional Layers; 10.3 Flexible Pipe Design; 10.3.1 General; 10.3.2 Load Conditions; 10.3.3 Cross-Sectional Design; 10.3.4 End Fitting; 10.3.5 System Design; 10.3.6 Service Life Analysis; 10.4 Material Qualification; 10.4.1 General; 10.4.2 Metallic Materials ;10.4.3 Polymeric Materials ;10.4.4 Epoxy Resin; 10.4.5 Fibre-Reinforced Polymers; 10.5 Fabrication; 10.5.1 General; 10.5.2 Pipe; 10.5.3 End Fitting; 10.5.4 Factory Acceptance Test; 10.5.5 Packing and Load out; 10.6 Installation and Pipe Qualification; 10.6.1 Installation; 10.6.2 Flexible Pipe Qualification; 10.6.3 Prototype Testing.
Chapter 11 OPERATION.
11.1 Introduction; 11.2 Flow Assurance; 11.2.1 General; 11.2.2 Mitigation of Flow Blockage; 11.3 Operation, Maintenance and Abandonment; 11.3.1 General; 11.3.2 Commissioning and Operation; 11.3.3 Maintenance; 11.3.4 Changes to the Design Condition; 11.3.5 Decommissioning and Abandonment; 11.3.6 Pipeline Pigging; 11.4 In-service Inspection; 11.4.1 General; 11.4.2 Start-up Inspection; 11.4.3 Periodical Inspection; 11.5 Repair Assessment; 11.5.1 General; Pipe Defects.
Bibliography and references.
Author index.
Subject index
