Biogas Production covers the most cutting-edge pretreatment processes being used and studied today for the production of biogas.
As an increasingly important piece of the "energy pie," biogas and other biofuels are being used more and more around the world in every conceivable area of industry and could be a partial answer to the energy problem and the elimination of global warming.
This book will highlight the recent advances in the pretreatment and value addition of lignocellulosic wastes (LCW) with the main focus on domestic and agro-industrial residues. Mechanical, physical, and biological treatment systems are brought into perspective. The main value-added products from lignocellulosic wastes are summarized in a manner that pinpoints the most recent trends and the future directions.
Physico-chemical and biological treatment systems seem to be the most favored options while biofuels, biodegradable composites, and biosorbents production paint a bright picture of the current and future bio-based products. Engineered microbes seem to tackle the problem of bioconversion of substrates that are otherwise nonconvertible by conventional wild strains. Although the main challenge facing LCW utilization is the high costs involved in treatment and production processes, some recent affordable processes with promising results have been proposed. Future trends are being directed to nanobiotechnology and genetic engineering for improved processes and products.
Table of Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Special Contributor xviii
Editor xix
List of Contributors xxi
1. Anaerobic Digestion: Pretreatments of Substrates 1
Tanta Forster-Carnetro, Ricardo Isaac, Montserrat Pérez, and Ciarita Schvartz
1.1 Pretreatments in Anaerobic Digestion Process 2
1.2 Physical Pretreatment 6
1.3 Chemical Pretreatment 15
1.4 Biological Pretreatment 17
1.5 Combined Pretreatment 18
1.6 Concluding Note 19
2. Recalcitrance of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Anaerobic Digestion 27
Mohammad J. Taherzadeh and Azam Jeihanipour
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Plant Cell Wall Anatomy 28
2.3 Chemistry of Cell Wall Polymers 30
2.4 Molecular Interactions Between Cell Wall Polymers 39
2.5 Plant Cell Wall Molecular Architecture 40
2.6 Recalcitrance of Plant Cell Wall Cellulose 42
2.7 Reduction of Biomass Recalcitrance 46
2.8 Concluding Note 50
3. The Effect of Physical, Chemical, and Biological Pretreatments of Biomass on its Anaerobic Digestibility and Biogas Production 55
Katerina Stamatelatou, Georgia Antonopoulou, loanna Ntaikou, and Gerasimos Lyberatos
3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 Pretreatment Methods for Lignocellulosic Biomass 57
3.3 Pretreatment Methods for Sewage Sludge 77
3.4 Concluding Note 84
4. Application of Ultrasound Pretreatment for Sludge Digestion 91
Show Kuan Yeow and Wong Lai Peng
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Anaerobic Digestion 93
4.3 Overview of Pretreatment Methods for Anaerobic Digestion 95
4.4 Fundamental of Ultrasound 100
4.5 Bubbles Dynamic 103
4.6 Effects of Ultrasound 106
4.7 Ultrasound Applications 109
4.8 Ultrasonication for Anaerobic Digesion 116
4.9 Evaluation on Sludge Disintegration 126
4.10 Conclusions 131
5. Microwave Sludge Irradiation 137
Cigdetn Esktctoglu and Giampiero Galvagno
5.1 Introduction 137
5.2 Microwave Theory 139
5.3 Microwave Irradiation for Waste Sludge Treatment 144
5.4 Industrial Microwave Applications 147
5.5 Microwave Absorbing Materials and Ionic Liquids 148
5.6 Sludge Pretreatment Similar to Microwave Irradiation 151
5.7 Concluding Notes 151
6. Hydrolytic Enzymes Enhancing Anaerobic Digestion 157
Teresa Suárez Quiñones, Matthias Plöchl, Katrin Päzolt, Jörn Budde, Robert Kausmann, Edith Nettmann, and Monika Heiermann
6.1 Introduction 158
6.2 Where and How can Enzymes be Applied? 170
6.3 Impact of Enzyme Application 178
6.4 Economic Assessment 191
6.5 Concluding Note 192
7. Oxidizing Agents and Organic Solvents as Pretreatment for Anaerobic Digestion 199
Lise Appels, Jan Van Impe, and Raf Dewil
7.1 Oxidative Pretreatment Methods 199
7.2 Organic Solvents 210
7.3 Concluding Note 212
8. Anaerobic Digestion and Biogas Utilization in Greece: Current Status and Perspectives 215
Avraam Karagiannidis, George Perkoultdts, and Apostólos Malamakts
8.1 Assessment of Existing Biogas Installations 215
8.2 Use of Waste Material for Biogas Production 217
8.3 Feedstock Availability and Agricultural Structures 219
8.4 Purification of Biogas for Insertion in the Natural Gas Grid 224
8.5 Biogas Utilization 226
8.6 Concluding Note 227
9. Original Research: Investigating the Potential of Using Biogas in Cooking Stove in Rodrigues 229
Dinesh Surroop and Osman Dina Bégué
9.1 Energy Crisis and Future Challenges 230
9.2 Case Study of Rodrigues 231
9.3 Rationale of Research Study 233
9.4 Research Methodology 234
9.5 Reactor Design Considerations 241
9.6 Results, Findings and Discussions 247
9.7 Conclusions 257
10. Optimizing and Modeling the Anaerobic Digestion of Lignocellulosic Wastes by Rumen Cultures 259
Zhen-Hu Hu and Han-Qing Yu
10.1 Introduction 260
10.2 Materials and Methods 262
10.3 Optimizing the Anaerobic Digestion of Microwave-Pretreated Cattail by Rumen Cultures 266
10.4 Modeling the Anaerobic Digestion of Cattail by Rumen Cultures 275
10.5 Concluding Note 287
11. Pretreatment of Biocatalyst as Viable Option for Sustained Production of Biohydrogen from Wastewater Treatment 291
S. Venkata Mohan and R. Kannatah Goud
11.1 Introduction 292
11.2 Pretreatment of Biocatalyst 294
11.3 Combined Pretreatment 300
11.4 Influence of Pretreatment on Wastewater Treatment 302
11.5 Microbial Diversity 303
11.6 Summary and Future Scope 304
Acknowledgements 305
References 305
Index 313
