The only modern guide to all aspects of practical tunnel construction
Practical Tunnel Construction fills a void in the literature for a practical guide to tunnel construction. By taking the reader through a brief introduction and history to a comprehensive discussion of how the geological factors affect tunneling, the author covers the stages and technology that are common today without using complex equations. Written for the individual who does not have an extensive background in tunneling but who has to make tunneling decisions, the various tunneling methods are discussed to help in the determination of the appropriate method. The methods discussed are: hand mining, drill/blast, Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM), New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM), Norwegian Method of Tunnelling (NMT), Roadheader, Earth Pressure Balance Machine (EPBM), and Slurry Pressure Balance Machine (SPBM). This book focuses on driven tunnels.
This versatile handbook:
- Offers clear and accessible coverage of the state of the art in tunnel construction
- Introduces the essentials of design and construction of many types of tunnels, including TBM, EPB, Roadheader, NATM, drill and blast, and soft ground tunneling
- Provides nontechnical guidance on selecting the most appropriate tunneling methods for various situations
- Includes a brief history of tunneling and an introduction to geotechnical considerations
- Discusses tunnel access shaft construction, mucking methods, tunnel haulage, grout, water handling, and much more
Practical Tunnel Construction is an important resource for students, construction managers, tunnel designers, municipal engineers, or engineers who are employed by government agencies or corporations that are exploring the feasibility of planning and designing or building a tunnel.
Table of Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
1 Introduction 1
2 Geotechnical Considerations - Rock 5
Site Investigation 5
Borings 6
Obtaining Samples and Testing of Rock 7
Geophysics 8
Types of Rock 10
Igneous Rocks 10
Sedimentary Rocks 11
Metamorphic Rocks 14
Discontinuities 15
Folds 16
Fractures 18
Faults 18
Joints 18
Shear Zones 19
Hardness 20
Tunnel Orientation 23
Tunneling Under the Water Table 25
Rock Mass Classification 27
References 63
3 Soft Ground (Soil) 65
Engineering Properties 67
Squeezing Ground 72
Swelling Ground 72
References 80
4 Soft Ground Tunneling 81
Unitary Excavation 81
Full-Arch Mining 83
Shields 88
Slurry Machines 91
Earth Pressure Balance Machine 97
References 104
5 Tunneling In Rock 105
Factors Considered When Selecting Tunneling Method 106
Tunneling in Rock by Drilling and Blasting 106
Drilling 107
Explosives 112
Blasting 124
Tunnel Driving by Blasting 138
Hydraulic Impact Hammer 156
References 157
6 Roadheaders 159
Operating Principle 159
Mucking 161
Machine Parameters 164
Cutting Bits 164
Operational Parameters 166
Roadheader Cutting Capacity 166
Performance Prediction 167
Advantages of Roadheader 168
Roadheader Shortcomings 168
References 169
7 Tunnel-Boring Machines 171
History of Tunnel-Boring Machine 171
Channel Tunnel 172
Beaumont/English Machine 172
Operating Principle 176
Cutting Tools 179
Kerf Principle 181
Disc Cutter Spacing 181
Backup Equipment 182
References 185
8 Ground Control 187
Support System Objectives 187
Types of Rock Support 188
Active Support 188
Passive Support 197
References 208
9 Mucking and Haulage 209
Mucking Methods 209
Load–Haul–Dump Machines 211
Mine Trucks 212
Continuous Mucking Machine 213
Rail Transport 214
References 222
10 Grout 223
Objectives of Grouting 223
Geotechnical 223
Grouting Materials 228
Chemical Grout 230
Grouting Pressures 246
Stage Grouting 252
Backfilling 253
Contact Grouting 257
Grouting Equipment 260
Operating Tips 269
References 270
11 Portals and Shafts 273
Portals 273
Shafts 277
Locating Shafts 278
Shape of Shafts 278
Construction 279
Collar 280
Wood Sheet Piles 282
Steel Sheet Piles 283
Soldier Piles and Lagging 285
Ribs and Lagging 286
Liner Plate 286
Slurry Walls 289
Secant Piles 291
Ground Freezing 292
Drilling and Blasting 292
Rock Shaft Mucking and Sinking 295
Raise Borer 296
Boxhole Borer 301
Raise Climber 302
Other Mechanical Methods 304
Reference 305
12 Sprayed Concrete (Shotcrete) 307
Dry Mix 308
Wet Mix 310
Additives 314
Reinforcement 315
Steel Fibers 315
Synthetic Fibers 316
Welded Wire Fabric 316
Reinforcing Bar 316
Application 317
References 322
13 New Austrian Tunneling Method and Norwegian Method of Tunneling 323
References 334
14 Water Handling 335
Panning 335
Pumping 335
Dewatering 336
Deep Wells 336
Wellpoint 337
Compressed Air 340
Ground Freezing 342
Reference 347
15 Trenchless Excavation 349
Ramming 350
Auger Boring 351
Horizontal Directional Drilling 353
Pipejacking and Microtunneling 354
Drive Lengths 356
Types of Excavators 359
Box Jacking 362
Reference 363
16 Tunnel Ventilation 365
Introduction 365
Fundamentals of Air Flow 368
Fan Characteristic Curves 374
References 379
17 Tunnel Lining 381
Shotcrete 384
One- and Two-Pass Lining 384
Concrete Segments 384
Cast-in-Place Concrete 387
References 389
Bibliography 391
Index 399
