The Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, Eighth Edition is the comprehensive revision of the field–leading reference on bone and mineral health. Chapters look to explain basic biological factors of healthy development and disease states and make it easily translatable to clinical interventions. The new edition has been fully revised by the leading researchers and clinicians in the field to provide concise coverage of the widest possible spectrum of metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism.
The eighth edition of this esteemed reference expands coverage and includes exciting new features that strengthen its usefulness and ensure that the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism maintains its place as the pre–eminent reference on bone and mineral health. Features new to this edition include:
A new section: The Skeleton and its Integration with Other Disorders
New chapters covering a diverse range of topics from Denosumab to Radiation–Induced Bone Loss
Full–color figures throughout the text
User–friendly chapter layout
A new companion website with useful supplementary materials at
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Table of Contents
Contributors x
Primer Corporate Sponsors xxii
Preface to the Eighth Edition of the Primer: Clifford J. Rosen xxiii
About ASBMR xxiv
President s Preface: Lynda F. Bonewald xxv
About the Companion Website xxvi
Section I: Molecular, Cellular, and Genetic Determinants of Bone Structure and Formation 1
Section Editor Karen M. Lyons
1 Skeletal Morphogenesis and Embryonic Development 3
Yingzi Yang
2 Signal Transduction Cascades Controlling Osteoblast Differentiation 15
David J.J. de Gorter and Peter ten Dijke
3 Osteoclast Biology and Bone Resorption 25
F. Patrick Ross
4 Osteocytes 34
Lynda F. Bonewald
5 Connective Tissue Pathways That Regulate Growth Factors 42
Gerhard Sengle and Lynn Y. Sakai
6 The Composition of Bone 49
Adele L. Boskey and Pamela Gehron Robey
7 Assessment of Bone Mass and Microarchitecture in Rodents 59
Blaine A. Christiansen
8 Animal Models: Genetic Manipulation 69
Karen M. Lyons
9 Animal Models: Allelic Determinants for BMD 76
Robert D. Blank
10 Neuronal Regulation of Bone Remodeling 82
Florent Elefteriou and Gerard Karsenty
11 Skeletal Healing 90
Michael J. Zuscik
12 Biomechanics of Fracture Healing 99
Elise F. Morgan and Thomas A. Einhorn
13 Human Genome–Wide Association (GWA) Studies 106
Douglas P. Kiel
14 Circulating Osteogenic Cells 111
Robert J. Pignolo and Moustapha Kassem
Section II: Skeletal Physiology 119
Section Editor Ego Seeman
15 Human Fetal and Neonatal Bone Development 121
Tao Yang, Monica Grover, Kyu Sang Joeng, and Brendan Lee
16 Skeletal Growth and Peak Bone Strength 127
Qingju Wang and Ego Seeman
17 Ethnic Differences in Bone Acquisition 135
Shane A. Norris, Lisa K. Micklesfi eld, and John M. Pettifor
18 Calcium and Other Nutrients During Growth 142
Tania Winzenberg and Graeme Jones
19 Growing a Healthy Skeleton: The Importance of Mechanical Loading 149
Mark R. Forwood
20 Pregnancy and Lactation 156
Christopher S. Kovacs and Henry M. Kronenberg
21 Menopause 165
Ian R. Reid
Section III: Mineral Homeostasis 171
Section Editor Ego Seeman
22 Regulation of Calcium and Magnesium 173
Murray J. Favus and David Goltzman
23 Fetal Calcium Metabolism 180
Christopher S. Kovacs
24 Fibroblast Growth Factor–23 (FGF23) 188
Kenneth E. White and Michael J. Econs
25 Gonadal Steroids 195
Stavros C. Manolagas, Maria Almeida, and Robert L. Jilka
26 Parathyroid Hormone 208
Robert A. Nissenson and Harald Jüppner
27 Parathyroid Hormone–Related Protein 215
John J. Wysolmerski
28 Ca2+–Sensing Receptor 224
Edward M. Brown
29 Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism, Mechanism of Action, and Clinical Requirements 235
Daniel Bikle, John S. Adams, and Sylvia Christakos
Section IV: Investigation of Metabolic Bone Diseases 249
Section Editor Douglas C. Bauer
30 DXA in Adults and Children 251
Glen Blake, Judith E. Adams, and Nick Bishop
31 Quantitative Computed Tomography in Children and Adults 264
C.C. Glüer
32 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Bone 277
Sharmila Majumdar
33 Radionuclide Scintigraphy in Metabolic Bone Disease 283
Gary J.R. Cook, Gopinath Gnanasegaran, and Ignac Fogelman
34 FRAX®: Assessment of Fracture Risk 289
John A Kanis
35 Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Osteoporosis 297
Pawel Szulc, Douglas C. Bauer, and Richard Eastell
36 Bone Biopsy and Histomorphometry in Clinical Practice 307
Robert R. Recker
37 Diagnosis and Classifi cation of Vertebral Fracture 317
James F. Griffi th, Judith E. Adams, and Harry K. Genant
38 Approaches to Genetic Testing 336
Christina Jacobsen, Yiping Shen, and Ingrid A. Holm
Section V: Osteoporosis 343
Section Editors Paul D. Miller and Socrates E. Papapoulos
39 Osteoporosis Overview 345
Michael Kleerekoper
40 The Epidemiology of Osteoporotic Fractures 348
Nicholas Harvey, Elaine Dennison, and Cyrus Cooper
41 Overview of Pathogenesis 357
Ian R. Reid
42 Nutrition and Osteoporosis 361
Connie M. Weaver and Robert P. Heaney
43 The Role of Sex Steroids in the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis 367
Matthew T. Drake and Sundeep Khosla
44 Translational Genetics of Osteoporosis: From Population Association to Individualized Prognosis 376
Bich H. Tran, Jacqueline R. Center, and Tuan V. Nguyen
45 Prevention of Falls 389
Heike A. Bischoff–Ferrari
46 Exercise and the Prevention of Osteoporosis 396
Clinton T. Rubin, Janet Rubin, and Stefan Judex
47 Calcium and Vitamin D 403
Bess Dawson–Hughes
48 Estrogens, Estrogen Agonists/Antagonists, and Calcitonin 408
Nelson B. Watts
49 Bisphosphonates for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis 412
Socrates E. Papapoulos
50 Denosumab 420
Michael R. McClung
51 Parathyroid Hormone Treatment for Osteoporosis 428
Felicia Cosman and Susan L. Greenspan
52 Strontium Ranelate in the Prevention of Osteoporotic Fractures 437
René Rizzoli
53 Combination Anabolic and Antiresorptive Therapy for Osteoporosis 444
John P. Bilezikian and Natalie E. Cusano
54 Compliance and Persistence with Osteoporosis Medications 448
Deborah T. Gold
55 Cost–Effectiveness of Osteoporosis Treatment 455
Anna N.A. Tosteson
56 Future Therapies of Osteoporosis 461
Kong Wah Ng and T. John Martin
57 Juvenile Osteoporosis 468
Nick Bishop and Francis H. Glorieux
58 Glucocorticoid–Induced Bone Disease 473
Robert S. Weinstein
59 Inflammation–Induced Bone Loss in the Rheumatic Diseases 482
Steven R. Goldring
60 Secondary Osteoporosis: Other Causes 489
Neveen A.T. Hamdy
61 Transplantation Osteoporosis 495
Peter R. Ebeling
62 Osteoporosis in Men 508
Eric S. Orwoll
63 Premenopausal Osteoporosis 514
Adi Cohen and Elizabeth Shane
64 Skeletal Effects of Drugs 520
Juliet Compston
65 Orthopedic Surgical Principles of Fracture Management 527
Manoj Ramachandran and David G. Little
66 Abnormalities in Bone and Calcium Metabolism After Burns 531
Gordon L. Klein
Section VI: Disorders of Mineral Homeostasis 535
Section Editors Marie Demay and Suzanne M. Jan de Beur
67 Approach to Parathyroid Disorders 537
John P. Bilezikian
68 Primary Hyperparathyroidism 543
Shonni J. Silverberg
69 Familial Primary Hyperparathyroidism (Including MEN, FHH, and HPT–JT) 553
Andrew Arnold and Stephen J. Marx
70 Non–Parathyroid Hypercalcemia 562
Mara J. Horwitz, Steven P. Hodak, and Andrew F. Stewart
71 Hypocalcemia: Defi nition, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management 572
Anne L. Schafer and Dolores Shoback
72 Hypoparathyroidism and Pseudohypoparathyroidism 579
Mishaela R. Rubin and Michael A. Levine
73 Pseudohypoparathyroidism 590
Harald Jüppner and Murat Bastepe
74 Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis 601
Mary D. Ruppe and Suzanne M. Jan de Beur
75 Vitamin D Related Disorders 613
Paul Lips, Natasja M. van Schoor, and Nathalie Bravenboer
76 Vitamin D Insuffi ciency and Defi ciency 624
J. Christopher Gallagher
77 Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease Mineral Bone Disorder (CKD MBD) 632
Keith A. Hruska and Michael Seifert
78 Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease Mineral Bone Disorder (CKD MBD) 640
Hala M. Alshayeb and L. Darryl Quarles
79 Disorders of Mineral Metabolism in Childhood 651
Thomas O. Carpenter
80 Paget s Disease of Bone 659
Ethel S. Siris and G. David Roodman
Section VII: Cancer and Bone 669
Section Editor Theresa A. Guise
81 Overview of Mechanisms in Cancer Metastases to Bone 671
Gregory A. Clines
82 Clinical and Preclinical Imaging in Osseous Metastatic Disease 677
Geertje van der Horst and Gabri van der Pluijm
83 Metastatic Solid Tumors to Bone 686
Rachelle W. Johnson and Julie A. Sterling
84 Hematologic Malignancies and Bone 694
Rebecca Silbermann and G. David Roodman
85 Osteogenic Osteosarcoma 702
Jianning Tao, Yangjin Bae, Lisa L. Wang, and Brendan Lee
86 Skeletal Complications of Breast and Prostate Cancer Therapies 711
Catherine Van Poznak and Pamela Taxel
87 Bone Cancer and Pain 720
Patrick W. O Donnell and Denis R. Clohisy
88 Radiation Therapy–Induced Osteoporosis 728
Jeffrey S. Willey, Shane A.J. Lloyd, and Ted A. Bateman
89 Skeletal Complications of Childhood Cancer 734
Ingrid A. Holm
90 Treatment and Prevention of Bone Metastases and Myeloma Bone Disease 741
Jean–Jacques Body
91 Radiotherapy of Skeletal Metastases 754
Edward Chow, Luluel M. Khan, and Øyvind S. Bruland
92 Concepts and Surgical Treatment of Metastatic Bone Disease 760
Kristy Weber and Scott L. Kominsky
Section VIII: Sclerosing and Dysplastic Bone Diseases 767
Section Editor Richard W. Keen
93 Sclerosing Bone Disorders 769
Michael P. Whyte
94 Fibrous Dysplasia 786
Michael T. Collins, Mara Riminucci, and Paolo Bianco
95 Osteochondrodysplasias 794
Yasemin Alanay and David L. Rimoin
96 Ischemic and Infi ltrative Disorders 805
Richard W. Keen
97 Tumoral Calcinosis Dermatomyositis 810
Nicholas Shaw
98 Fibrodysplasia Ossifi cans Progressiva 815
Frederick S. Kaplan, Robert J. Pignolo, and Eileen M. Shore
99 Osteogenesis Imperfecta 822
Joan C. Marini
100 Skeletal Manifestations in Marfan Syndrome and Related Disorders of the Connective Tissue 830
Emilio Arteaga–Solis and Francesco Ramirez
101 Enzyme Defects and the Skeleton 838
Michael P. Whyte
Section IX: Approach to Nephrolithiasis 843
Section Editor Rajesh V. Thakker
102 Renal Tubular Physiology of Calcium Excretion 845
Peter A. Friedman and David A. Bushinsky
103 Epidemiology of Nephrolithiasis 856
Murray J. Favus
104 Diagnosis and Evaluation of Nephrolithiasis 860
Stephen J. Knohl and Steven J. Scheinman
105 Kidney Stones in the Pediatric Patient 869
Amy E. Bobrowski and Craig B. Langman
106 Treatment of Renal Stones 878
John R. Asplin
107 Genetic Basis of Renal Stones 884
Rajesh V. Thakker
Section X: Oral and Maxillofacial Biology and Pathology 893
Section Editor Laurie K. McCauley
108 Development of the Craniofacial Skeleton 895
Maiko Matsui and John Klingensmith
109 Development and Structure of Teeth and Periodontal Tissues 904
Petros Papagerakis and Thimios Mitsiadis
110 Craniofacial Disorders Affecting the Dentition: Genetic 914
Yong–Hee P. Chun, Paul H. Krebsbach, and James P. Simmer
111 Pathology of the Hard Tissues of the Jaws 922
Paul C. Edwards
112 Bisphosphonate–Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaws 929
Hani H. Mawardi, Nathaniel S. Treister, and Sook–Bin Woo
113 Periodontal Diseases and Oral Bone Loss 941
Mary G. Lee and Keith L. Kirkwood
114 Oral Manifestations of Metabolic Bone Diseases 948
Roberto Civitelli and Charles Hildebolt
Section XI: The Skeleton and Its Integration with Other Tissues 959
Section Editor Mone Zaidi
115 Central Neuronal Control of Bone Remodeling 961
Shu Takeda and Paul Baldock
116 The Pituitary Bone Connection 969
Mone Zaidi, Tony Yuen, Li Sun, Terry F. Davies, Alberta Zallone, and Harry C. Blair
117 Skeletal Muscle Effects on the Skeleton 978
William J. Evans
118 Glucose Control and Integration by the Skeleton 986
Patricia Ducy and Gerard Karsenty
119 Obesity and Skeletal Mass 993
Sue Shapses and Deeptha Sukumar
120 Neuropsychiatric Disorders and the Skeleton 1002
Itai Bab and Raz Yirmiya
121 Vascular Disease and the Skeleton 1012
Dwight A. Towler
122 Spinal Cord Injury: Skeletal Pathophysiology and Clinical Issues 1018
William A. Bauman and Christopher P. Cardozo
123 Hematopoiesis and Bone 1028
Benjamin J. Frisch and Laura M. Calvi
124 Bone and Immune Cell Interactions 1036
Brendan F. Boyce
Index 1043
