Monoclonal Antibody Collaboration and Licensing Deals provides a comprehensive understanding and unprecedented access to the monoclonal antibody deals entered into by the world's leading biopharma companies.
The report provides a detailed understanding and analysis of how and why companies enter monoclonal antibody deals. These deals tend to be multicomponent, starting with collaborative R&D, and commercialization of outcomes.
The report includes collaboration, development, research and licensing deals.
This report contains a comprehensive listing of 639 monoclonal antibody deals announced since 2019 including financial terms where available including links to online deal records of actual monoclonal antibody partnering deals as disclosed by the deal parties. In addition, where available, records include contract documents as submitted to the Securities Exchange Commission by companies and their partners.
The initial chapters of this report provide an orientation of monoclonal antibody dealmaking.
Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the report.
Chapter 2 provides an overview of the trends in monoclonal antibody dealmaking since 2019.
Chapter 3 provides an overview of the leading monoclonal antibody deals since 2019. Deals are listed by headline value.
Chapter 4 provides a comprehensive listing of the top 25 most active companies in monoclonal antibody dealmaking with a brief summary followed by a comprehensive listing of monoclonal antibody deals, as well as contract documents available in the public domain.
Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive and detailed review of monoclonal antibody deals signed and announced since Jan 2019, where a contract document is available in the public domain.
Chapter 6 provides a comprehensive and detailed review of monoclonal antibody partnering deals signed and announced since Jan 2019. The chapter is organized by specific monoclonal antibody technology type in focus.
The report also includes numerous table and figures that illustrate the trends and activities in monoclonal antibody deal making since 2019.
In addition, a comprehensive deal directory is provided organized by company A-Z, deal type and therapeutic target. Each deal title links via Weblink to an online version of the deal record and where available, the contract document, providing easy access to each contract document on demand.
- Understand deal trends since 2019
- Browse monoclonal antibody collaboration and licensing deals
- Benchmark analysis - identify market value of transactions
- Financials terms - upfront, milestone, royalties
- Directory of deals by company A-Z, deal type and therapy area
- Leading deals by value
- Most active dealmakers
- Identify assets and deal terms for each transaction
- Access contract documents - insights into deal structures
- Due diligence - assess suitability of your proposed deal terms for partner companies
- Save hundreds of hours of research time
The report provides a detailed understanding and analysis of how and why companies enter monoclonal antibody deals. These deals tend to be multicomponent, starting with collaborative R&D, and commercialization of outcomes.
The report includes collaboration, development, research and licensing deals.
This report contains a comprehensive listing of 639 monoclonal antibody deals announced since 2019 including financial terms where available including links to online deal records of actual monoclonal antibody partnering deals as disclosed by the deal parties. In addition, where available, records include contract documents as submitted to the Securities Exchange Commission by companies and their partners.
The initial chapters of this report provide an orientation of monoclonal antibody dealmaking.
Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the report.
Chapter 2 provides an overview of the trends in monoclonal antibody dealmaking since 2019.
Chapter 3 provides an overview of the leading monoclonal antibody deals since 2019. Deals are listed by headline value.
Chapter 4 provides a comprehensive listing of the top 25 most active companies in monoclonal antibody dealmaking with a brief summary followed by a comprehensive listing of monoclonal antibody deals, as well as contract documents available in the public domain.
Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive and detailed review of monoclonal antibody deals signed and announced since Jan 2019, where a contract document is available in the public domain.
Chapter 6 provides a comprehensive and detailed review of monoclonal antibody partnering deals signed and announced since Jan 2019. The chapter is organized by specific monoclonal antibody technology type in focus.
The report also includes numerous table and figures that illustrate the trends and activities in monoclonal antibody deal making since 2019.
In addition, a comprehensive deal directory is provided organized by company A-Z, deal type and therapeutic target. Each deal title links via Weblink to an online version of the deal record and where available, the contract document, providing easy access to each contract document on demand.
Report Scope
Monoclonal Antibody Collaboration and Licensing Deals is intended to provide the reader with an in-depth understanding of monoclonal antibody trends and structure of deals entered into by leading biopharma companies worldwide.Monoclonal Antibody Collaboration and Licensing Deals includes:
- Trends in monoclonal antibody dealmaking in the biopharma industry
- Directory of monoclonal antibody deal records covering pharmaceutical and biotechnology
- The leading monoclonal antibody deals by value
- Most active monoclonal antibody licensing dealmakers
Analyzing contract agreements allows due diligence of:
- What are the precise rights granted or optioned?
- What is actually granted by the agreement to the partner company?
- What exclusivity is granted?
- What is the payment structure for the deal?
- How are sales and payments audited?
- What is the deal term?
- How are the key terms of the agreement defined?
- How are IPRs handled and owned?
- Who is responsible for commercialization?
- Who is responsible for development, supply, and manufacture?
- How is confidentiality and publication managed?
- How are disputes to be resolved?
- Under what conditions can the deal be terminated?
- What happens when there is a change of ownership?
- What sublicensing and subcontracting provisions have been agreed?
- Which boilerplate clauses does the company insist upon?
- Which boilerplate clauses appear to differ from partner to partner or deal type to deal type?
- Which jurisdiction does the company insist upon for agreement law?
Table of Contents
Executive SummaryChapter 1 - IntroductionChapter 6 - Monoclonal antibody dealmaking by technology type
Chapter 2 - Trends in monoclonal antibody dealmaking
Chapter 3 - Leading monoclonal antibody deals
Chapter 4 - Most active monoclonal antibody dealmakers
Chapter 5 - Monoclonal antibody contracts dealmaking directory
Deal directory
List of Figures
Companies Mentioned (Partial List)
A selection of companies mentioned in this report includes, but is not limited to:
- 1ST Biotherapeutics
- 3D Medicines
- 3rd People’s Hospital of Shenzhen
- 3SBio
- 4D Pharma
- 9 Meters Biopharma
- A*STAR Agency for Science
- Technology and Research
- A*STAR Bioprocessing Technology Institute
- Abbvie
- AbCellera Biologics
- Abdul Latif Jameel Health
- ABL Bio
- Ablexis
- Aboundbio
- Ab Studio
- AbTherx
- Abveris
- Abzena
- AcedrA BioPharmaceuticals
- Acerta Pharma
- AchilleS Vaccines
- Adagene
- Adimab
- Adlai Nortye
- Advanz Pharma
- Advaxis
- Aegis Life
- Aevi Genomic Medicine
- AffaMed Therapeutics
- AGC Biologics
- Agenus Bio
- Agilent Technologies
- AgomAb Therapeutics
- AimedBio
- AIM ImmunoTech
- Aimmune Therapeutics
- Ajinomoto
- Akeso Biopharma
- Akston Biosciences
- Alector
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals
- Alfasigma
- AlivaMab Discovery Services
- Alkyon Therapeutics
- Alligator Bioscience
- Allinaire Therapeutic
- Alloy Therapeutics
- Almac Group
- Almirall
- Alphamab Biopharmaceuticals
- Alpine Immune Sciences
- Alvotech
- ALX Oncology
- Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation
- Amgen
- Amneal Pharmaceuticals
- Amolyt Pharma
- Amplyx Pharmaceuticals
- Angios
- Ankyra Therapeutics
- Antengene
- Antidote Therapeutics
- Apeiron Biologics
- Apexigen
- Apollo Therapeutics
- Applied BioMath
- APRINOIA Therapeutics
- Aptevo Therapeutics
- Arch Oncology
- Arcus Biosciences
- argenx
- Aridis Pharmaceuticals
- Arovella Therapeutics
- Ascentage Pharma
- Asher Biotherapeutics
- Asieris MediTech
- Aslan Pharma
- ASLAN Pharmaceuticals
- Astellas Pharma
- AstraZeneca
- Astria Therapeutics
- Atlante Biotech
- Atlas Antibodies
- Atreca
- ATUM
- Augmenta
- Avalo Therapeutics
- Avantor
- AVEO Oncology
- Avid Bioservices
- Avidity Biosciences
- Axantia
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute
- Basilea Pharmaceutica
- Bausch & Lomb
- Bayer
- Beckman Coulter
- BeiGene
- Beijing InnoCare Pharma
- Beijing Tianshi Tongda Pharmaceuticals Technology
- Betta Pharmaceuticals
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz
- Bio-Thera Solutions
- BioArctic AB
- BioAtla
- BioCity Biopharma
- Biocon
- Biocytogen
- Bioelectronica
- Bioeq IP
- Biogen
- BioInvent
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
- Biomm
- Biomunex Pharmaceuticals
- Bioncotech Therapeutics
- Biond Biologics
- Bionoveo
- BioNTech
- BiosanaPharma
- Biosion
- Biotheus
- Biotools
- BioXcel
- BJ Bioscience
- Blackstone
- Bluebird Bio
- BlueJay Therapeutics
- Boehringer Ingelheim
- Bolt Biotherapeutics
- Boston Immune Technologies and Therapeutics
- Bpifrance
- BridgeBio Pharma
- Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Bright Peak Therapeutics
- Brii Biosciences
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- C-Bridge Capital
- Calypso Biotech
- CanariaBio
- Cancer Focus Fund
- Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas
- Cancer Research UK
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore
- CanCure
- Care Access Research
- Caris Life Sciences
- CARsgen
- Cartexell
- CASI Pharmaceuticals
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
- Celgene
- Celiac Disease Foundation
- Cellectis
- Celltrion
- Celsius Therapeutics
- Celularity
- Cend Therapeutics
- Cessation Therapeutics
- CG Oncology
- Champions Oncology
- Checkmate Pharmaceuticals
- Checkpoint Therapeutics
- Chi-Med
- Chiesi Farmaceutici
- Chime Biologics
- China Resources Pharmaceutical Commercial Group International Trading
- Chiome Bioscience
- Cipla
- Circio
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Clinical Trial and Consulting Services
- Clinica Universidad Navarra
- CMAB Biopharma
- Coherus Biosciences
- Compass Therapeutics
- Compugen
- Convergent Therapeutics
- Creative Biolabs
- Cromos Pharma
- CSPC Pharmaceutical Group
- CStone Pharmaceuticals
- Cue Biopharma
- Curative Biotechnology
- Cure Duchenne
- CureVac
- Curia
- Curis
- Cytea Bio
- Cytodyn
- Cytovation
- Daiichi Sankyo
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Department of Defense
- Dermira
- Disc Medicine
- Dong-A ST
- Dr. Reddy's Laboratories
- Dragonfly Therapeutics
- Duke University
- Duoning Biotechnology
- E25Bio
- EirGenix
- Eisai
- Elanco
- Elektrofi
- Elevar Therapeutics
- Elevation Oncology
- Elicio Therapeutics
- Eli Lilly
- Emergent BioSolutions
- Enlivex
- Entos Pharmaceuticals
- Enzene Biosciences
- Enzolytics
- EQRx
- Equillium
- Erasca
- Erasmus University Medical Center
- EsoCap
- Eucure Biopharma
- European Union Regional Development Fund
- EUSA Pharma
- Evaxion Biotech
- Everest Medicines
- Eversana
- Evopoint Biosciences
- Evotec
- Excellmab
- Exelixis
- F-Star Therapeutics
- FairJourney Biologics
- FatiAbGen
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals
- Five Prime Therapeutics
- FLX Bio
- Formosa Pharmaceuticals
- Forty Seven
- Fosun Kite Biotechnology
- Fosun Pharmaceutical
- Foundery Innovations
- French National Blood Service
- Frontage Clinical Services
- Fuji Pharma
- Fujirebio Diagnostics
- Fusion Pharmaceuticals
- FutureGen Biopharm
- Galecto
- GC Cell
- Gedeon Richter
- Genagon Therapeutics
- Genentech
- Generation Biotech
- GenFleet Therapeutics
- Genmab
- Gennao Bio
- Genome and Company
- Genprex
- GenScript Biotech
- GenScript ProBio
- Georgetown University
- GI Innovation
- Gilead Sciences
- Goldfinch Bio
- Gossamer Bio
- GO Therapeutics
- GSK
- Halozyme Therapeutics
- Harbour Antibodies
- Harbour Biomed
- Henlius Biotech
- HiberCell
- HIBio
- HiFiBio
- Highlight Therapeutics
- High Line Bio
- Hikma Pharmaceuticals
- Hisun BioRay
- Hoffmann La Roche
- Hookipa Pharma
- Hope Medicine
- Horizon Discovery
- Horizon Therapeutics
- Huadong Medicine
- Hualan Genetic
- Humanigen
- Hummingbird Bioscience
- Huyabio International
- Hypospray Pharma
- I-mab
- iBio
- IcanoMAB
- Ichnos Sciences
- Ichor Medical Systems
- IDBiologics
- IDEAYA Biosciences
- Igyxos
- ImCheck Therapeutics
- IMIDomics
- Immatics Biotechnologies
- Immix Biopharma
- Immune-Onc Therapeutics
- ImmuneCyte Life Sciences
- ImmuneOncia Therapeutics
- Immunitas Therapeutics
- Immunocore
- Immunome
- Immunomedics
- ImmunoPrecise Antibodies
- Immutep
- Imugene
- IMV
- Incyte
- Indaptus Therapeutics
- Indiana University
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Infex Therapeutics
- InflamaCORE
- InflaRx
- Inhalon Biopharma
- Initium Therapeutics
- Innovent Biologics
- Inovio
- InSilicoTrials
- Inspirna
- Institut Bergonie
- Institute for Basic Science
- Intas Pharmaceuticals
- Integral Molecular
- INTELLiSTEM
- Intensity Therapeutics
- IntoCell
- Intract Pharma
- Invetx
- InxMed
- IO Biotech
- Ionova
- IONTAS
- Ipsen
- IRBM
- Italian Association for the Study of Pancreas
- iTeos Therapeutics
- Jacobio Pharmaceuticals
- Janssen Biotech
- Janssen Research & Development
- Jasper Therapeutics
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals
- Jiangsu Alphamab
- Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical
- Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals
- Johnson & Johnson
- Johnson & Johnson Innovation
- Jounce Therapeutics
- Junshi Biosciences
- Just Biotherapeutics
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
- KAHR Medical
- Kalbe Genexine Biologics
- KangaBio
- KBI BioPharma
- KBio
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology
- Kiadis Pharma
- Kindred Bio
- Kineta
- Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals
- Kintor
- Kite Pharma
- Kleo Pharmaceuticals
- KPM Tech
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin
- Kyttaro
- Laekna
- Lassen Therapeutics
- Lava Therapeutics
- LEO Pharma
- Leukemia & Lymphoma Society
- LifeMax Laboratories
- Ligand Pharmaceuticals
- Linnaeus Therapeutics
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
- Livzon Mabpharm
- Lobesity Pharma
- Lonza
- Lunit
- Lupus Therapeutics
- Lyvgen Biopharma
- MAB Discovery
- MAbSilico
- mAbsolve
- mAbXience
- Mabylon
- Macrogenics
- MAIA Biotechnology
- Manhattan BioSolutions
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Matrix Medical Network
- Mayo Clinic
- McLean Hospital
- MD Anderson Cancer Center
- Medical Research Council
- Medicenna Therapeutics
- MediLink Therapeutics
- Medimabs
- Medison Pharma
- Meiji Seika
- Merck and Co
- Merck KGaA
- Merck Sharpe & Dohme
- Mereo BioPharma
- Merus
- Microbiotica
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma
- Molcure
- Monopar Therapeutics
- MoonLake Immunotherapeutics
- MorphoSys
- Mount Sinai Health System
- MSD
- MS Pharma
- Mundipharma
- Mustang Bio
- myTomorrows
- Nanjing Leads Biolabs
- Nantes University
- Nascent Biotech
- National Cancer Institute
- National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)
- National Heart
- Lung and Blood Institute
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
- National Institutes of Health
- National University Cancer Institute
- Navrogen
- Nectin Therapeutics
- Nektar Therapeutics
- Nelum Pharma
- NeoImmuneTech
- Neoleukin Therapeutics
- Neotope
- NETRIS Pharma
- Neuraxpharm
- Neurimmune Therapeutics
- Neximmune
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals
- NiKang Therapeutics
- Nkarta Therapeutics
- NKGen Biotech
- NKMax America
- Nona Biosciences
- Nordic Society of Gynaecological Oncology
- NorthStar Medical Radioisotopes
- Nouscom
- NovalGen
- Novartis
- Novelty Nobility
- Novocure
- Novo Nordisk
- Noxopharm
- Numab
- Nykode Therapeutics
- OBI Pharma
- Olatec Therapeutics
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute
- Ology Bioservices
- Omeros
- OncoC4
- Oncologie
- Oncolytics Biotech
- OncoResponse
- OncoSec Medical
- OncoVent
- OncoVerity
- Oncternal Therapeutics
- OncXerna Therapeutics
- Ono Pharmaceutical
- Ordaos Bio
- Orient EuroPharma
- OSE Immunotherapeutics
- Oxford BioTherapeutics
- Pandion Therapeutics
- Parexel Biotech
- Personal Genome Diagnostics
- Personalis
- Pfizer
- Phanes Therapeutics
- PharmAbcine
- PharmaEssentia
- Pharmapark
- PhaseBio Pharmaceuticals
- Pieris Pharmaceuticals
- Pierre Fabre
- Pionyr Immunotherapeutics
- PlantForm
- PlantPraxis Biotecnologia
- PMV Pharma
- Pneuma Respiratory
- POINT Biopharma
- Polpharma
- Portage Biotech
- Precision BioSciences
- Prellis Biologics
- Prelude Therapeutics
- Prestige BioPharma
- Progenetics
- Promega
- Prothena
- Provention Bio
- PT Etana Biotechnologies
- Purdue University
- PureTech Health
- Pyxis Oncology
- Q32 Bio
- QBiotics
- QIAGEN
- Quantum Leap Health Care Collaborative
- Qurient
- R-Pharm
- Rallybio
- Rani Therapeutics
- RefleXion Medical
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
- Regenxbio
- Regnum
- Releviate Therapeutics
- RemeGen
- Roche
- Rockefeller University
- Rocket Pharmaceuticals
- Roivant Sciences
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute
- RQ Biotechnology
- RubrYc Therapeutics
- Rxilient Biotech
- Rznomics
- SAB Biotherapeutics
- Saccharo
- Saga University
- Samsung Bioepis
- Samsung Biologics
- Samyang Biopharmaceuticals
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute
- Sandoz
- Sanofi
- Sanofi US Services
- Sanyou Biopharmaceuticals
- SaudiVax
- Scandion Oncology
- SciClone Pharmaceuticals
- SciNeuro Pharmaceuticals
- Seagen
- Seattle Genetics
- Seismic Bio
- Seismic Therapeutic
- Selecxine
- Selexis
- Sensei Biotherapeutics
- SERB Pharmaceuticals
- Serum Institute of India
- Seven and Eight Biopharmaceuticals
- SevenScore Pharmaceuticals
- SFJ Pharmaceuticals
- Shandong Fontacea Pharmaceutical
- Sharp HealthCare
- Shenogen Pharma
- Shenzhen Chipscreen Biosciences
- Shionogi
- SHL Medical
- SIGA Technologies
- Simcere Pharmaceuticals
- Simcha Therapeutics
- Sirnaomics
- Sonnet BioTherapeutics
- Sorrento Therapeutics
- SOTIO
- Spanish National Research Council
- Specialised Therapeutics
- SpikImm
- STADA Arzneimittel
- Strata Oncology
- Sud Investments
- Surface Oncology
- Suzhou Connect Biopharmaceuticals
- Syndax Pharmaceuticals
- Syngene International
- Synlogic
- Syracuse University
- Syros Pharmaceuticals
- T-Cure Bioscience
- Taiho
- TaiMed
- Takeda Pharmaceutical
- Talem Therapeutics
- Tavotek Biotherapeutics
- TCR2 Therapeutics
- Telcon RF Pharmaceuticals
- Telix Pharmaceuticals
- Tempest Therapeutics
- Teon Therapeutics
- Tessa Therapeutics
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries
- Teva Pharmaceuticals USA
- TFF Pharmaceuticals
- TG Therapeutics
- Tharimmune
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative
- The Jackson Laboratory
- Theramex
- Thermo Fisher Scientific
- TILT Biotherapeutics
- Tiziana Life Sciences
- Tizona Therapeutics
- TNAX Biopharma
- TONIX Pharmaceuticals
- Toregem BioPharma
- Torque Therapeutics
- TRACON Pharmaceuticals
- Transcenta
- TransThera
- TrialSpark
- Trianni
- Trinomab Biotech
- Trio Pharmaceuticals
- Triumvira Immunologics
- TSB Therapeutics
- Tsinghua University
- Turgut Ilaclari
- Twist Bioscience
- UbiVac
- UCB
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceuticals
- UnitedHealth
- University of Birmingham
- University of California Los Angeles
- University of California Riverside
- University of Florida
- University of Oxford
- University of Pennsylvania
- University of Washington
- Upadia
- UroGen Pharma
- US Army Medical Research and Material Command
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
- Utrecht University
- Vaccinex
- ValenzaBio
- Vanderbilt University
- Vcell Healthcare
- Velabs Therapeutics
- Verseau Therapeutics
- Vetter
- Viela Bio
- Vir Biotechnology
- Viroclinics Biosciences
- Vyera Pharmaceuticals
- Wellmarker Bio
- Werewolf Therapeutics
- WindMIL Therapeutics
- Wistar Institute
- WuXi Biologics
- Wuxi Shuangliang Biotechnology
- Xbrane Bioscience
- Xencor
- XERIS Pharmaceuticals
- Xilio Therapeutics
- Xoma
- Xuanzhu Biopharma
- Xyphos Biosciences
- Y-Biologics
- Y-mAbs Therapeutics
- Yale University
- Yas Holding
- ZabBio
- ZAI Laboratory
- Zenas BioPharma
- Zenyaku Kogyo
- Zumutor Biologics
- Zura Bio
- Zydus Cadila
- Zymedi
- Zymeworks
- ZyVersa Therapeutics
Methodology
- The publisher reports provide insight into the trends and terms of partnering deals in the global life sciences sector.
- The publisher reports are updated every six months to ensure the user has access to the latest announcements and trends in the topic focus of the report.
- The publisher analysts review the deal data to provide an overview and analysis of deal trends, including example deals and terms.
- The publisher reports source deal data from our proprietary deals and alliances database. The database is updated daily by our analysts with new deals as they are announced globally by the company’s party to the deal.
- The data in the deals and alliances database is obtained from secondary sources such as publicly available industry sources including press releases, company presentations, investor presentations, company SEC filings, other company filings, company websites, conference presentations. Sources are identified to allow for user verification.
The publisher provides comprehensive coverage of the following partnering or deal types:
- Asset purchase
- Assignment
- Co-development
- Co-market
- Co-promotion
- Collaborative R&D
- Contract service
- CRADA
- Cross-licensing
- Development
- Distribution
- Equity purchase
- Evaluation
- Grant
- Joint venture
- Licensing
- Loan
- Manufacturing
- Marketing
- Option
- Promotion
- Research
- Royalty financing
- Settlement
- Spin out
- Sub license
- Supply
- Termination
- Warrant
Every deal record is fully categorized and includes the following data, where available:
- Industry sector
- Therapy areas
- Technology type
- Deal components
- Financial terms
- Stage of development
- Exclusivity
- Asset type
- Geographic focus
- Excluded geography
- Company press release
- SEC filing data including contract document
All financial amounts are converted to US$ using the exchange rate available on the date of deal announcement, enabling direct comparison of deal terms across international territories.
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