Containing an extensive bibliography, numerous practical and numerical examples as well as a detailed presentation of the nuts and bolts of the method based on the long-term experience of SNMR development and practical use, this book is useful for students, scientists and professional engineers working in the field of hydrogeophysics and hydrogeology.
Contents
1. SNMR Imaging for Groundwater.
2. The Basics of NMR.
3. Forward Modeling.
4. Inversion.
5. Link Between SNMR and Aquifer Parameters.
Table of Contents
PREFACE vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix
CHAPTER 1. SNMR IMAGING FOR GROUNDWATER 1
1.1. Brief history of SNMR development 1
1.2. The basic principles 2
1.3. Magnetic Resonance Sounding 5
1.4. Measuring setup 8
1.5. Geophysical tool for hydrogeologists 12
CHAPTER 2. THE BASICS OF NMR 15
2.1. NMR phenomenon 15
2.1.1. Precession of free spins 15
2.1.2. Macroscopic spin magnetization 16
2.2. NMR relaxation 22
2.2.1. Longitudinal relaxation 22
2.2.2. Transverse relaxation 24
2.2.3. Diffusion in non-homogeneous magnetic field 26
2.3. NMR measurements 31
2.3.1. Free induction decay (FID) 31
2.3.2. Spin echo (SE) 38
CHAPTER 3. FORWARD MODELING 45
3.1. The imaging equation 45
3.2. The Earth’s magnetic field 54
3.3. Modeling typical SNMR signals 59
3.4. 3-D sensitivity of the SNMR loop 68
3.5. Experimental verification 76
CHAPTER 4. INVERSION 85
4.1. The SNMR inverse problem 85
4.2. Linearization. 89
4.3. Discretization 92
4.3.1. The 1-D inverse problem 92
4.3.2. The 3-D inverse problem 105
4.4. Linear inverse problems 113
4.5. Nonlinear inverse problems 115
4.5.1. Inversion of the geomagnetic field variations 116
4.5.2. Inversion of the resistivity distribution 118
CHAPTER 5. LINK BETWEEN SNMR AND AQUIFER PARAMETERS 121
5.1. Parameters used for characterizing an aquifer 122
5.2. Available SNMR estimates on aquifer parameters 126
5.2.1. Detection of groundwater 126
5.2.2. Aquifers and geometry 128
5.2.3. Storage-related parameters 131
5.2.4. Flow-related parameters 134
5.3. Joint use of SNMR and resistivity data 138
BIBLIOGRAPHY 143
INDEX 155
