Practical Testing and Evaluation of Plastics. Edition No. 1

Table of Contents

1 Introduction to Plastics 1 1.1 Plastics 1 1.2 Structure and Behaviour of Plastics 5 1.3 Melting Polymers 12 1.4 Mechanical Behaviour of Polymers 15 1.5 Uniaxial Stress-Strain Behaviour 28 1.6 Resins 37 1.7 Material Selection 39 1.8 Processing of Polymers 40   2 Polymer Testing 45 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 Objective of Polymer Testing 45 2.3 Sample Preparation and Test Procedure 48   2.4 Sample Extraction/Sampling 49  2.5 Types of Samples 50  2.6 Test Implementation/Operation/Accomplishment 51 2.7 Description of Test Results/Test Report 51    3 Identi¿cation of Polymers  53  3.1 Introduction 53  3.2 Density Measurement 53  3.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 58    4 Rheological Testing 65  4.1 Introduction 65  4.2 Rheometry 70  4.3 Viscometry 77    5 Mechanical Testing 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Quasi-Static Loading 88 5.3 Impact Loading 113   5.4 Long-Term Static Loading 120  5.5 Long-Term Dynamic Loading - Fatigue 126    6 Tribological Testing 133  6.1 Introduction 133  6.2 Sliding Behaviour 134  6.3 Friction Coe¿cient 135  6.4 Wear 136    7 Thermal Testing 139  7.1 Introduction 139  7.2 Tests Under Thermal Loading 141  7.3 Thermal Ageing Behaviour 144  7.4 Di¿erential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 144  7.5 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) 152  7.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 158  7.7 Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) - Dilatometry 161 7.8 Calcination Test 164  7.9 Thermal Dimensional Stability 166  7.10 Heat De¿ection Temperature 169    8 Chemical Testing 173 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Chemical Resistance Investigation 173 8.3 Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance (ESCR) Investigation 174   9 Physical Testing 181 9.1 Introduction 181 9.2 Determination of Mass 181 9.3 Determination of Water Absorption 182   10 Geometrical Inspection 187 10.1 Introduction 187 10.2 Sizes and Tolerances 187 10.3 Processing and Post-processing Shrinkage 195 10.4 Warpage 197   11 Optical Testing Methods 199 11.1 Introduction 199 11.2 Visual Inspection 199 11.3 Light Microscope (LM) 201 11.4 Digital Microscope (DM) 207 11.5 Scanning Electron Beam Microscope (SEM) 208 11.6 Polarized Light Inspection 212 1 Introduction to Plastics 1 1.1 Plastics 1 1.2 Structure and Behaviour of Plastics 5 1.3 Melting Polymers 12 1.4 Mechanical Behaviour of Polymers 15 1.5 Uniaxial Stress-Strain Behaviour 28 1.6 Resins 37 1.7 Material Selection 39 1.8 Processing of Polymers 40   2 Polymer Testing 45 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 Objective of Polymer Testing 45 2.3 Sample Preparation and Test Procedure 48   2.4 Sample Extraction/Sampling 49  2.5 Types of Samples 50  2.6 Test Implementation/Operation/Accomplishment 51 2.7 Description of Test Results/Test Report 51    3 Identi¿cation of Polymers  53  3.1 Introduction 53  3.2 Density Measurement 53  3.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 58    4 Rheological Testing 65  4.1 Introduction 65  4.2 Rheometry 70  4.3 Viscometry 77    5 Mechanical Testing 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Quasi-Static Loading 88 5.3 Impact Loading 113   5.4 Long-Term Static Loading 120  5.5 Long-Term Dynamic Loading - Fatigue 126    6 Tribological Testing 133  6.1 Introduction 133  6.2 Sliding Behaviour 134  6.3 Friction Coe¿cient 135  6.4 Wear 136    7 Thermal Testing 139  7.1 Introduction 139  7.2 Tests Under Thermal Loading 141  7.3 Thermal Ageing Behaviour 144  7.4 Di¿erential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 144  7.5 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) 152  7.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 158  7.7 Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) - Dilatometry 161 7.8 Calcination Test 164  7.9 Thermal Dimensional Stability 166  7.10 Heat De¿ection Temperature 169    8 Chemical Testing 173 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Chemical Resistance Investigation 173 8.3 Environmental Stress Cracking Resistance (ESCR) Investigation 174   9 Physical Testing 181 9.1 Introduction 181 9.2 Determination of Mass 181 9.3 Determination of Water Absorption 182   10 Geometrical Inspection 187 10.1 Introduction 187 10.2 Sizes and Tolerances 187 10.3 Processing and Post-processing Shrinkage 195 10.4 Warpage 197   11 Optical Testing Methods 199 11.1 Introduction 199 11.2 Visual Inspection 199 11.3 Light Microscope (LM) 201 11.4 Digital Microscope (DM) 207 11.5 Scanning Electron Beam Microscope (SEM) 208 11.6 Polarized Light Inspection 212

Authors

Achim Frick Hochschule Aalen, Inst. f¿r Angewandte Forschung, Aalen, Ge. Claudia Stern ElringKlinger Kunststofftechnik GmbH, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany. Vibunanthan Muralidharan