Organizations in need of high-speed connectivity and nonstop systems operations depend upon data centers for a range of deployment solutions. A data center is a facility used to house computer systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems. It generally includes multiple power sources, redundant data communications connections, environmental controls (e.g., air conditioning, fire suppression) and security devices.
With contributions from an international list of experts, The Data Center Handbook instructs readers to:
- Prepare strategic plan that includes location plan, site selection, roadmap and capacity planning
- Design and build "green" data centers, with mission critical and energy-efficient infrastructure
- Apply best practices to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions
- Apply IT technologies such as cloud and virtualization
- Manage data centers in order to sustain operations with minimum costs
- Prepare and practice disaster reovery and business continuity plan
The book imparts essential knowledge needed to implement data center design and construction, apply IT technologies, and continually improve data center operations.
Table of Contents
Contributors xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Technical Advisory Board xxvii
Chapter Organization xxix
Part I Data Center Overview and Strategic Planning 1
1 Data Centers - Strategic Planning, Design, Construction, and Operations 3
Hwaiyu Geng
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Data Center Vision and Roadmap 6
1.3 Strategic Location Plan 7
1.4 Sustainable Design 8
1.5 Best Practices and Emerging Technologies 10
1.6 Operations Management and Disaster Management 10
1.7 Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery 12
1.8 Conclusion 12
References 13
Further Reading 14
2 Energy and Sustainability in Data Centers 15
William J. Kosik
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Flexible Facilities - Modularity in Data Centers 18
2.3 Water Use 21
2.4 Proper Operating Temperature and Humidity 21
2.5 Avoiding Common Planning Errors 23
2.6 Cooling System Concepts 26
2.7 Building Envelope and Energy Use 28
2.8 Air Management and Containment Strategies 30
2.9 Electrical System Efficiency 32
2.10 Energy Use of IT Equipment 33
2.11 Leveraging IT and Facilities 37
2.12 Determining Data Center Energy Use Effectiveness 39
2.13 Private Industry and Government Energy Efficiency Programs 42
2.14 USGBC - LEED Adaptations for Data Centers 42
2.15 Harmonizing Global Metrics for Data Center Energy Efficiency 42
2.16 Industry Consortium - Recommendations for Measuring and Reporting Overall Data Center Efficiency 42
2.17 Strategies for Operations Optimization 44
References 44
Further Reading 44
3 Hosting or Colocation Data Centers 47
Chris Crosby and Chris Curtis
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Hosting 47
3.3 Colocation (Wholesale) 48
3.4 Types of Data Centers 48
3.5 Scaling Data Centers 54
3.6 Selecting and Evaluating DC Hosting and Wholesale Providers 54
3.7 Build versus Buy 54
3.8 Future Trends 56
3.9 Conclusion 57
Further Reading 57
Sources for Data Center Industry News and Trends 57
4 Modular Data Centers: Design, Deployment, and Other Considerations 59
Wade Vinson, Matt Slaby, and Ian Levine
4.1 Modular Data Center Definition 59
4.2 MDC Benefits and Applications 59
4.3 Modularity Scalability Planning 61
4.4 MDC Anatomy 62
4.5 Site Preparation, Installation, Commissioning 80
4.6 How to Select an MDC Vendor 85
4.7 External Factors 86
4.8 Future Trend and Conclusion 86
Further Reading 87
5 Data Center Site Search and Selection 89
Ken Baudry
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Site Searches Versus Facility Searches 89
5.3 Globalization and the Speed of Light 90
5.4 The Site Selection Process 93
5.5 Industry Trends Affecting Site Selection 101
Further Reading 102
6 Data Center Financial Analysis, ROI and TCO 103
Liam Newcombe
6.1 Introduction to Financial Analysis, Return on Investment, and Total Cost of Ownership 103
6.2 Financial Measures of Cost and Return 109
6.3 Complications and Common Problems 116
6.4 A Realistic Example 126
6.5 Choosing to Build, Reinvest, Lease, or Rent 135
Further Reading 137
7 Overview of Data Centers in China 139
Zhe Liu, Jingyi Hu, Hongru Song, Yutao Yang, and Haibo Li
7.1 Introduction 139
7.2 Policies, Laws, Regulations, and Standards 141
7.3 Standards 145
7.4 Development Status of China’s Data Centers 147
7.5 Energy Efficiency Status 149
7.6 Development Tendency 150
References 151
8 Overview of Data Centers in Korea 153
Minseok Kwon, Mingoo Kim, and Hanwook Bae
8.1ntroduction 153
8.2 Korean Government Organizations for Data Center 154
8.3 Codes and Standards 154
8.4 Data Center Design and Construction 155
8.5 Data Center Market 159
8.6 Conclusion 160
References 160
Part II Data Center Design and Construction 161
9 Architecture Design: Data Center Rack Floor Plan and Facility Layout Design 163
Phil Isaak
9.1 Introduction 163
9.2 Overview of Rack and Cabinet Design 163
9.3 S pace and Power Design Criteria 166
9.4 Pathways 169
9.5 Coordination with Other Systems 170
9.6 Computer Room Design 174
9.7 Modular Design 177
9.8 CFD Modeling 178
9.9 Data Center Space Planning 179
9.10 Conclusion 181
Further Reading 181
10 Mechanical Design in Data Centers 183
John Weale
10.1 Introduction 183
10.2 Key Design Criteria 183
10.3 Mechanical Design Process 186
10.4 Data Center Considerations in Selecting Key Components 203
10.5 Primary Design Options 206
10.6 Current Best Practices 211
10.7 Future Trends 214
Reference 215
Further Reading 215
11 Electrical Design in Data Centers 217
Jay S. Park and Sarah Hanna
11.1 Uptime 217
11.2 Electrical Equipment to Deploy 217
11.3 Electrical Design 217
11.4 Availability 222
11.5 Determining Success 227
Appendix 11.A 228
Further Reading 228
12 F ire Protection and Life Safety Design in Data Centers 229
Sean S. Donohue
12.1 F ire Protection Fundamentals 229
12.2 AHJs Codes and Standards 230
12.3 Local Authorities, National Codes, and Standards 230
12.4 Life Safety 231
12.5 Passive Fire Protection 233
12.6 Active Fire Protection/Suppression 234
12.7 Detection, Alarm, and Signaling 239
12.8 Fire Protection Design 242
References 243
13 Structural Design in Data Centers: Natural Disaster Resilience 245
David Bonneville and Robert Pekelnicky
13.1 Introduction 245
13.2 Building Design Considerations 246
13.3 Earthquakes 248
13.4 Hurricanes Tornadoes and Other Windstorms 251
13.5 Snow and Rain 252
13.6 Flood and Tsunami 253
13.7 Comprehensive Resiliency Strategies 254
References 255
14 Data Center Telecommunications Cabling 257
Alexander Jew
14.1 Why Use Data Center Telecommunications Cabling Standards? 257
14.2 Telecommunications Cabling Standards Organizations 259
14.3 Data Center Telecommunications Cabling Infrastructure Standards 259
14.4 Telecommunications Spaces and Requirements 262
14.5 Structured Cabling Topology 264
14.6 Cable Types and Maximum Cable Lengths 267
14.7 Cabinet and Rack Placement (Hot Aisles and Cold Aisles) 269
14.8 Cabling and Energy Efficiency 270
14.9 Cable Pathways 271
14.10 Cabinets and Racks 272
14.11 Patch Panels and Cable Management 272
14.12 Reliability Levels and Cabling 272
14.13 Conclusion and Trends 273
Further Reading 273
15 Dependability Engineering for Data Center Infrastructures 275
Malik Megdiche
15.1 Introduction 275
15.2 Dependability Theory 276
15.3 System Dysfunctional Analysis 283
15.4 Application to Data Center Dependability 297
Reference 305
Further Reading 305
16 Particulate and Gaseous Contamination in Data Centers 307
Taewon Han
16.1 Introduction 307
16.2 Standards and Guidelines 307
16.3 Airborne Contamination 309
16.4 A Conventional Solution 309
16.5 Conclusions and Future Trends 311
Acknowledgment 311
References 312
Further Reading 312
17 Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications in Data Centers 313
Mark Seymour
17.1 Introduction 313
17.2 Fundamentals of CFD 313
17.3 Applications of CFD for Data Centers 321
17.4 Modeling the Data Center 325
17.5 Potential Additional Benefits of a CFD/Virtual Facility Model 340
17.6 The Future of Virtual Facility Models 341
References 341
18 Environmental Control of Data Centers 343
Veerendra Mulay
18.1 Data Center Power Trends 343
18.2 Thermal Management of Data Centers 343
18.3 Cooling System Design and Control 346
18.4 Performance Metrics 352
References 353
19 Data Center Project Management and Commissioning 359
Lynn Brown
19.1 Introduction 359
19.2 Project Management 359
19.3 Commissioning 367
19.4 Bidding Phase Tasks 376
19.5 Acceptance Phase Tasks 378
19.6 LEED-Required Commissioning Tasks 381
19.7 Minimum Commissioning Tasks 382
19.8 Commissioning Team Members 383
19.9 Data Center Trends 386
19.10 Conclusion 387
Further Reading 387
Part III Data Center Technology 389
20 Virtualization, Cloud SDN, and SDDC in Data Centers 391
Omar Cherkaoui and Ramesh Menon
20.1 Introduction 391
20.2 Virtualization in Data Centers 392
20.3 Cloud as an Extension of the Data Center 393
20.4 Networking in Data Center 394
20.5 SDN 396
20.6 SDDC 398
20.7 Roadmap to Cloud-Enabled Data Center 398
References 400
Further Reading 400
21 Green Microprocessor and Server Design 401
Guy AlLee
21.1 Introduction 401
21.2 Microprocessor 403
21.3 Server 407
21.4 Motherboard 409
21.5 Software 413
21.6 Benchmarks 415
21.7 Conclusions 416
Further Reading 417
22 Energy Efficiency Requirements in Information Technology Equipment Design 419
Joe Prisco and Jay Dietrich
22.1 Introduction 419
22.2 Computer Servers 421
22.3 Storage Systems 425
22.4 Uninterruptable Power Systems 426
22.5 Networking Equipment 427
22.6 Future Trends in Product Energy Efficiency Requirements 427
References 428
Further Reading 428
23 Raised Floor versus Overhead Cooling in Data Centers 429
Vali Sorell
23.1 Introduction 429
23.2 History of Raised Floor versus Overhead Air Distribution 429
23.3 Air Delivery Methodology as it Relates to Containment 430
23.4 Airflow Dynamics 430
23.5 Under-floor Air Distribution 433
23.6 Overhead Air Distribution 437
23.7 Conclusion 439
References 439
Further Reading 439
24 Hot Aisle versus Cold Aisle Containment 441
Dave Moody
24.1 Executive Summary 441
24.2 Containment: The Airflow Architecture Models 441
24.3 Return Air Temperature Trends in HAC and CAC 444
24.4 Run- or Ride-Through Impact of Higher RAT 446
24.5 Single-Geometry Passive Chimney Ducts as Part of HAC 448
24.6 Psychological Impacts of Higher RAT 450
24.7 Cooling System Airflow and Fan Power 453
24.8 Redundancy and Cooling Unit Location Impact 459
24.9 Impact on Conditions for Peripheral Equipment in the Data Center Outside any of the HAC or CAC Zone(s) 461
24.10 Impact on Economizer Operation Time Periods During Cooler Outside Ambient Temperatures 462
24.11 Conclusion and Future Trends 463
References 464
Further Reading 464
25 Free Cooling Technologies in Data Centers 465
Nicholas H. Des Champs and Keith Dunnavant
25.1 Introduction 465
25.2 Using Properties of Ambient Air to Cool a Data Center 466
25.3 Economizer Thermodynamic Process and Schematic of Equipment Layout 466
25.4 Comparative Potential Energy Savings and Required Trim Mechanical Refrigeration 475
25.5 Conventional Means for Cooling Datacom Facilities 478
References 478
Further Reading 478
26 Rack-Level Cooling and Cold Plate Cooling 479
Henry Coles, Steve Greenberg, and Phil Hughes
26.1 Introduction 479
26.2 Rack-Level Cooling Types 482
26.3 Rack-Level Cooler Selection and Installation 485
26.4 Conclusion and Future Trends 486
26.5 Rack-Level Cooling Using Cold Plates 486
26.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 492
References 493
Further Reading 493
27 Uninterruptible Power Supply System 495
Chris Loeffler and Ed Spears
27.1 Introduction 495
27.2 Principle of UPS and Application 496
27.3 Considerations in Selecting UPS 504
27.4 Reliability and Redundancy 507
27.5 Alternate Energy Sources: AC and DC 512
27.6 UPS Preventive Maintenance Requirements 516
27.7 UPS Management and Control 519
27.8 Conclusion and Trends 520
Reference 520
Further Reading 520
28 Using Direct Current Network in Data Centers 523
Sofia Bergqvist
28.1 Introduction 523
28.2 Edison’s Revenge 523
28.3 Data Center Power Design 525
28.4 Why Use the DC System in Data Centers 526
28.5 Examples of DC Data Centers in Operation 531
28.6 Future Trends and Conclusions 532
Acknowledgments 532
References 532
Further Reading 532
29 Rack PDU for Green Data Centers 533
Ching-I Hsu
29.1 Introduction 533
29.2 Fundamentals and Principles 534
29.3 Elements of the System 540
29.4 Considerations for Planning and Selecting Rack PDUs 548
29.5 Future Trends for Rack PDUs 555
Further Reading 557
30 Renewable and Clean Energy for Data Centers 559
William Kao
30.1 Introduction 559
30.2 Renewable Energy Basics 560
30.3 Renewable Energy Types 560
30.4 Alternative Energy: Fuel Cell 569
30.5 Case studies 573
30.6 Summary and Future Trends 575
References 576
Further Reading 576
31 Smart Grid-Responsive Data Centers 577
Girish Ghatikar, Mary Ann Piette, and Venkata Vish Ganti
31.1 Introduction and Context for Grid-Responsive Data Centers 577
31.2 S mart Grid and DR Applications in the United States 579
31.3 Site Infrastructure Control System Technologies 581
31.4 IT Infrastructure Virtualization Technologies 582
31.5 DR Opportunities, Challenges, and Automation Considerations 582
31.6 Data Centers with DR Provisions 583
31.7 AutoDR Using Open Standards 585
31.8 Grid-Distributed Data Centers and Networks 586
31.9 Summary of DR Strategies 586
31.10 Challenges to Grid-Responsive Data Centers 587
31.11 U.S. Policies Governing Smart Grid Emerging Technologies 588
31.12 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 588
31.13 State Policies for Smart Grid Advancement 589
31.14 Conclusions and Next Steps 589
Acknowledgments 590
References 591
Further Reading 592
Part IV Data Center Operations and Management 593
32 Data Center Benchmark Metrics 595
William J. Kosik
32.1 Introduction 595
32.2 Origin and Application of PUE as a Metric 595
32.3 Metrics Used in Data Center Assessments 597
32.4 Green Grid’s xUE Metrics 597
32.5 Rack Cooling Index and Return Temperature Index 598
32.6 Additional Industry Metrics 598
32.7 European Commission Code of Conduct 598
32.8 International Telecommunication Union 599
32.9 Conclusion 599
Further Reading 599
33 Data Center Infrastructure Management 601
Mark Harris
33.1 What is Data Center Infrastructure Management? 601
33.2 Triggers for DCIM Acquisition and Deployment 604
33.3 What are the Modules of a DCIM Solution? 606
33.4 The DCIM System Itself. What to Expect and Plan for 611
33.5 Critical Success Factors when Implementing a DCIM System 614
33.6 Future Trends in DCIM 616
33.7 Conclusion 617
Reference 617
Further Reading 617
34 Computerized Maintenance Management System in Data Centers 619
Peter Sacco
34.1 Introduction 619
34.2 CMMS Basics 620
34.3 CMMS Modules 620
34.4 Considerations in Selecting CMMS 632
34.5 Conclusion 637
34.6 Trends 637
Further Reading 638
Part V Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity 639
35 Data Center Disaster Recovery and High Availability 641
Chris Gabriel
35.1 Introduction 641
35.2 The Evolution of the Data Center and Data Center Risk 642
35.3 Physical Data Center Design and Redundancy: Tiers and N+ What? 649
35.4 Virtualization Brings Out-of-the-Box DR Survivability 652
35.5 DR and Cloud 656
References 657
Further Reading 657
36 Lessons Learned from Natural Disasters and Preparedness of Data Centers 659
Hwaiyu Geng and Masatoshi Kajimoto
36.1 Introduction 659
36.2 Design for Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery 659
36.3 Natural Disasters 660
36.4 The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake 660
36.5 The 2012 Eastern U.S. Coast Superstorm Sandy 663
36.6 Conclusions 666
References 666
Further Reading 666
Index 669
