The recent development of easy-to-use sources and detectors of terahertz radiation has enabled growth in applications of terahertz (Thz) imaging and sensing. This vastly adaptable technology offers great potential across a wide range of areas, and the Handbook of terahertz technology for imaging, sensing and communications explores the fundamental principles, important developments and key applications emerging in this exciting field.
Part one provides an authoritative introduction to the fundamentals of terahertz technology for imaging, sensing and communications. The generation, detection and emission of waves are discussed alongside fundamental aspects of surface plasmon polaritons, terahertz near-field imaging and sensing, room temperature terahertz detectors and terahertz wireless communications. Part two goes on to discuss recent progress and such novel techniques in terahertz technology as terahertz bio-sensing, array imagers, and resonant field enhancement of terahertz waves. Fiber-coupled time-domain spectroscopy systems (THz-TDS), terahertz photomixer systems, terahertz nanotechnology, frequency metrology and semiconductor material development for terahertz applications are all reviewed. Finally, applications of terahertz technology are explored in part three, including applications in tomographic imaging and material spectroscopy, art conservation, and the aerospace, wood products, semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries.
With its distinguished editor and international team of expert contributors, the Handbook of terahertz technology for imaging, sensing and communications is an authoritative guide to the field for laser engineers, manufacturers of sensing devices and imaging equipment, security companies, the military, professionals working in process monitoring, and academics interested in this field.
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Table of Contents
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Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials
Preface
Part I: Fundamentals of terahertz technology for imaging, sensing and communications
Chapter 1: Optoelectronic techniques for the generation and detection of terahertz waves
Abstract:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Terahertz detector technologies
1.3 Terahertz signal generation in terahertz photoconductive antennas (THz-PCAs)
1.4 Terahertz signal detection with terahertz photoconductive antennas (THz-PCAs)
1.5 Parametric interaction in nonlinear crystals
1.6 Difference frequency mixing in nonlinear crystals
1.7 Conclusion
Chapter 2: Transmission and propagation of terahertz waves in plastic waveguides
Abstract:
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Main challenges of the plastic-based terahertz fiber optics
2.3 Devices based on subwavelength fibers
2.4 Hollow-core fibers
2.5 Composite terahertz materials
2.6 Experimental characterization of terahertz waveguides
2.7 Conclusions
2.8 Acknowledgments
Chapter 3: Fundamental aspects of surface plasmon polaritons at terahertz frequencies
Abstract:
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Drude model
3.3 Surface plasmon polaritons on planar surfaces
3.4 Multilayered structures
3.5 New trends in terahertz plasmonics
3.6 Acknowledgments
Chapter 4: Fundamental aspects of terahertz near-field imaging and sensing
Abstract:
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Terahertz near-field measurements
4.3 Near-fields of various subwavelength holes
4.4 Kirchhoff formalism for near-field estimate
4.5 Conclusions
Chapter 5: Field effect transistors for terahertz applications
Abstract:
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Plasma waves in low-dimensional structures
5.3 Instability of the steady state with a dc current in field effect transistors (FETs)
5.4 Detection of terahertz radiation by an FET
5.5 Studies of terahertz emission from FETs
5.6 Experimental studies of terahertz detection by FETs
5.7 Conclusions
5.8 Acknowledgements
Chapter 6: Terahertz wireless communications
Abstract:
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Motivation for terahertz wireless communications
6.3 Atmospheric propagation for communications
6.4 Modeling of terahertz communication channels
6.5 Hardware for terahertz communications: sources and detectors
6.6 Modulators for terahertz waves
6.7 Modulation formats for terahertz signals
6.8 Examples of terahertz communication systems
6.9 Experimental characterization of rain, fog and scintillations on terahertz communication links
6.10 Future trends
6.11 Sources of further information
6.12 Acknowledgments
Part II: Recent progress and novel techniques in terahertz technology
Chapter 7: Terahertz bio-sensing techniques
Abstract:
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sensing of water dynamics by terahertz waves
7.3 Sensing of proteins
7.4 Binding-state dependent sensing
7.5 Characteristic resonances of biomolecules in the terahertz range
7.6 Water-mediated terahertz molecular imaging
7.7 Conclusion
7.8 Acknowledgements
Chapter 8: Terahertz array imagers: towards the implementation of terahertz cameras with plasma-wave-based silicon MOSFET detectors
Abstract:
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Resistive mixing a quasi-static analysis
8.3 Plasmonic mixing a hydrodynamic analysis
8.4 Technology, design and implementation of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field effect transistors as terahertz detectors
8.5 Characterization and optimization of field effect transistor (FET) detectors
8.5.6 Results for MOSFET THz detectors
8.6 Developments towards a terahertz camera
8.7 Overview of other focal-plane technologies for terahertz imaging
8.8 Acknowledgements
Chapter 9: Resonant field enhancement of terahertz waves in subwavelength plasmonic structures
Abstract:
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fundamentals of surface plasmon polaritons at terahertz frequencies
9.3 Extraordinary transmission of terahertz waves through metallic hole arrays
9.4 Active control of terahertz surface plasmon polaritons
9.5 Conclusion
Chapter 10: Fiber-coupled terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) systems
Abstract:
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fiber guiding
10.3 Experimental layout and system characterization
10.4 Measurement results of fiber-based terahertz systems
10.5 Comparison of THz-TDS with other systems and techniques
10.6 Future trends and conclusions
Chapter 11: State-of-the-art in terahertz continuous-wave photomixer systems
Abstract:
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Continuous-wave emitter and detector technologies
11.3 Coherent signal detection
11.4 Laser sources
11.5 Selected applications of photomixing continuous-wave terahertz systems
11.6 Conclusion
11.7 Acknowledgements
Chapter 12: Novel techniques in terahertz near-field imaging and sensing
Abstract:
12.1 Introduction
12.2 State-of-the-art terahertz near-field approaches
12.3 Novel micro-machined terahertz near-field probe-tips
12.4 Analysis of nanophotonic second-order nonlinear-optic waveguides with terahertz near-field probing
12.5 Failure analysis in integrated electronic structures based on terahertz time-domain reflectometry
12.6 High-resolution imaging of free-carrier concentrations for photovoltaic material inspection
12.7 Conclusion and future trends
Chapter 13: Terahertz nano-devices and nano-systems
Abstract:
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nanoscale terahertz detector
13.3 Near-field terahertz imager
13.4 Conclusion
13.5 Acknowledgments
Chapter 14: Terahertz integrated devices and systems
Abstract:
14.1 Integrated terahertz biosensor chip
14.2 Terahertz oscillators integrated with patch antennas
14.3 Results and discussion of fabricated resonant tunneling diodes
Chapter 15: Terahertz frequency metrology based on frequency comb techniques
Abstract:
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Coherent frequency linking with a frequency comb
15.3 Terahertz-comb-referenced spectrum analyzer
15.4 Optical-comb-referenced terahertz synthesizer
15.5 Terahertz-comb-referenced spectrometer
15.6 Conclusions and future trends
Chapter 16: Semiconductor material development for terahertz applications
Abstract:
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Generation and detection of broadband pulsed terahertz radiation
16.3 Generation of continuous wave terahertz radiation using photomixing
16.4 Photoconductive semiconductor materials
16.5 Conclusions
16.6. Acknowledgements
Part III: Applications of terahertz technology
Chapter 17: Terahertz applications in tomographic imaging and material spectroscopy: a review
Abstract:
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Tomographic imaging applications
17.3 Quantitative analysis of powdered chemicals
17.4 Conclusion
Chapter 18: Terahertz applications in the aerospace industry
Abstract:
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Non-destructive evaluation of aircraft composites using transmissive terahertz time domain spectroscopy
18.3 Non-destructive evaluation of aircraft composites using reflective terahertz time domain spectroscopy
18.4 Continuous-wave non-destructive terahertz imaging for aerospace applications
18.5 Comparison of non-destructive imaging for glass fiber reinforced plastics
18.6 Conclusion
Chapter 19: Terahertz applications in the wood products industry
Abstract:
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Applications of terahertz technology in the wood products industry
19.3 Wood structure and morphology
19.4 Far infrared properties of wood
19.5 Probing wood characteristics at terahertz frequencies
19.6 Terahertz sensing in the oriented strand board industry
19.7 Future trends
Chapter 20: Terahertz applications in the pharmaceutical industry
Abstract:
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) spectroscopy set-up and analysis
20.3 Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS): identification, quantification and analysis
20.4 Terahertz time-domain imaging (THz-TDI): imaging set-up and analysis
20.5 Terahertz time-domain imaging (THz-TDI): process monitoring, spectroscopic imaging and chemical mapping
20.6 Conclusions and future trends
20.7 Acknowledgement
Chapter 21: Terahertz applications in art conservation
Abstract:
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Material analysis using terahertz waves
21.3 Observation of the internal structure of artworks using terahertz waves
21.4 Prospective development of terahertz technology as a tool for heritage science
Chapter 22: Applications of terahertz technology in the semiconductor industry
Abstract:
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Characterizations of electro-optical terahertz pulse reflectometry (EOTPR)
22.3 Examples of failure analysis using electro-optical terahertz pulse reflectometry (EOTPR)
22.4 Conclusions and future trends
Index
