Radioactive waste management and contaminated site clean-up reviews radioactive waste management processes, technologies, and international experiences. Part one explores the fundamentals of radioactive waste including sources, characterisation, and processing strategies. International safety standards, risk assessment of radioactive wastes and remediation of contaminated sites and irradiated nuclear fuel management are also reviewed. Part two highlights the current international situation across Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The experience in Japan, with a specific chapter on Fukushima, is also covered. Finally, part three explores the clean-up of sites contaminated by weapons programmes including the USA and former USSR.
Radioactive waste management and contaminated site clean-up is a comprehensive resource for professionals, researchers, scientists and academics in radioactive waste management, governmental and other regulatory bodies and the nuclear power industry.
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Table of Contents
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Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1: Fundamentals of radioactive waste (RAW): science, sources, classification and management strategies
Abstract:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Controlled and uncontrolled wastes
1.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) classification
1.4 Sources of waste
1.5 Managing controlled wastes
1.6 Strategies for managing uncontrolled releases and contaminated site clean-up
1.7 Sources of further information
Chapter 2: Radioactive waste (RAW) categories, characterization and processing route selection
Abstract:
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Basic categories of radioactive waste (RAW)
2.3 RAW characterization and control
2.4 RAW processing route selection
2.5 Sources of further information
Chapter 3: International safety standards for radioactive waste (RAW) management and remediation of contaminated sites
Abstract:
3.1 Introduction
3.2 International, regional and national organisations involved
3.3 International standards for radiological safety and environmental protection
3.4 Radioactive waste (RAW) management policies, regulations and standards
3.5 RAW packaging and transportation practice
3.6 Conclusion
Chapter 4: Technical solutions for the management of radioactive waste (RAW): overview and methods of selection
Abstract:
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Waste routing, classification and categorization
4.3 Waste management steps
4.4 Technical options for waste management
4.5 Methodologies for technology selection
4.6 Conclusion
Chapter 5: Irradiated nuclear fuel management: resource versus waste
Abstract:
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Temporary storage
5.3 Fuel cycle options
5.4 Managing wastes from fuel recycling
5.5 Conclusion
Chapter 6: Radioactive waste (RAW) conditioning, immobilization, and encapsulation processes and technologies: overview and advances
Abstract:
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Waste form definitions
6.3 Types of immobilization processes and pre-processes
6.4 Immobilization processes and technologies
6.5 Waste forms, waste packages, and the geological environment
6.6 Recent advances in waste form processing
6.7 Radiation damage in glasses and ceramics
6.8 Leach testing and its role in the waste acceptance process
Chapter 7: Assessing and modelling the performance of nuclear waste and associated packages for long-term management
Abstract:
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Background
7.3 Corrosion of relevant metals and alloys in mild and near-neutral pH environments
7.4 Stress corrosion and hydrogen-induced cracking of carbon steel and stainless steel
7.5 Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) degradation
7.6 Cladding performance
7.7 Summary
Chapter 8: Remediation of radioactively contaminated sites and management of the resulting waste
Abstract:
8.1 Introduction: definition and extent of the problem
8.2 Planning and management of environmental remediation (ER)
8.3 Waste from contaminated areas: characteristics and volume
8.4 Decontamination methodologies and techniques
8.5 Waste transportation
8.6 Waste disposal
8.7 Future trends
8.8 Conclusion
Chapter 9: Safety and risk assessment of radioactive waste (RAW) and contaminated sites
Abstract:
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Deterministic and probabilistic analysis methods
9.3 Safety and risk assessment
9.4 Application to the case of radionuclide escape from a near-surface disposal facility
9.5 Correlation of emergency accident levels with probabilities of occurrence: implications for the safe operation of facilities
Chapter 10: Russia: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up
Abstract:
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Special features of radioactive waste (RAW) accumulation in the USSR
10.3 Long-term RAW isolation strategy
10.4 A new type of repository: the adoption of the controlled prolonged storage concept
10.5 Survey of modern RAW management technologies
10.6 The state system for the accounting and control of RAW and radioactive materials (RAM)
10.7 Conclusion
Chapter 11: Ukraine: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up
Abstract:
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sources, types and classification of wastes
11.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) management practice
11.4 Chernobyl accident
11.5 Problems and lessons learned
11.6 Future trends
11.7 Conclusion
11.8 Sources of further information
Chapter 12: Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and Poland: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up
Abstract:
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sources, types and classification of wastes
12.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies: history and developments
12.4 Contaminated site clean-up experience
12.5 Problematic cases and lessons learned
12.7 Sources of further information
Chapter 13: Nordic countries: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up
Abstract:
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Sources, types and classification of wastes
13.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies: history and developments
13.4 Contaminated site clean-up experience
13.5 Problematic cases and lessons learned
13.6 Future trends
13.7 Acknowledgement
Chapter 14: Germany: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up
Abstract:
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Sources, types and classification of nuclear waste
14.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies: history and developments
14.4 German nuclear waste repository projects
14.5 Problematic cases and lessons learned
14.6 Future trends
Chapter 15: France: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up
Abstract:
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Sources, types and classification of wastes
15.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies: history and developments
15.4 Contaminated site clean-up experience
15.5 Problematic cases and lessons learned
15.6 Future trends
Chapter 16: England and Wales: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up
Abstract:
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Structure of the UK nuclear industry
16.3 Sources, types and classification of wastes
16.4 Development of radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies
16.5 Current RAW management practices and strategies
16.6 Contaminated site clean-up
16.7 Sharing experience
16.8 Future trends
Chapter 17: Scotland: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up
Abstract:
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Legal framework for decommissioning and radioactive waste (RAW) arrangements in Scotland
17.3 Scottish government solid low level radioactive waste (LLW) policy
17.4 Scottish government higher activity waste (HAW) policy
17.5 Nuclear power plants in Scotland
17.6 Dounreay research station under decommissioning
17.7 Nuclear submarines and naval test reactors in Scotland
17.8 Industry and small users
17.9 Conclusion
Chapter 18: United States: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site cleanup
Abstract:
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Policies and practices
18.3 Regulations and standards
18.4 Regulatory oversight: federal and state agencies
18.5 Waste classification, characteristics, and inventory
18.6 Blue Ribbon Commission
18.7 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies
18.8 Site cleanup and closure experience
18.9 Yucca Mountain: history and lessons learned
18.10 Acknowledgement
18.12 Appendix: acronyms
Chapter 19: Canada: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site cleanup
Abstract:
19.1 Policies and regulations
19.2 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies
19.3 Long-term management
19.4 Contaminated site cleanup experience and planned projects
19.5 Case studies and lessons learned
19.6 Acknowledgments
Chapter 20: South Africa: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up
Abstract:
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Sources, classification and types of wastes
20.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies
20.4 Waste acceptance criteria (WAC)
20.5 Necsa solid waste management system
20.6 Necsa radioactive waste management plan development
20.7 Development of the Necsa radioactive waste management plan (NRWMP)
20.8 Decommissioning strategies and planning
20.9 Future trends
Chapter 21: Republic of Korea: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up
Abstract:
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategy, practice and issues
21.3 Spent fuel management strategy, practice and issues
21.4 Decommissioning and decontamination (D&D) strategy, practice and issues
21.5 Conclusion
Chapter 22: China: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management
Abstract:
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Sources, types and classification of waste
22.3 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategies: history and developments
22.4 Geological disposal of high level waste (HLW)
22.5 Future trends
Chapter 23: Japan: experience of radioactive waste (RAW) management and contaminated site clean-up
Abstract:
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Radioactive waste (RAW) management strategy
23.3 Spent fuel management strategy, practice and issues15
23.4 Decommissioning strategy, practice and issues16-20
Chapter 24: Fukushima: The current situation and future plans
Abstract:
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Extent and composition of radioactive material released
24.3 Dispersion and transport of radioactive materials
24.4 Effects of released radiation on food, environment and human health
24.5 Clean-up programme
24.6 Mid- and long-term roadmap
24.7 Sources of further information
24.8 Acknowledgements
Chapter 25: Management of radioactive waste (RAW) from nuclear weapons programmes
Abstract:
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Waste types, classification and composition
25.3 Nuclear safety and security
25.4 Treatment and immobilization
25.5 Waste form properties
25.6 Future trends
Chapter 26: Modeling and strategy approaches for assessing radionuclide contamination from underground testing of nuclear weapons in Nevada, USA
Abstract:
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Hydrogeological setting of the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS)
26.3 Underground testing and groundwater flow and transport in corrective action units
26.4 Regulatory strategy
26.5 Future trends
26.6 Acknowledgments
Chapter 27: Remote monitoring of former underground nuclear explosion sites predominantly in the former USSR
Abstract:
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Effects of the underground nuclear explosions on the environment
27.3 Problems as a consequence of underground nuclear tests
27.4 Thermal anomalies as informative signs of underground nuclear explosions
27.5 Space monitoring of thermal anomalies and prospects for its application
Index
