Designed as the primary reference for the biotechnological use of macroalgae, this comprehensive handbook covers the entire value chain from the cultivation of algal biomass to harvesting and processing it, to product extraction and formulation.
In addition to covering a wide range of product classes, from polysaccharides to terpenes and from enyzmes to biofuels, it systematically discusses current and future applications of algae-derived products in pharmacology, medicine, cosmetics, food and agriculture.
In doing so, it brings together the expertise of marine researchers, biotechnologists and process engineers for a one-stop resource on the biotechnology of marine macroalgae.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors XVII
Preface XXVII
Acknowledgments XXIX
1 Introduction of Marine Algae Extracts 1
Katarzyna Chojnacka and Se-Kwon Kim
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Algal Biomass as a Useful Resource 2
1.3 Biologically Active Compounds Extracted from Algae 4
1.4 The Application of Products Derived from Algal Biomass 5
1.5 Extraction Technology 9
1.6 Conclusions 10
References 11
Part I: Cultivation and Identification of Marine Algae 15
2 Identification and Ecology of Macroalgae Species Existing in Poland 17
Beata Messyasz, Marta Pikosz, Grzegorz Schroeder, Boguslawa £eska, and Joanna Fabrowska
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Collection of Macroalgal Thalli and Culture Conditions 20
2.3 Macroalgae Forming a Large Biomass in Inland Waters of Poland 21
2.4 Ecology Aspects of Freshwater Macroscopic Algae 31
2.5 Summary 33
Acknowledgments 34
References 34
3 Identification of Microalgae Producers of Commercially Important Compounds 41
Rosalia Contreras, J. Paniagua-Michel, and Jorge Olmos
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Microalgae for Human Consumption 41
3.3 Microalgae for Aquaculture and Animal Farms 45
3.4 Microalgae for Biofuels 46
3.5 Molecular Identification of Microalgae 47
3.6 Conclusion 54
References 55
4 Cultivation and Identification of Microalgae (Diatom) 59
Sekar Ashokkumar, Kuppusamy Manimaran, and Keun Kim
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Materials and Methods 61
4.3 Algal Culture Conditions 66
4.4 Conclusion 73
References 73
Part II: Production and Processing of Marine Algae 79
5 Analysis of Green Algae Extracts 81
Grzegorz Schroeder, Boguslawa £eska, Joanna Fabrowska, Beata Messyasz, and Marta Pikosz
5.1 Introduction 81
5.2 The Algae Biomass as a Raw Material of Natural Chemical Compounds 82
5.3 Methods of Extraction of Biochemical from Algae Biomass 85
5.4 Analytical Procedures 87
5.5 Conclusion 92
Acknowledgments 93
References 93
6 Algae Extract ProductionMethods and Process Optimization 101
Edward Roj, Agnieszka Dobrzyñska-Inger, Agnieszka Dêbczak, Dorota Kostrzewa, and Katarzyna Stêpnik
6.1 Introduction 101
6.2 Production Methods 102
6.3 Analytical Methods Used for Extract Production Process Control 108
6.4 Process Optimization 111
6.5 Summary 117
Acknowledgments 118
References 118
7 Production of Seaweed Extracts by Biological and Chemical Methods 121
Izabela Michalak and Katarzyna Chojnacka
7.1 Introduction 121
7.2 Production of Algal Extracts with Different Methods 122
7.3 Pretreatment of Algal Biomass and Extraction Procedure 123
7.4 Algal Extracts Obtained by Enzymatic Hydrolysis 126
7.5 Algal Extracts Obtained by Chemical Hydrolysis 127
7.6 Comparison of Extraction Methods of Biologically Active Compounds from Seaweeds 130
7.7 Evaluation of the Activities of Algal Extracts Obtained by the Extraction with Organic Solvent 131
7.8 The Application of Water Extracts from Seaweeds 133
7.9 Examples of Commercial Products Obtained by Extraction form Seaweeds 138
7.10 Conclusions 139
Acknowledgments 139
References 139
8 Upstream Processing in the Technology of Algal Extracts: Biomass Harvesting and Preparation for Extraction Process 145
Radoslaw Wilk and Katarzyna Chojnacka
8.1 Introduction 145
8.2 Marine Vegetation from Baltic Sea as Source Material 149
8.3 The Technology of Raw Marine Biomass Preparation for Supercritical Fluid Extraction 152
8.4 Conclusions 157
Acknowledgments 157
References 157
9 Downstream Processing in the Technology of Algal Extracts – From the Component to the Final Formulations 161
Radoslaw Wilk and Katarzyna Chojnacka
9.1 Introduction 161
9.2 Final Formulation 163
9.3 Definition of an Emulsion 169
9.4 The Method to Produce an Emulsion Based on Algae Extract 170
9.5 Stability of Algae Extract Emulsion 175
9.6 Conclusion 177
References 177
10 Algae Biomass as a Raw Material for Production of Algal Extracts 179
Agnieszka Saeid and Katarzyna Chojnacka
10.1 Introduction 179
10.2 Cell Wall 179
10.3 Methods of Obtaining the Biomass of Algae 181
10.4 Conclusions 186
References 187
11 Algal Extracts as Plant Growth Biostimulants 189
Katarzyna Chojnacka, IzabelaMichalak, Agnieszka Dmytryk, Mateusz Gramza, Adam Slowiñski, and Henryk Gorecki
11.1 Introduction 189
11.2 The Development of Fertilizers Industry 190
11.3 Plant Biostimulants 194
11.4 Potential Benefits Arising from the Use of Plant Growth Biostimulants 195
11.5 The Market of Biostimulants 196
11.6 Seaweed Biomass as a Source for the Production of Algae Based Fertilizers 197
11.7 Algae as the Resource for Biostimulants Production 199
11.8 Methods of Production of Commercial Biostimulants from Algae 201
11.9 Characteristics of Biostimulants Derived from Algae 202
11.10 Current Market of Algal Plant Growth Stimulants 204
11.11 Perspectives 205
11.12 Regulations 206
11.13 Conclusions 207
Acknowledgments 208
References 208
12 Effects of Alginate Oligosaccharides on the Growth of Marine Microalgae 213
Mikinori Ueno and Tatsuya Oda
12.1 Introduction 213
12.2 Preparation of Alginate Oligosaccharides 215
12.3 Effects of Alginate Oligosaccharides on the Growth of Nannochloropsis oculata 217
12.4 Species-Specific Effects of Alginate Oligosaccharides on the Growth of Diatom Chaetoceros gracilis and Skeletonema sp. 218
12.5 Effects of Alginate Oligosaccharides on Harmful Microalgae 220
12.6 Conclusion 222
References 222
Part III: Marine Algal Products 227
13 Omegas: Pharmaceutical High Value Products and One of the Most Functional Bioactive Compounds 229
Viviana P. Rubio, J. Paniagua-Michel, and Jorge Olmos
13.1 Introduction 229
13.2 Most Functional Omegas 231
13.3 Biosynthesis and Functions 232
13.4 Omegas and Diet 234
13.5 Omegas; Sickness; and Health 235
13.6 Omegas: Commercial Applications 236
13.7 Microalgae as a Source for Omega Production 237
13.8 Perspectives 241
References 241
14 An Overview of Global Distribution of the Diterpenes Synthesized by the Red Algae Laurencia Complex (Ceramiales, Rhodomelaceae) 245
Luciana R. de Carvalho, Julyana N. Farias, Pablo Riul, and Mutue T. Fujii
14.1 Introduction 245
14.2 Biosynthesis of Diterpenes 246
14.3 Diversity and Geographic Distribution of the Diterpenes in Laurencia Complex 256
14.4 Conclusions 261
Acknowledgments 262
References 262
15 Anticancer Compounds from Marine Algae 267
Yong-Xin Li, Yong Li, and Se-Kwon Kim
15.1 Introduction 267
15.2 Terpenoids from Marine Algae 268
15.3 Sterols from Marine Algae 270
15.4 Polysaccharides from Marine Algae 273
15.5 Summary 274
Acknowledgments 274
References 274
16 A Comparative Analysis of Carrageenans Produced by Underutilized versus Industrially Utilized Macroalgae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) 277
Leonel Pereira, Filipa Meireles, Helena T. Abreu, and Paulo J.A. Ribeiro-Claro
16.1 Introduction 277
16.2 Chondrus crispus IMTA Cultivated 286
16.3 Geographic Localization, Date of Harvest, Yields, and Phycocolloid Type Produced by Red Algae 287
16.4 Analysis of Carrageenan by Vibrational Spectroscopy 287
16.5 Conclusion 288
Acknowledgments 290
List of Abbreviations and Symbols 290
References 291
17 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles Using Marine Algae: A Review 295
Panchanathan Manivasagan and Se-Kwon Kim
17.1 Introduction 295
17.2 Types of Nanoparticles 296
17.3 Characterization of Nanoparticles 297
17.4 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Marine Algae 298
17.5 Applications of Nanoparticles 301
17.6 Conclusions 302
Acknowledgments 302
References 302
18 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction to Prepare Bioactive Peptides from Microalgae 305
H.H. Chaminda Lakmal, Kalpa W. Samarakoon, and You-Jin Jeon
18.1 Introduction 305
18.2 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction and Isolation of Bioactive Peptides 306
18.3 Bioactivity of Peptides Derived from Marine Microalgae 309
18.4 Molecular Modeling 312
18.5 Future Trends and Prospective 315
References 315
19 An Overview of Phycocolloids: The Principal Commercial Seaweed Extracts 319
Ratih Pangestuti and Se-Kwon Kim
19.1 Introduction 319
19.2 General Properties of Phycocolloids 320
19.3 Agar 320
19.4 Alginates 322
19.5 Carrageenan 325
19.6 Conclusions 329
References 329
20 Analytical Approaches for the Detailed Characterization of Microalgal Lipid Extracts for the Production of Biodiesel 331
Damien L. Callahan, Gregory J.O. Martin, David R.A. Hill, Ian L.D. Olmstead, and Daniel A. Dias
20.1 Introduction 331
20.2 Protocols 336
20.3 Solid-Phase Extraction of Lipids (SPE) 337
20.4 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) 339
20.5 Derivatization 340
20.6 Liquid Chromatography/Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry 341
20.7 Combined Approaches 344
20.8 Final Remarks 344
Acknowledgments 344
References 345
Contents to Volume 2
List of Contributors XV
Preface XXV
Acknowledgments XXVII
Part IV: Biological Applications of Marine Algae 347
21 Algal Extracts in Dentistry 349
Marcin Mikulewicz and Katarzyna Chojnacka
22 Marine Algae for Protecting Your Brain: Neuroprotective Potentials of Marine Algae 359
Pradeep Dewapriya and Se-Kwon Kim
23 Antiviral Activities of Marine Algal Extracts 371
Fatih Karadeniz, Mustafa Z. Karagozlu, and Se-Kwon Kim
24 Antihyperglycemic of Sargassum sp. Extract 381
Muhamad Firdaus, Rahmi Nurdiani, and Asep A. Prihanto
25 Immunological Activity of MarineMicroalgae Extracts 395
Mariangela Caroprese, Maria G. Ciliberti, and Marzia Albenzio
26 Algal Polysaccharides and Their Biological Applications 413
Sirisha L. Vavilala and Jacinta S. D’Souza
27 Biological Phlorotannins of Eisenia bicyclis 453
Sang-Hoon Lee and Se-Kwon Kim
Part V: Biomedical Applications of Marine Algae 465
28 Algal Extracts as a Carrier of Micronutrients – Utilitarian Properties of New Formulations 467
£ukasz Tuhy, Katarzyna Chojnacka, IzabelaMichalak, and AnnaWitek-Krowiak
29 Marine Algae Based Biomaterials for Osteoblast Differentiation and Tissue Regeneration 489
Pathum Chandika and Won-Kyo Jung
30 Marine Algae Derived Polysaccharides for Bone Tissue Regeneration 509
Jayachandran Venkatesan and Se-Kwon Kim
31 Wound Dressings from Algal Polymers 523
Monica Bhatnagar and Ashish Bhatnagar
32 Marine Algae and Chronic Diseases 557
Kalimuthu Senthilkumar and Se-Kwon Kim
33 Algae Wastes Biomass – a New Class of Low-Cost Material with Potential Applications in Environmental Engineering 575
Laura Bulgariu and Dumitru Bulgariu
Part VI: Food and Industrial Applications of Marine Algae 603
34 Algae Extract as a Potential Feed Additive 605
Mariusz Korczyñski, Zuzanna Witkowska, Sebastian Opaliñski, Marita Œwiniarska, and Zbigniew Dobrzañski
35 Application of Marine Algae Derived Nutraceuticals in the Food Industry 627
Isuru Wijesekara and Se-Kwon Kim
36 Microalgal Carotenoids: Bioactive Roles, Health Foods, and Pharmaceuticals 639
J. Paniagua-Michel, Jorge Olmos Soto, and Eduardo Morales Guerrero
37 Biologically Active Organic Compounds, Especially Plant Promoters, in Algae Extracts and Their Potential Application in Plant Cultivation 659
Boguslawa Gorka, Jacek Lipok, and Piotr P.Wieczorek
38 Biomass and Extracts of Algae as Material for Cosmetics 681
Joanna Fabrowska, Bogus³awa £e²ska, Grzegorz Schroeder, Beata Messyasz, and Marta Pikosz
Index 707
