An in-depth examination of large scale wind projects and electricity production in China
- Presents the challenges of electrical power system planning, design, operation and control carried out by large scale wind power, from the Chinese perspective
- Focuses on the integration issue of large scale wind power to the bulk power system, probing the interaction between wind power and bulk power systems
- Wind power development is a burgeoning area of study in developing countries, with much interest in offshore wind farms and several big projects under development
- English translation of the Chinese language original which won the "Fourth China Outstanding Publication Award nomination" in March 2013
Table of Contents
1 Overview 1
1.1 Wind Energy andWind Energy Resources 1
1.2 Characteristics ofWind Power Generation 4
1.3 Present Situation and Development ofWind Power Generation 5
1.4 Wind Power Conversion System and Technical Route 8
1.5 WF-Included Electrical Power System 9
1.6 Outline of the Book 12
References 13
2 Wind Power Generation and Wind Power Generation System 14
2.1 Wind Power Generation System andWFs 14
2.2 Wind Turbine 16
2.3 Wind Turbine Generator System 26
2.4 Power Electronic Technology inWind Power Conversion System 41
References 49
3 Operation of Grid-Connected WTGS 51
3.1 Wind Turbine Grid Connection 51
3.2 Power Regulation ofWind Turbines 57
3.3 Wind Energy Converters and Basic Control Methods 62
3.4 Voltage/Reactive Power Control Characteristics of Three MainstreamWind Turbines 65
References 72
4 Connection of WFs to Power Systems 73
4.1 Requirements of the Power System for Grid Connection ofWFs 73
4.2 Connection ofWFs to Power Distribution Grids or Transmission Grids 75
4.3 Direct Connection to AC grids 76
4.4 WFs Interconnection via Conventional HVDC (PCC - HVDC) 81
4.5 WFs Interconnection via VSC-HVDC 84
4.6 Contrast ofWF Integration Schemes 88
4.7 Integration of Large-ScaleWFs into the Grid 89
4.8 Determination of MaximumWind Power Capacity Allowed to be Integrated into the Grid 90
References 98
5 WF Electrical Systems 100
5.1 Power Collection Systems 100
5.2 WF Grounding Systems 104
5.3 WF Lightning Protection 105
5.4 WF Electrical Protection 109
5.5 WF Reactive Power Compensation 114
5.6 WF Energy Storage Systems 117
References 120
6 OWFs 122
6.1 OWF and Its Characteristics 122
6.2 OWF Electrical System 123
6.3 Redundancy Design of Collection System 129
6.4 OWF Transmission System 129
6.5 A New Type of OffshoreWind Energy Conversion System 147
6.6 OWF Electrical System Optimization Design 149
6.7 Examples of Typical OWF 162
References 169
7 Analysis of Power Systems Containing Wind Power 171
7.1 Overview 171
7.2 MathematicalModels ofWind Power Generation System 172
7.3 Power Flow Analysis of Power System ContainingWind Power 192
7.4 Short-Circuit Analysis of Power Systems ContainingWind Power 202
7.5 Voltage Stability Analysis of Power System ContainingWind Power 211
7.6 Transient Stability Analysis of Power Systems ContainingWind Power 223
7.7 Small Signal Stability Analysis on Power System ContainingWind Power 232
7.8 Frequency Stability Analysis of Power System ContainingWind Turbines 245
References 258
8 WF Power Quality and Its Improvements 263
8.1 Overview 263
8.2 Power Quality and Its Characteristics 265
8.3 Power Quality Problems ofWFs Associated with the Grid 267
8.4 Frequency Quality and Frequency Regulation 268
8.5 Voltage Quality and Voltage Regulation 270
8.6 WF Voltage Flicker 275
8.7 Harmonics and Interharmonics of theWF 283
8.8 Measures to Improve Power Quality ofWFs 290
References 294
9 Wind Velocity and Generated Power Forecasts in WF 295
9.1 Overview 295
9.2 Variability ofWind Power 296
9.3 Wind Power Forecast Model and Method 301
9.4 Wind Velocity Forecast 307
9.5 Generated Power Forecast inWF 314
9.6 Accuracy ofWind Power Forecast 323
9.7 Application and Challenge ofWind Power Forecast 329
References 332
10 WF Control and Protection Technologies 334
10.1 Overview 334
10.2 Active Power and Frequency Control 343
10.3 Reactive Power and Voltage Regulation 345
10.4 Fault Ride-Through (FRT) or Low/High-Voltage Ride-Through (L/HVRT) ofWTGS 350
10.5 AGC of aWind Power Contained Power System 363
10.6 WF Monitoring and Control 364
10.7 Control ofWF Energy Storage System 372
References 378
11 Operation and Dispatch of a Power System Containing Wind Power 380
11.1 Overview 380
11.2 General Requirements forWF Operation 382
11.3 Power Balance and System Reserve Capacity 386
11.4 Optimal Dispatch of Power Systems ContainingWind Power 395
11.5 Wind Power Generation and Power Market 413
11.6 Main Technology ofWFs to be Conventional Power Plants 429
References 438
12 The Evaluation Technology for AnWind Power Integrated Power System 441
12.1 Reliability Evaluation ofWind Power Integrated Power System 441
12.2 Wind Power Generation CC 448
12.3 Wind Power Value Analysis 453
12.4 Analysis of Maximum Penetrating Capacity ofWind Power 461
References 469
Index 471
