Part one provides an overview of materials and design of ultrasonic transducers. Piezoelectricity and basic configurations are explored in depth, along with electromagnetic acoustic transducers, and the use of ceramics, thin film and single crystals in ultrasonic transducers. Part two goes on to investigate modelling and characterisation, with performance modelling, electrical evaluation, laser Doppler vibrometry and optical visualisation all considered in detail. Applications of ultrasonic transducers are the focus of part three, beginning with a review of surface acoustic wave devices and air-borne ultrasound transducers, and going on to consider ultrasonic transducers for use at high temperature and in flaw detection systems, power, biomedical and micro-scale ultrasonics, therapeutic ultrasound devices, piezoelectric and fibre optic hydrophones, and ultrasonic motors are also described.
With its distinguished editor and expert team of international contributors,Ultrasonic transducers is an authoritative review of key developments for engineers and materials scientists involved in this area of technology as well as in its applications in sectors as diverse as electronics, wireless communication and medical diagnostics.
Table of Contents
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Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials
Preface
Part I: Materials and design of ultrasonic transducers
Chapter 1: Piezoelectricity and basic configurations for piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers
Abstract:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The piezoelectric effect
1.3 Piezoelectric materials
1.4 Piezoelectric transducers
1.5 Summary, future trends and sources of further information
Chapter 2: Electromagnetic acoustic transducers
Abstract:
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Physical principles
2.3 Lorentz-force-type transducers
2.4 Magnetostriction-type transducers
2.5 Conclusion
Chapter 3: Piezoelectric ceramics for transducers
Abstract:
3.1 The history of piezoelectrics
3.2 Piezoelectric materials: present status
Chapter 4: Thin-film PZT-based transducers
Abstract:
4.1 Introduction
4.2 PZT deposition using the hydrothermal process
4.3 Applications using the bending and longitudinal vibration of the d31 effect
4.4 Thickness-mode vibration, d33
4.5 Epitaxial film
4.6 Conclusions
Chapter 5: High-Curie-temperature piezoelectric single crystals of the Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3â?"Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3â?"PbTiO3 ternary system
Abstract:
5.1 Introduction
5.2 PIMNT ceramics
5.3 PIMNT single crystals grown by the flux method
5.4 PIMNT single crystals grown by the Bridgman method
5.5 Recent research into PIMNT single crystals and their applications
5.6 Future prospects and tasks
5.7 Conclusions
Part II: Modelling and characterisation of ultrasonic transducers
Chapter 6: Modelling ultrasonic-transducer performance: one-dimensional models
Abstract:
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Transducer performance expressed through the wave equation
6.3 Equivalent electrical circuit models
6.4 The linear systems model
6.5 Examples
6.6 Summary, future trends and sources of further information
Chapter 7: The boundary-element method applied to microacoustic devices: zooming into the near field
Abstract:
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The acoustic wave equation: shear horizontal vibrations
7.3 Construction of infinite-domain Green's functions
7.4 Near-field analysis
7.5 Normalization of the field variables
7.6 Determining the asymptotic expansion terms for Æz ? 0
7.7 Future trends
7.8 Key references for further reading
7.9 Acknowledgements
Chapter 8: Electrical evaluation of piezoelectric transducers
Abstract:
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Equivalent electrical circuit
8.3 Electrical measurements
8.4 Characterization of piezoelectric transducers under high-power operation
8.5 Load test
8.6 Summary
Chapter 9: Laser Doppler vibrometry for measuring vibration in ultrasonic transducers
Abstract:
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Laser Doppler vibrometry for non-contact vibration measurements
9.3 Characterization of ultrasonic transducers and optimization of ultrasonic tools
9.4 Enhanced LDV designs for special measurements
9.5 Conclusion and summary
Chapter 10: Optical visualization of acoustic fields: the schlieren technique, the Fresnel method and the photoelastic method applied to ultrasonic transducers
Abstract:
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Schlieren visualization technique
10.3 Fresnel visualization method
10.4 Photoelastic visualization method
Part III: Applications of ultrasonic transducers
Chapter 11: Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices
Abstract:
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Interdigital transducers (IDTs)
11.3 Transversal SAW filter
11.4 SAW resonators
11.5 Conclusions
Chapter 12: Airborne ultrasound transducers
Abstract:
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Basic design principles
12.3 Transducer designs for use in air
12.4 Radiated fields in air
12.5 Applications
12.6 Future trends
12.7 Sources of further information and advice
12.8 Acknowledgements
Chapter 13: Transducers for non-destructive evaluation at high temperatures
Abstract:
13.1 Transducers for non-destructive evaluation at high temperatures
13.2 Sol-gel composite ultrasonic transducers
13.3 Structural-health monitoring demonstration
13.4 Process-monitoring demonstration
13.5 Conclusions
Chapter 14: Analysis and synthesis of frequency-diverse ultrasonic flaw-detection systems using order statistics and neural network processors
Abstract:
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Ultrasonic flaw-detection techniques
14.3 Neural network detection processor
14.4 Flaw-detection performance evaluation
14.5 System-on-a-chip implementation a case study
14.6 Future trends
14.7 Conclusions
14.8 Further information
Chapter 15: Power ultrasonics: new technologies and applications for fluid processing
Abstract:
15.1 Introduction
15.2 New power ultrasonic technologies for fluids and multiphase media
15.3 Application of the new power ultrasonic technology to processing
15.4 Conclusions
15.5 Acknowledgements
Chapter 16: Nonlinear acoustics and its application to biomedical ultrasonics
Abstract:
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Basic aspects of nonlinear acoustic wave propagation and associated phenomena
16.3 Measurements of and advances in the determination of B/A
16.4 Advances in tissue harmonic imaging
16.5 Nonlinear acoustics in ultrasound metrology
16.6 Nonlinear wave propagation in hydrophone probe calibration
16.7 Nonlinear acoustics in therapeutic applications
16.8 Conclusions
16.9 Acknowledgements
Chapter 17: Therapeutic ultrasound with an emphasis on applications to the brain
Abstract:
17.1 Introduction and summary
17.2 Fundamentals of propagation and absorption of ultrasound
17.3 Acoustic attenuation as absorption plus scattering
17.4 Physical and chemical processes engendered by medical ultrasound
17.5 Bubble formation and growth
17.6 Inertial cavitation and associated material stresses
17.7 Mechanical index
17.8 Diagnostic ultrasound
17.9 Therapeutic ultrasound
17.10 Ultrasound-facilitated delivery of drugs and antibodies into the brain
17.11 Neuromodulation by ultrasound
17.12 Conclusion
Chapter 18: Microscale ultrasonic sensors and actuators
Abstract:
18.1 Introduction: ultrasonic horn actuators
18.2 Advantages of silicon-based technology
18.3 Silicon ultrasonic horns
18.4 Sensor integration and fabrication of silicon horns
18.5 Planar electrode characterization
18.6 Piezoresistive strain gauges
18.7 Applications: tissue penetration force reduction
18.8 Applications: cardiac electrophysiological measurement
18.9 Applications: microscale tissue metrology in testicular sperm extraction (TESE) surgery
18.10 Conclusions
Chapter 19: Piezoelectric and fibre-optic hydrophones
Abstract:
19.1 Introduction
19.2 General hydrophone considerations
19.3 Piezoelectric hydrophones
19.4 Fibre-optic hydrophones
19.5 Summary
Chapter 20: Ultrasonic motors
Abstract:
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Standing-wave ultrasonic motors
20.3 Traveling-wave ultrasonic motors
20.4 Ultrasonic motor performance
20.5 Summary and future trends
Index
