Aimed at stimulating further research in this field, the book serves as an reference guide for academics and professionals working in the field of chemistry and nanotechnology.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1
Sreekanth Thota and Debbie C. Crans
1.1 History of Metal Complexes 1
1.1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.2 Metal Complexes 1
1.1.3 Metal Complexes in Medicine 2
1.2 Nanotechnology 2
1.2.1 Introduction 2
1.2.2 Development of Nanotechnology 2
1.2.3 Nanotechnology in Medicine 3
1.3 Nanoparticles 4
1.3.1 Introduction 4
1.3.2 Development of Nanoparticles 5
1.3.2.1 Liposome-Based Nanoparticles 5
1.3.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles 5
1.3.2.3 Metal Nanoparticles 5
1.3.3 Nanoparticles in Science and Medicine 6
1.4 Nanotechnology-Supported Metal Nanoparticles 7
Acknowledgment 7
References 7
2 Methods for Preparation of Metal Nanoparticles 15
Siavash Iravani
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Methods for Preparation of Metallic NPs 15
2.2.1 Physical and Chemical Methods 15
2.2.2 Green and Bio-based Strategies 19
2.3 Conclusion 24
References 24
3 Metal Nanoparticles as Therapeutic Agents: A Paradigm Shift in Medicine 33
Mahendra Rai, Dipali Nagaonkar, and Avinash P. Ingle
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Metal Nanoparticles in Diagnostics 35
3.2.1 Nanoparticles as Biolabels 35
3.2.2 Nanoparticulate Detection of Proteins 35
3.2.3 Nanobiosensing 36
3.2.4 In vivo Imaging 37
3.3 Advanced Drug Delivery 38
3.4 Nanoparticle-Mediated Gene Transfer 39
3.5 Nanotechnology in Regenerative Therapies 41
3.5.1 Tissue Engineering and Implants 41
3.5.2 Bone Regeneration Materials 41
3.5.3 In Dentistry 42
3.5.4 Cell Therapy 43
3.6 Nanoparticles–Essential Oils Combination Against Human Pathogens 43
3.7 Conclusion 44
Acknowledgment 44
References 44
4 Soft-Oxometalates: A New State of Oxometalates and Their Potential Applications as Nanomotors 49
Apabrita Mallick and Soumyajit Roy
4.1 Introduction to Soft-Oxometalates (SOMs) 49
4.1.1 Classification of Soft-Oxometalates 50
4.1.1.1 Spontaneously Formed Soft-Oxometalates 50
4.1.1.2 Designed Soft-Oxometalates 50
4.2 Application of Soft-Oxometalates 51
4.2.1 Control of Morphology of SOMs 51
4.2.2 SOMs in Catalysis 52
4.2.3 SOMs in Patterning 52
4.3 Active Nano/micro Motors 55
4.3.1 Catalytic Motors 55
4.3.2 Magnetically Propelled Motors 55
4.3.3 Electrically Propelled Motors 56
4.3.4 Light Driven Motors 56
4.3.5 Ultrasonically Driven Motors 56
4.4 Micro-Optomechanical Movement (MOM) in Soft-Oxometalates 56
4.5 Autonomous Movements Induced in Heptamolybdate SOMs 58
4.6 SOMs as Water Oxidation Catalysts 60
4.7 Conclusion 61
Acknowledgment 61
References 61
5 Medicinal Applications of Metal Nanoparticles 67
Ayan K. Barui, Rajesh Kotcherlakota, and Chitta R. Patra
5.1 Overview 67
5.2 Introduction and Background 67
5.2.1 History of Medicinal Use of Metals, Metal Ions, and Complexes 69
5.2.2 Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine 70
5.2.3 Application of Disease-Specific Nanomedicine 71
5.2.4 Importance of Metal Nanoparticles in Biology 71
5.3 Biomedical Applications of Metal Nanoparticles 72
5.3.1 Delivery of Biomolecules Using Metal Nanoparticles 73
5.3.1.1 Drug Delivery 73
5.3.1.2 Nucleic Acid Delivery 78
5.3.1.3 Immunological Molecule Delivery 79
5.3.2 Anticancer Activities of Metal Nanoparticles 80
5.3.3 Antiangiogenic Therapy Using Metal Nanoparticles 82
5.3.4 Proangiogenic Properties of Metal Nanoparticles 83
5.3.5 Metal Nanoparticles in Bioimaging 85
5.3.6 Biosensing Applications of Metal Nanoparticles 86
5.3.7 Antimicrobial Activity of Metal Nanoparticles 88
5.3.8 Metal Nanoparticles in Neurodegenerative Diseases 90
5.3.9 Metal Nanoparticles in Tissue Engineering 92
5.3.10 Metal Nanoparticles in Diabetes 92
5.3.11 Metal Nanoparticles for Retinal Disorder 93
5.3.12 Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Metal Nanoparticles 93
5.3.13 Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications 94
5.4 Pharmacokinetics of Metal Nanoparticles 95
5.5 Status of Metal Nanoparticles in Clinical Study 97
5.6 Future Prospect of Metal Nanoparticles in Medicine 98
Acknowledgment 99
Abbreviations 99
References 101
6 Metal Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine: Advantages and Scope 121
Tapan K. Sau, Arunangshu Biswas, and Parijat Ray
6.1 Introduction 121
6.1.1 Therapeutic Use of Metals: Historical Perspective 121
6.1.2 Nanomedicines and Metals 122
6.2 Advantages Associated with Metal Nanosystems 123
6.2.1 Metals as Nanosystems 124
6.2.1.1 Small Size and Large Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio 124
6.2.1.2 Shape and Morphology Dependence 125
6.2.2 Varieties of Metal Nanoparticles, Synthesis, and Fabrication Techniques 125
6.2.3 Inertness, Biocompatibility, and Ease of Surface Modifications 126
6.2.4 Optical Properties: Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) 128
6.2.5 Large Scattering and Absorption Cross Sections and Photothermal Effects 132
6.2.6 Enhanced Local Electromagnetic Field: Surface-Enhanced Spectroscopies 133
6.3 Applications and Scope 135
6.3.1 Targeted Drug Delivery and Controlled Release 135
6.3.2 Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapies and Cancer Treatment 139
6.3.3 Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Effects 141
6.3.4 Clinical Diagnostics 143
6.3.4.1 Medical Imaging 144
6.4 Concluding Remarks 151
Acknowledgments 151
References 151
7 Applications of Metal Nanoparticles in Medicine/Metal Nanoparticles as Anticancer Agents 169
Wenjie Mei and Qiong Wu
7.1 Advantages of Metal Nanoparticles 169
7.1.1 Stability and Homogeneity 169
7.1.2 Luminescence Property 170
7.1.3 Biocompatibility 170
7.1.4 Metabolic Pathways 170
7.2 Metal Nanoparticles as Anticancer Agents 171
7.3 Gold Nanoparticles 171
7.3.1 AuNPs as Therapeutic Agents 172
7.3.1.1 AuNPs in Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy 172
7.3.1.2 AuNPs in Photodynamic Therapy 173
7.3.1.3 AuNPs as a Therapeutic Agent 173
7.3.2 AuNPs as Drug Carriers 174
7.3.2.1 Targeted Delivery of Anticancer Drugs 174
7.3.2.2 Delivery of Genes 175
7.3.3 AuNPs in Cancer Imaging 175
7.4 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 176
7.4.1 Synthesis of AgNPs 176
7.4.1.1 Chemical Methods 176
7.4.1.2 Physical Methods 176
7.4.1.3 Biological Methods 176
7.4.2 AgNPs as Inhibitor in Chemotherapy 177
7.4.2.1 AgNPs as Promising Inhibitor Against Tumor 177
7.4.3 AgNPs as Drug Carrier 178
7.4.4 AgNPs in Cellular Imaging and Clinic Diagnostics 179
7.4.5 Cytotoxicity of AgNPs 179
7.5 Copper Nanoparticles 180
7.5.1 Synthesis of CuNPs 180
7.5.2 Antibacterial Activity 180
7.5.3 Anticancer Activity 180
7.5.4 Molecular Imaging 181
7.5.5 Drug Carrier 182
7.6 Conclusion 183
Acknowledgments 183
References 183
8 Noble Metal Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Properties 191
Lini Huo and Peiyuan Li
8.1 Introduction 191
8.2 Synthesis of Antibacterial Noble Metal Nanoparticles 191
8.2.1 Physical Methods 191
8.2.2 Chemical Methods 192
8.2.3 Green Synthesis Methods 193
8.3 Antibacterial Nanomaterials and Their Antibacterial Mechanism 193
8.3.1 Mechanisms of Nanoparticles Antibacterial Activity 194
8.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook 195
References 196
9 Metal Nanoparticles and Their Toxicity 203
Ivan Pacheco and Cristina Buzea
9.1 Introduction to Metal Nanoparticles Toxicity 203
9.2 Metal Nanoparticle Internalization and Biodistribution 204
9.3 Physicochemical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles 206
9.4 Nanoparticle Size and Toxicity 207
9.4.1 Size and Uniformity of Metal Nanoparticles 207
9.4.2 Nanoparticle Size-Dependent Toxicity 207
9.5 Nanoparticle Composition and Toxicity 210
9.5.1 Nanoparticles Composition 210
9.5.2 Comparative Toxicity of Metal Nanoparticles 212
9.5.3 Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles 215
9.5.4 Toxicity of Metal Oxides 215
9.5.4.1 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Toxicity 215
9.5.4.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Toxicity 216
9.5.4.3 Copper Oxide Nanoparticle Toxicity 216
9.5.4.4 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Toxicity 216
9.6 Nanoparticle Morphology and Toxicity 217
9.6.1 Nanoparticles Morphology 217
9.6.2 Nanoparticle Morphology-Dependent Toxicity 218
9.7 Nanoparticle Crystalline Structure and Toxicity 220
9.7.1 Nanoparticle Crystalline Structure 220
9.7.2 Crystalline Structure-Dependent Toxicity 221
9.8 Nanoparticle Surface and Toxicity 221
9.8.1 Hydrophobicity and Hydrophilicity 221
9.8.2 Catalytic Activity 222
9.8.3 Surface Functionalization-Dependent Toxicity 222
9.8.4 Surface Charge-Dependent Toxicity 223
9.9 Nanoparticle Magnetism and Toxicity 223
9.9.1 Magnetism of Nanoparticles Magnetic in Bulk Form 223
9.9.2 Magnetism of Nanoparticles Nonmagnetic in Bulk Form (Au, Pt, Pd) 227
9.9.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles Toxicity 227
9.9.3.1 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Toxicity 228
9.9.3.2 Cobalt and Nickel Compounds Nanoparticles Toxicity 228
9.9.4 Gold and Platinum Nanoparticle Toxicity 229
9.9.4.1 Gold Nanoparticles Toxicity 229
9.9.4.2 Platinum Nanoparticle Toxicity 229
9.10 Interaction of Nanoparticles Within Organisms 230
9.10.1 Formation of Protein Corona 230
9.10.2 Metal Nanoparticle Uptake by Cells 231
9.10.3 Nanoparticles Crossing the Placental Barrier 233
9.10.4 Nanoparticles Association to Cardiovascular Diseases 233
9.10.5 Central Nervous System Interaction with Nanoparticles 236
9.10.6 Immune System Interaction with Nanoparticles 236
9.10.7 Liver, Kidneys, and Other Organ Interaction with Nanoparticles 237
9.11 Other Novel Properties of Metal Nanoparticles 238
9.11.1 Optical Properties 238
9.11.2 Melting Temperature 240
9.12 Conclusions 242
References 242
Index 261
