Unmatched in scope, this two-volume reference covers both traditional and well-established areas of marine biotechnology, such as biomass production, alongside such novel ones as biofuels, biological protection of structures and bioinspired materials. In so doing, it ties together information usually only found in widely dispersed sources to assemble a grand unified view of the current state of and prospects for this multi-faceted discipline.
The combination of the breadth of topics and the focus on modern ideas make this introductory book especially suitable for teaching purposes and for guiding newcomers to the many possibilities offered by this booming field.
Table of Contents
Contents to Volume 1
Preface xvii
Part I Bulk Marine Biomass - Industrial Applications and Potential as Primary Sources 1
1 Microalgae: A Renewable Resource for Food and Fuels and More 3
Susan I. Blackburn and Kim Jye Lee-Chang
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Sourcing Microalgae: Algal Culture Collections 4
1.3 Microalgal Production Systems 7
1.4 Uses of Microalgal Bioproducts 11
1.5 Chemotaxonomy: Setting the Stage for Selecting Biofuel Microalgae by Taxonomic Group 13
1.6 Manipulating Microalgal Lipid Composition with Culture Growth Phase and Conditions 14
1.7 High-Value Lipids: Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 16
1.8 High-Value Lipids: Carotenoid Pigments 18
1.9 High-Value Bioproducts: Polysaccharides 20
1.10 Wastewater Bioremediation and Bioproducts 20
1.11 Other Bioapplications and the Potential for Bioengineering 21
1.12 Conclusions 22
Acknowledgments 22
References 23
About the Authors 32
2 Commercial-Scale Production of Microalgae for Bioproducts 33
Michael Borowitzka
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Commercial-Scale Production Systems 34
2.3 Current Commercial Microalgae and Processes 39
2.4 Potential New Products from Microalgae 50
2.5 Regulations and Standards 54
2.6 Conclusion 55
References 56
About the Author 65
3 Ubiquitous Phlorotannins Prospects and Perspectives 67
Emeline Creis, Erwan Ar Gall, and Philippe Potin
3.1 Historical Background 67
3.2 Biosynthetic Routes and Chemistry 68
3.3 Subcellular Localization 72
3.4 Extraction and Purification of Phlorotannins 73
3.5 Identification Techniques 84
3.6 Quantification 89
3.7 Function of Phlorotannins in Brown Algae 90
3.8 Phlorotannins: Molecules of Interest in Pharmaceutical, Cosmeceutical, Agriculture Biotechnology, and Industrial Polymer Applications 93
3.9 Pharmacological Applications 93
3.10 Conclusions and Prospects 96
References 97
About the Authors 115
4 The Potential of Microalgae for Biotechnology: A Focus on Carotenoids 117
Nicolas von Alvensleben and Kirsten Heimann
4.1 Introduction 117
4.2 Carotenoid Synthesis 118
4.3 Functions of Microalgal Carotenoids 120
4.4 Functional Benefits of Carotenoids as Nutraceuticals 126
4.5 Conclusion 131
References 131
About the Authors 142
5 Applications of Algal Biomass in Global Food and Feed Markets: From Traditional Usage to the Potential for Functional Products 143
Yannick Lerat, M. L. Cornish, and Alan T. Critchley
5.1 Introduction 143
5.2 Algal Products 144
5.3 Applications 161
5.4 Conclusions 177
References 178
About the Authors 188
6 Phytoplankton Glycerolipids: Challenging but Promising Prospects from Biomedicine to Green Chemistry and Biofuels 191
Josselin Lupette and Eric Maréchal
6.1 Introduction 191
6.2 Fatty Acids, Membrane Glycerolipids, and Triacylglycerol in Phytoplankton 192
6.3 General Principles of Glycerolipid Biosynthesis in Photosynthetic Cells 202
6.4 Algae-Based Fatty Acids: Technological Challenges and Promising Applications 205
6.5 Conclusions 207
Acknowledgments 209
List of Abbreviations 209
References 210
About the Authors 215
7 The Bioremediation Potential of Seaweeds: Recycling Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Other Waste Products 217
Nicolas Neveux, John J. Bolton, Annette Bruhn, David A. Roberts, and Monique Ras
7.1 Introduction 218
7.2 Ulvales in the Bioremediation of Excess Nutrients 220
7.3 Kelps in the Bioremediation of Excess Nutrients 224
7.4 Bioremediation of Dissolved Metals with Seaweeds 227
Acknowledgments 230
References 230
About the Authors 237
8 Cultivation and Conversion of Tropical Red Seaweed into Food and Feed Ingredients, Agricultural Biostimulants, Renewable Chemicals, and Biofuel 241
Shrikumar Suryanarayan, Iain C. Neish, Sailaja Nori, and Nelson Vadassery
8.1 Cultivation 241
8.2 MUZE Processing 246
8.3 MUZE Products from Red Seaweed 247
References 259
About the Authors 263
Part II Marine Molecules for Disease Treatment/Prevention and for Biological Research 265
9 Use of Marine Compounds to Treat Ischemic Diseases 267
Catherine Boisson-Vidal
9.1 History of Natural Marine Products 268
9.2 Peripheral Arterial Disease and Cardiovascular Risks: Treatments and Unmet Needs 274
9.3 Chemistry 278
9.4 Biological Properties 279
9.5 Conclusion 288
References 288
About the Author 296
10 Bioinspiration from Marine Scaffolds 297
Stephan Böttcher, Angela Di Capua, JohnW. Blunt, and Ronald J. Quinn
10.1 History of Marine Natural Products 297
10.2 Chemical Space 301
10.3 Self-Organizing Maps: Chemical Diversity of Marine NPs versus Plant NPs 311
10.4 Conclusion 317
References 317
About the Authors 320
11 Guanidinium Toxins: Natural Biogenic Origin, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Biotechnological Applications 323
Lorena M. Durán-Riveroll, Allan D. Cembella, and José Correa-Basurto
11.1 General Introduction to Guanidinium Toxins 324
11.2 Biogenic Source and Vector Organisms 328
11.3 Chemistry of Guanidinium Toxins 332
11.4 Synthesis 340
11.5 Mode of Action and Symptomology 348
11.6 Existing and Potential Medical and Biotechnological Research Applications 354
11.7 Conclusions 356
11.8 Future Perspectives 357
Acknowledgments 358
References 358
About the Authors 369
12 Carrageenans: New Tools for New Applications 371
Sabine Genicot, Aurélie Préchoux, Gaëlle Correc, Nelly Kervarec, Gaëlle Simon, and James S. Craigie
12.1 Historical Background 372
12.2 Chemistry 375
12.3 Modern Uses of Carrageenans 387
12.4 Blue Biotechnology for New Products and Applications 389
12.5 Future Developments 399
Acknowledgments 400
References 400
About the Authors 414
13 Peptide Antibiotics from Marine Microorganisms 417
Noer Kasanah
13.1 Introduction 417
13.2 Searching for New Peptide Antibiotics from Marine Microorganisms 419
13.3 Genomic Approach for New Antibiotics 431
13.4 Conclusions 436
Acknowledgments 436
References 436
About the Author 443
14 Recent Developments and Chemical Diversity of Cone Snails with Special Reference to Indian Cone Snails 445
Satheesh Kumar Palanisamy, Senthil Kumar Dhanabalan, and Umamaheswari Sundaresan
14.1 Introduction 445
14.2 Cone Snails’ Global Distribution and Ecology 446
14.3 Research on Indian Cone Snails 450
14.4 Biology of Conus 457
14.5 Conus Envenomation: Nonfatal and Fatal Reports 459
14.6 Chemical Diversity of Cone Snails 461
14.7 Diversity of Conopeptides in Indian Cone Snails 468
14.8 Therapeutic Application of Conus Conopeptides 471
14.9 Recent Developments and Future Directions 472
14.10 Concluding Remarks 473
Acknowledgments 473
References 474
About the Authors 483
15 Marine Polysaccharides and Their Importance for Human Health 485
Paola Laurienzo
16 Marennine-Like Pigments: Blue Diatom or Green Oyster Cult? 529
Romain Gastineau, Fiddy S. Prasetiya, Charlotte Falaise, Bruno Cognie, Priscilla Decottignies,MichèleMorançais, VonaMéléder, Nikolai Davidovich, François Turcotte, Réjean Tremblay, Pamela Pasetto, Jens Dittmer, Jean-François Bardeau, Jean-Bernard Pouvreau, and Jean-LucMouget
17 Bioprospecting and Insights into the Biosynthesis of Natural Products from Marine Microalgae 553
Angela H. Soeriyadi, Sarah E. Ongley, Caitlin S. Romanis, and Brett A. Neilan
18 Ovothiol: A Potent Natural Antioxidant from Marine Organisms 583
Anna Palumbo, Immacolata Castellano, and Alessandra Napolitano
19 Bioactive Marine Molecules and Derivatives with Biopharmaceutical Potential 611
George Schroeder, Stephen S. Bates, and Stéphane La Barre
20 Marine Pigment Diversity: Applications and Potential 643
Benoît Serive and Stéphane Bach
21 Potential Applications of Natural Bioactive Cyanobacterial UV-Protective Compounds 683
Richa, Jainendra Pathak, Arun S. Sonker, Vidya Singh, and Rajeshwar P. Sinha
22 Bio-Inspired Molecules Extracted from Marine Macroalgae: A New Generation of Active Ingredients for Cosmetics and Human Health 709
Valérie Stiger-Pouvreau and Fabienne Guerard
23 Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Marine Dinoflagellate Natural Products 747
Wendy K. Strangman,Matthew M. Anttila, and Jeffrey L. C.Wright
24 How Fluorescent and Bioluminescent Proteins Have Changed Modern Science 771
Marc Zimmer
Part III Biostructures, Biomaterials, and Biomolecules for other Applications 789
25 Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules Produced by Marine Bacteria 791
Florie Desriac, Sophie Rodrigues, Ibtissem Doghri, Sophie Sablé, Isabelle Lanneluc, Yannick Fleury, Alexis Bazire, and Alain Dufour
26 Chitin of Poriferan Origin as a Unique Biological Material 821
Hermann Ehrlich
27 Marine Biominerals with a Biotechnological Future 855
Stéphane La Barre and Stephen S. Bates
Postface 913
Index 915
Contents to Volume 1
Preface xvii
Part I Bulk Marine Biomass - Industrial Applications and Potential as Primary Sources 1
1 Microalgae: A Renewable Resource for Food and Fuels and More 3
Susan I. Blackburn and Kim Jye Lee-Chang
2 Commercial-Scale Production of Microalgae for Bioproducts 33
Michael Borowitzka
3 Ubiquitous Phlorotannins Prospects and Perspectives 67
Emeline Creis, Erwan Ar Gall, and Philippe Potin
4 The Potential of Microalgae for Biotechnology: A Focus on Carotenoids 117
Nicolas von Alvensleben and Kirsten Heimann
5 Applications of Algal Biomass in Global Food and Feed Markets: From Traditional Usage to the Potential for Functional Products 143
Yannick Lerat, M. L. Cornish, and Alan T. Critchley
6 Phytoplankton Glycerolipids: Challenging but Promising Prospects from Biomedicine to Green Chemistry and Biofuels 191
Josselin Lupette and Eric Maréchal
7 The Bioremediation Potential of Seaweeds: Recycling Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Other Waste Products 217
Nicolas Neveux, John J. Bolton, Annette Bruhn, David A. Roberts, and Monique Ras
8 Cultivation and Conversion of Tropical Red Seaweed into Food and Feed Ingredients, Agricultural Biostimulants, Renewable Chemicals, and Biofuel 241
Shrikumar Suryanarayan, Iain C. Neish, Sailaja Nori, and Nelson Vadassery
Part II Marine Molecules for Disease Treatment/Prevention and for Biological Research 265
9 Use of Marine Compounds to Treat Ischemic Diseases 267
Catherine Boisson-Vidal
10 Bioinspiration from Marine Scaffolds 297
Stephan Böttcher, Angela Di Capua, JohnW. Blunt, and Ronald J. Quinn
11 Guanidinium Toxins: Natural Biogenic Origin, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Biotechnological Applications 323
Lorena M. Durán-Riveroll, Allan D. Cembella, and José Correa-Basurto
12 Carrageenans: New Tools for New Applications 371
Sabine Genicot, Aurélie Préchoux, Gaëlle Correc, Nelly Kervarec, Gaëlle Simon, and James S. Craigie
13 Peptide Antibiotics from Marine Microorganisms 417
Noer Kasanah
14 Recent Developments and Chemical Diversity of Cone Snails with Special Reference to Indian Cone Snails 445
Satheesh Kumar Palanisamy, Senthil Kumar Dhanabalan, and Umamaheswari Sundaresan
Contents to Volume 2
Preface xv
15 Marine Polysaccharides and Their Importance for Human Health 485
Paola Laurienzo
15.1 General Properties of Polysaccharides 485
15.2 Marine Polysaccharides from Macroalgae 495
15.2.1 Sulfated Polysaccharides 495
15.3 Marine Polysaccharides from Marine Animals 503
15.4 Marine Polysaccharides (EPS) from Microalgae 513
15.5 Conclusions 515
Dedication 515
References 515
About the Author 527
16 Marennine-Like Pigments: Blue Diatom or Green Oyster Cult? 529
Romain Gastineau, Fiddy S. Prasetiya, Charlotte Falaise, Bruno Cognie, Priscilla Decottignies,MichèleMorançais, VonaMéléder, Nikolai Davidovich, François Turcotte, Réjean Tremblay, Pamela Pasetto, Jens Dittmer, Jean-François Bardeau, Jean-Bernard Pouvreau, and Jean-LucMouget
16.1 Introduction 530
16.2 Background on the Biodiversity of Blue Haslea Species and Marennine-Like Pigments 531
16.3 Green Oysters: The Bivalve Point of View 532
16.4 Can Histology Elucidate the Greening Mechanism? 536
16.5 Raman Spectroscopy for Sensing Haslea ostrearia, Marennine, and Green-Gill Oysters 536
16.6 Advances in Elucidating the Structure of Marennine-Like Pigments 538
16.7 Colorimetric Analyses 539
16.8 Can Blue Haslea Species Be Considered as Probiotics for Use in Aquaculture? 541
16.9 Potential Applications for Blue Biotechnologies and Current Issues 542
16.10 Conclusion 544
Acknowledgments 544
References 544
About the Authors 549
17 Bioprospecting and Insights into the Biosynthesis of Natural Products from Marine Microalgae 553
Angela H. Soeriyadi, Sarah E. Ongley, Caitlin S. Romanis, and Brett A. Neilan
17.1 Introduction 553
17.2 Biosynthesis of Natural Products from Cyanobacteria 556
17.3 Tools for the Discovery and Characterization of Marine Bioactive Natural Products 568
17.4 Conclusions 569
Acknowledgment 570
References 570
About the Authors 581
18 Ovothiol: A Potent Natural Antioxidant from Marine Organisms 583
Anna Palumbo, Immacolata Castellano, and Alessandra Napolitano
18.1 Historical Background 583
18.2 Occurrence of Ovothiols 586
18.3 Chemistry 587
18.4 Biosynthesis 595
18.5 Biological Roles of Ovothiols 598
18.6 Ovothiol Derivatives 601
18.7 Biological Activities of Ovothiols 603
18.8 Conclusions 604
References 604
About the Authors 609
19 Bioactive Marine Molecules and Derivatives with Biopharmaceutical Potential 611
George Schroeder, Stephen S. Bates, and Stéphane La Barre
19.1 Introduction 612
19.2 Challenges Facing the Discovery and Development of Marine Biopharmaceuticals 613
19.3 Bioactive Metabolites and Molecules 614
19.4 Methods Used in Biopharmaceutical Research: “From Molecule to Market” 623
19.5 Conclusions 632
References 633
About the Authors 640
20 Marine Pigment Diversity: Applications and Potential 643
Benoît Serive and Stéphane Bach
20.1 Introduction 644
20.2 Pigments in Aquaculture 650
20.3 Pigments for Cosmetics and Cosmeceutical Applications 651
20.4 Pigments in Functional Food and Nutraceuticals 653
20.5 Pigments for Pharmaceuticals and Therapies 656
20.6 Pigments in Other Applications 665
20.7 Sourcing and Beyond 667
20.8 Conclusion 671
Acknowledgment 672
Funding 673
References 673
About the Authors 680
21 Potential Applications of Natural Bioactive Cyanobacterial UV-Protective Compounds 683
Richa, Jainendra Pathak, Arun S. Sonker, Vidya Singh, and Rajeshwar P. Sinha
21.1 Introduction 683
21.2 UV Screening Compounds 685
21.3 Biosynthesis of Cyanobacterial Photoprotective Compounds 687
21.4 Functions and Applications of UV Protective Compounds 693
21.5 Conclusion 697
Acknowledgments 698
References 698
About the Authors 706
22 Bio-Inspired Molecules Extracted from Marine Macroalgae: A New Generation of Active Ingredients for Cosmetics and Human Health 709
Valérie Stiger-Pouvreau and Fabienne Guerard
22.1 What are Marine Macroalgae/Seaweeds? 709
22.2 Life in the Marine Environment and Its Constraints 710
22.3 Selected Chemical Strategies Developed by Macroalgae 712
22.4 Extraction of Ingredients (Osmolytes, Polyphenols, and Alginates) 720
22.5 Cosmetological Applications of Ingredients 722
22.6 Medical Applications of Ingredients: Wound Dressing and Skin Regeneration 728
22.7 Conclusion 734
References 735
About the Authors 746
23 Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Marine Dinoflagellate Natural Products 747
Wendy K. Strangman, Matthew M. Anttila, and Jeffrey L. C.Wright
23.1 Introduction 747
23.2 Neosaxitoxin and Gonyautoxin: A New Class of Analgesics 748
23.3 Brevenal: A Potential New Therapeutic for Cystic Fibrosis 754
23.4 Cyclic Imine Toxins: Potential Neurodegenerative Disease Drug Leads 756
23.5 Neuropharmacology and Biotechnology Applications of Cyclic Imine Toxins 760
23.6 Conclusions 762
References 762
About the Authors 769
24 How Fluorescent and Bioluminescent Proteins Have Changed Modern Science 771
Marc Zimmer
24.1 Introduction 771
24.2 Bioluminescence 771
24.3 Organisms that Fluorescence 777
24.4 Conclusion 782
References 784
About the Author 788
Part III Biostructures, Biomaterials, and Biomolecules for other Applications 789
25 Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Molecules Produced by Marine Bacteria 791
Florie Desriac, Sophie Rodrigues, Ibtissem Doghri, Sophie Sablé, Isabelle Lanneluc, Yannick Fleury, Alexis Bazire, and Alain Dufour
25.1 Introduction 791
25.2 Antimicrobial Compounds from Marine Bacteria 793
25.3 Antibiofilm Molecules 796
25.4 AlpP and LodA: More Than Just Antimicrobial Proteins 803
25.5 Conclusion 808
Acknowledgments 809
References 809
About the Authors 819
26 Chitin of Poriferan Origin as a Unique Biological Material 821
Hermann Ehrlich
26.1 Historical Background 821
26.2 Sponges (Porifera) as a Source of Chitin 823
26.3 Principles of Sponge Chitin Isolation and Identification 830
26.4 Structural and Physicochemical Properties of Sponge Chitin 835
26.5 Poriferan Chitin, Tissue Engineering, and Stem Cell Research 837
26.6 Poriferan Chitin and Extreme Biomimetics 842
26.7 Conclusions 845
Acknowledgments 847
References 847
About the Author 853
27 Marine Biominerals with a Biotechnological Future 855
Stéphane La Barre and Stephen S. Bates
27.1 Introduction 856
27.2 Calcium Carbonate-Based Biominerals 859
27.3 Silica-Based Marine Biominerals 870
27.4 Heavy-Metal Bioaccumulations 878
27.5 Marine Biominerals and Composites in Novel Technologies 882
27.6 Biointegrative Solutions from Nano to Macro to Giga 897
Acknowledgments 898
References 898
About the Authors 912
Postface 913
Index 915
