The authoritative reference to bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism, revised and updated
Now in its ninth edition, The Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism offers an updated and comprehensive guide to bone and mineral health. Since it was first published 30 years ago, the Primer has become the leading reference on the topic. With contributions from noted experts, the text explores basic biological factors of healthy development and disease states and makes the information accessible for clinical interventions. The ninth edition provides concise coverage of the widest possible spectrum of metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism.
The new edition of this invaluable reference expands coverage and includes the most recent developments in the field that help to strengthen its usefulness and ensure that the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism maintains its place as the pre-eminent reference on bone and mineral health.
Table of Contents
Contributors xi
Preface to the Ninth Edition of the Primer:
John P. Bilezikian xxiv
About ASBMR xxv
President’s Preface Michael J. Econs xxvi
About the Companion Website xxvii
Section I Molecular and Cellular Determinants of Bone Structure and Function 1
Section Editor Karen Lyons
1 Early Skeletal Morphogenesis in Embryonic Development 3
Yingzi Yang
2 Endochondral Ossification 12
Courtney M. Karner and Matthew J. Hilton
3 Local and Circulating Osteoprogenitor Cells and Lineages 20
Naomi Dirckx and Christa Maes
4 Osteoblasts Function, Development, and Regulation 31
Elizabeth W. Bradley, Jennifer J. Westendorf, Andre J. van Wijnen, and Amel Dudakovic
5 Osteocytes 38
Lynda F. Bonewald
6 Osteoclast Biology and Bone Resorption 46
Hiroshi Takayanagi
7 Signal Transduction Cascades Controlling Osteoblast Differentiation 54
David J.J. de Gorter, Gonzalo Sánchez‐Duffhues, and Peter ten Dijke
8 The TGF‐β Superfamily in Bone Formation and Maintenance 60
Ce Shi and Yuji Mishina
9 Recent Developments in Understanding the Role of Wnt Signaling in Skeletal Development and Disease 68
Zhendong A. Zhong, Nicole J. Ethen, and Bart O. Williams
10 Mechanotransduction in Bone Formation and Maintenance 75
Whitney A. Bullock, Lilian I. Plotkin, Alexander G. Robling, and Fredrick M. Pavalko
11 The Composition of Bone 84
Adele L. Boskey and Pamela G. Robey
12 Assessment of Bone Mass, Structure, and Quality in Rodents 93
Jeffry S. Nyman and Deepak Vashishth
13 Skeletal Healing Cellular and Molecular Determinants 101
Alayna E. Loiselle and Michael J. Zuscik
14 Biomechanics of Fracture Healing 108
Elise F. Morgan, Amira I. Hussein, and Thomas A. Einhorn
Section II Skeletal Physiology 115
Section Editor Ego Seeman
15 Human Fetal and Neonatal Bone Development 117
Tao Yang, Monica Grover, Kyu Sang Joeng, and Brendan Lee
16 Skeletal Growth a Major Determinant of Bone’s Structural Diversity in Women and Men 123
Ego Seeman
17 Racial Differences in the Acquisition and Age‐related Loss of Bone Strength 131
Shane A. Norris, Marcella D. Walker, Kate Ward, Lisa K. Micklesfield, and John M. Pettifor
18 Calcium, Vitamin D, and Other Nutrients During Growth 135
Tania Winzenberg and Graeme Jones
19 Mechanical Loading and the Developing Skeleton 141
Mark R. Forwood
20 Pregnancy and Lactation 147
Christopher S. Kovacs and Henry M. Kronenberg
21 Menopause and Age‐related Bone Loss 155
Carlos M. Isales and Ego Seeman
Section III Mineral Homeostasis 163
Section Editors David Goltzman and Harald Jüppner
22 Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis 165
Line Vautour and David Goltzman
23 Magnesium Homeostasis 173
Aliya Aziz Khan, Asiya Sbayi, and Karl Peter Schlingmann
24 Fetal Calcium Metabolism 179
Christopher S. Kovacs
25 FGF23 and the Regulation of Phosphorus Metabolism 187
Kenneth E. White and Michael J. Econs
26 Gonadal Steroids 194
Stavros C. Manolagas and Maria Schuller Almeida
27 Parathyroid Hormone 205
Thomas J. Gardella, Robert A. Nissenson, and Harald Jüppner
28 Parathyroid Hormone‐Related Protein 212
John J. Wysolmerski and T. John Martin
29 Calcium‐Sensing Receptor 221
Geoffrey N. Hendy
30 Vitamin D Production, Metabolism, Action, and Clinical Requirements 230
Daniel D. Bikle, John S. Adams, and Sylvia Christakos
Section IV Investigation of Metabolic Bone Diseases 241
Section Editors Douglas C. Bauer and Klaus Engelke
31 Techniques of Bone Mass Measurement in Children with Risk Factors for Osteoporosis 243
Nicola J. Crabtree and Leanne M. Ward
32 Standard Techniques of Bone Mass Measurement in Adults 252
E. Michael Lewiecki, Paul D. Miller, and Nelson B. Watts
33 Advanced Techniques of Bone Mass Measurements and Strength in Adults 260
Kyle K. Nishiyama, Enrico Dall’Ara, and Klaus Engelke
34 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Bone 272
Sharmila Majumdar
35 Trabecular Bone Score 277
Barbara C. Silva and William D. Leslie
36 Reference Point Indentation 287
Adolfo Diez‐Perez and Joshua N. Farr
37 Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Osteoporosis 293
Pawel Szulc, Douglas C. Bauer, and Richard Eastell
38 Scintigraphy and PET in Metabolic Bone Disease 302
Lorenzo Nardo, Paola A. Erba, and Benjamin L. Franc
39 Bone Histomorphometry in Clinical Practice 310
Robert R. Recker and Carolina Aguiar Moreira
40 Diagnosis and Classification of Vertebral Fracture 319
James F. Griffith and Harry K. Genant
41 FRAX Assessment of Fracture Risk 331
John A. Kanis, Eugene V. McCloskey, Nicholas C. Harvey, and William D. Leslie
Section V Genetics of Bone 341
Section Editor Rajesh V. Thakker
42 Introduction to Genetics 343
Paul J. Newey, Michael P. Whyte, and Rajesh V. Thakker
43 Animal Models Genetic Manipulation 351
Karen Lyons
44 Animal Models Allelic Determinants for Bone Mineral Density 359
J. H. Duncan Bassett, Graham R. Williams, and Robert D. Blank
45 Transcriptional Profiling for Genetic Assessment 367
Aimy Sebastian and Gabriela G. Loots
46 Approaches to Genetic Testing 373
Christina Jacobsen, Yiping Shen, and Ingrid A. Holm
47 Human Genome‐Wide Association Studies 378
Douglas P. Kiel, Emma L. Duncan, and Fernando Rivadeneira
48 Translational Genetics of Osteoporosis From Population Association to Individualized Assessment 385
Bich Tran, Jacqueline R. Center, and Tuan V. Nguyen
Section VI Osteoporosis 393
Section Editors Paul D. Miller, Socrates E. Papapoulos, and Michael R. McClung
49 Osteoporosis an Overview 395
Michael R. McClung, Paul D. Miller, and Socrates E. Papapoulos
50 The Epidemiology of Osteoporotic Fractures 398
Nicholas C. Harvey, Elizabeth M. Curtis, Elaine M. Dennison, and Cyrus Cooper
51 Fracture Liaison Service 405
Piet Geusens, John A. Eisman, Andrea Singer, and Joop van den Bergh
52 Sex Steroids and the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis 412
Matthew T. Drake and Sundeep Khosla
53 Juvenile Osteoporosis 419
Francis H. Glorieux and Craig Munns
54 Transplantation Osteoporosis 424
Peter R. Ebeling
55 Premenopausal Osteoporosis 436
Adi Cohen and Elizabeth Shane
56 Osteoporosis in Men 443
Eric S. Orwoll and Robert A. Adler
57 Bone Stress Injuries 450
Stuart J. Warden and David B. Burr
58 Inflammation‐Induced Bone Loss in the Rheumatic Diseases 459
Ellen M. Gravallese and Steven R. Goldring
59 Glucocorticoid‐Induced Osteoporosis 467
Kenneth Saag and Robert A. Adler
60 Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Bone 474
Michael T. Yin and Todd T. Brown
61 Effects on the Skeleton from Medications Used to Treat Nonskeletal Disorders 482
Nelson B. Watts
62 Diabetes and Fracture Risk 487
Serge Ferrari, Nicola Napoli, and Ann Schwartz
63 Obesity and Skeletal Health 492
Juliet Compston
64 Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis 498
Gustavo Duque and Neil Binkley
65 Management of Osteoporosis in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease 505
Paul D. Miller
66 Other Secondary Causes of Osteoporosis 510
Neveen A. T. Hamdy and Natasha M. Appelman‐Dijkstra
67 Exercise for Osteoporotic Fracture Prevention and Management 517
Robin M. Daly and Lora Giangregorio
68 Prevention of Falls 526
Heike A. Bischoff‐Ferrari
69 Nutritional Support for Osteoporosis 534
Connie M. Weaver, Bess Dawson‐Hughes, Rene Rizzoli, and Robert P. Heaney
70 Estrogens, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, and Tissue‐Selective Estrogen Complex 541
Tobias J. de Villiers
71 Bisphosphonates for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis 545
Andrea Giusti and Socrates E. Papapoulos
72 Denosumab 553
Aline Granja Costa, E. Michael Lewiecki, and John P. Bilezikian
73 Parathyroid Hormone and Abaloparatide Treatment for Osteoporosis 559
Felicia Cosman and Susan L. Greenspan
74 Combination Anabolic and Antiresorptive Therapy for Osteoporosis 567
Joy N. Tsai and Benjamin Z. Leder
75 Strontium Ranelate and Calcitonin 573
Leonardo Bandeira and E. Michael Lewiecki
76 Adverse Effects of Drugs for Osteoporosis 579
Bo Abrahamsen and Daniel Prieto‐Alhambra
77 Orthopedic Principles of Fracture Management 588
Manoj Ramachandran and David G. Little
78 Adherence to Osteoporosis Therapies 593
Stuart L. Silverman and Deborah T. Gold
79 Cost‐Effectiveness of Osteoporosis Treatment 597
Anna N.A. Tosteson
80 Future Therapies 603
Michael R. McClung
Section VII Metabolic Bone Diseases 611
Section Editors Suzanne M. Jan de Beur and Peter R. Ebeling
81 Approach to Parathyroid Disorders 613
John P. Bilezikian
82 Primary Hyperparathyroidism 619
Shonni J. Silverberg, Francisco Bandeira, Jianmin Liu, Claudio Marcocci, and Marcella D. Walker
83 Familial States of Primary Hyperparathyroidism 629
Andrew Arnold, Sunita K. Agarwal, and Rajesh V. Thakker
84 Non‐Parathyroid Hypercalcemia 639
Mara J. Horwitz
85 Hypocalcemia Definition, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management 646
Anne L. Schafer and Dolores M. Shoback
86 Hypoparathyroidism 654
Tamara Vokes, Mishaela R. Rubin, Karen K. Winer, Michael Mannstadt, Natalie E. Cusano, Harald Jüppner, and John P. Bilezikian
87 Pseudohypoparathyroidism 661
Agnès Linglart, Michael A. Levine, and Harald Jüppner
88 Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis 674
Mary D. Ruppe and Suzanne M. Jan de Beur
89 Rickets and Osteomalacia 684
Michaël R. Laurent, Nathalie Bravenboer, Natasja M. Van Schoor, Roger Bouillon, John M. Pettifor, and Paul Lips
90 Pathophysiology and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder 695
Mark R. Hanudel, Sharon M. Moe, and Isidro B. Salusky
91 Disorders of Mineral Metabolism in Childhood 705
Thomas O. Carpenter and Nina S. Ma
92 Paget Disease of Bone 713
Julia F. Charles, Ethel S. Siris, and G. David Roodman
93 Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Nephrolithiasis 721
Murray J. Favus and David A. Bushinsky
94 Immobilization and Burns Other Conditions Associated with Osteoporosis 730
William A. Bauman, Christopher Cardozo, and Gordon L. Klein
Section VIII Cancer and Bone 737
Section Editors Theresa Guise and G. David Roodman
95 Mechanisms of Osteolytic and Osteoblastic Skeletal Lesions 739
G. David Roodman and Theresa Guise
96 Clinical and Preclinical Imaging in Osseous Metastatic Disease 743
Siyang Leng and Suzanne Lentzsch
97 Metastatic Tumors and Bone 752
Julie A. Sterling and Rachelle W. Johnson
98 Myeloma Bone Disease and Other Hematological Malignancies 760
Claire M. Edwards and Rebecca Silbermann
99 Osteogenic Osteosarcoma 768
Yangjin Bae, Huan‐Chang Zeng, Linchao Lu, Lisa L. Wang, and Brendan Lee
100 Skeletal Complications of Breast and Prostate Cancer Therapies 775
Catherine Van Poznak and Pamela Taxel
101 Bone Cancer and Pain 781
Denis Clohisy and Lauren M. MacCormick
102 Radiotherapy‐Induced Osteoporosis 788
Laura E. Wright
103 Skeletal Complications of Childhood Cancer 793
Manasa Mantravadi and Linda A. DiMeglio
104 Medical Prevention and Treatment of Bone Metastases 799
Catherine Handforth, Stella D’Oronzo, and Janet Brown
105 Radiotherapy of Skeletal Metastases 809
Srinivas Raman, K. Liang Zeng, Oliver Sartor, Edward Chow, and Øyvind S. Bruland
106 Concepts and Surgical Treatment of Metastatic Bone Disease 816
Kristy Weber and Scott L. Kominsky
Section IX Sclerosing and Dysplastic Bone Diseases 823
Section Editor Michael P. Whyte
107 Sclerosing Bone Disorders 825
Michael P. Whyte
108 Fibrous Dysplasia 839
Michael T. Collins, Alison M. Boyce, and Mara Riminucci
109 The Osteochondrodysplasias 848
Fabiana Csukasi and Deborah Krakow
110 Ischemic and Infiltrative Disorders of Bone 853
Michael P. Whyte
111 Tumoral Calcinosis - Dermatomyositis 861
Nicholas J. Shaw
112 Genetic Disorders of Heterotopic Ossification: Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva and Progressive Osseous
Heteroplasia 865
Frederick S. Kaplan, Robert J. Pignolo, Mona Al Mukaddam, and Eileen M. Shore
113 Osteogenesis Imperfecta 871
Joan C. Marini
114 Fibrillinopathies Skeletal Manifestations of Marfan Syndrome and Marfan‐Related Conditions 878
Gary S. Gottesman and Michael P. Whyte
115 Hypophosphatasia and Other Enzyme Deficiencies Affecting the Skeleton 886
Michael P. Whyte
Section X Oral and Maxillofacial Biology and Pathology 891
Section Editor Laurie McCauley
116 Craniofacial Morphogenesis 893
Erin Ealba Bumann and Vesa Kaartinen
117 Development and Structure of Teeth and Periodontal Teeth 901
Petros Papagerakis and Thimios Mitsiadis
118 Genetic Craniofacial Disorders Affecting the Dentition 911
Yong‐Hee Patricia Chun, Paul H. Krebsbach, and James P. Simmer
119 Pathology of the Hard Tissues of the Jaws 918
Paul C. Edwards
120 Osteonecrosis of the Jaw 927
Sotirios Tetradis, Laurie McCauley, and Tara Aghaloo
121 Alveolar Bone Homeostasis in Health and Disease 933
Chad M. Novince and Keith L. Kirkwood
122 Oral Manifestations of Metabolic Bone Diseases 941
Erica L. Scheller, Charles Hildebolt, and Roberto Civitelli
123 Dental Implants and Osseous Healing in the Oral Cavity 949
Takashi Matsuura and Junro Yamashita
Section XI Integrative Physiology of the Skeleton 957
Section Editors Mone Zaidi and Clifford J. Rosen
124 Integrative Physiology of the Skeleton 959
Clifford J. Rosen and Mone Zaidi
125 The Hematopoietic Niche and Bone 966
Stavroula Kousteni, Benjamin J. Frisch, Marta Galan‐Diez, and Laura M. Calvi
126 Adipocytes and Bone 974
Clarissa S. Craft, Natalie K. Wee, and Erica L. Scheller
127 The Vasculature and Bone 983
Marie Hélène Lafage‐Proust and Bernard Roche
128 Immunobiology and Bone 992
Roberto Pacifici and M. Neale Weitzmann
129 Cellular Bioenergetics of Bone 1004
Wen‐Chih Lee and Fanxin Long
130 Endocrine Bioenergetics of Bone 1012
Patricia F. Ducy and Gerard Karsenty
131 Central Neuronal Control of Bone Remodeling 1020
Hiroki Ochi, Paul Baldock, and Shu Takeda
132 Peripheral Neuronal Control of Bone Remodeling 1028
Katherine J. Motyl and Mary F. Barbe
133 The Pituitary-Bone Axis in Health and Disease 1037
Mone Zaidi, Tony Yuen, Wahid Abu‐Amer, Peng Liu, Terry F. Davies, Maria I. New, Harry C. Blair, Alberta Zallone, Clifford J. Rosen, and Li Sun
134 Neuropsychiatric Disorders and the Skeleton 1047
Madhusmita Misra and Anne Klibanski
135 Interactions Between Muscle and Bone 1055
Marco Brotto
Index 1063
