Thoroughly revised to present the very latest in PACS-based multimedia in medical imaging informatics - from the electronic patient record to the full range of topics in digital medical imaging - this new edition by the founder of PACS and multimedia image informatics features even more clinically applicable material than ever before. It uses the framework of PACS-based image informatics, not physics or engineering principles, to explain PACS-based multimedia informatics and its application in clinical settings and labs. New topics include Data Grid and Cloud Computing, IHE XDS-I Workflow Profile (Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise Cross-enterprise Document Sharing for Imaging), extending XDS to share images, and diagnostic reports and related information across a group of enterprise health care sites.
PACS-Based Multimedia Imaging Informatics is presented in 4 sections. Part 1 covers the beginning and history of Medical Imaging, PACS, and Imaging Informatics. The other three sections cover Medical Imaging, Industrial Guidelines, Standards, and Compliance; Informatics, Data Grid, Workstation, Radiation Therapy, Simulators, Molecular Imaging, Archive Server, and Cloud Computing; and multimedia Imaging Informatics, Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD), Image-Guide Decision Support, Proton Therapy, Minimally Invasive Multimedia Image-Assisted Surgery, BIG DATA.
- New chapter on Molecular Imaging Informatics
- Expanded coverage of PACS and eHR's (Electronic Health Record), with HIPPA compliance
- New coverage of PACS-based CAD (Computer-Aided Diagnosis)
- Reorganized and expanded clinical chapters discuss one distinct clinical application each
- Minimally invasive image assisted surgery in translational medicine
- Authored by the world's first and still leading authority on PACS and medical imaging
PACS-Based Multimedia Imaging Informatics: Basic Principles and Applications, 3rd Edition is the single most comprehensive and authoritative resource that thoroughly covers the critical issues of PACS-based hardware and software design and implementation in a systematic and easily comprehensible manner. It is a must-have book for all those involved in designing, implementing, and using PACS-based Multimedia Imaging Informatics.
Table of Contents
Foreword 1 xxix
Foreword 2 xxxi
Foreword 3 xxxiii
Preface to the Third Edition xxxv
Preface to the Second Edition xxxix
Acknowledgments xliii
H.K. Huang Short Biography xlv
List of Acronyms xlvii
Part 1 The Beginning: Retrospective 1
1 Medical Imaging, PACS and Imaging Informatics: Retrospective 3
PART I TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND PIONEERS 4
1.1 Medical Imaging 4
1.2 PACS and its Development 8
1.3 Key Technologies: Computer and Software, Storage, and Communication Networks 15
1.4 Key Technologies: Medical Imaging Related 17
PART II COLLABORATIONS AND SUPPORTS 22
1.5 Collaboration with Government Agencies, Industry and Medical Imaging Associations 22
1.6 Medical Imaging Informatics 29
1.7 Summary 32
1.8 Acknowledgments 34
References 35
Part 2 Medical Imaging, Industrial Guidelines, Standards, and Compliance 37
2 Digital Medical Imaging 39
2.1 Digital Medical Imaging Fundamentals 39
2.2 TwoÂ-Dimensional Medical Imaging 46
2.3 ThreeÂ-Dimensional Medical Imaging 55
2.4 FourÂ-Dimensional, Multimodality, and Fusion Imaging 78
2.5 Image Compression 85
Further Reading 93
3 PACS Fundamentals 97
3.1 PACS Components and Network 97
3.2 PACS Infrastructure Design Concept 101
3.3 Generic PACSÂ-Based Multimedia Architecture and Workflow 103
3.4 PACSÂ-Based Architectures 105
3.5 Communication and Networks 110
Further Reading 121
4 Industrial Standards: Health Level 7 (HL7), Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) and Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) 123
4.1 Industrial Standards 124
4.2 The Health Level 7 (HL7) Standard 124
4.3 From ACRÂ-NEMA to DICOM 127
4.4 DICOM 3.0 Standard 129
4.5 Examples of Using DICOM 136
4.6 DICOM Organizational Structure and New Features 138
4.7 IHE (Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise) 142
4.8 Some Operating Systems and Programming Languages useful to HL7, DICOM and IHE 151
4.9 Summary of Industrial Standards: HL7, DICOM and IHE 153
References 153
Further Reading 154
5 DICOMÂ-Compliant Image Acquisition Gateway and Integration of HIS, RIS, PACS and ePR 155
5.1 DICOM Acquisition Gateway 156
5.2 DICOMÂ-Compliant Image Acquisition Gateway 157
5.3 Automatic Image Data Recovery Scheme for DICOM Conformance Device 162
5.4 Interface PACS Modalities with the Gateway Computer 164
5.5 DICOM Compliance PACS Broker 166
5.6 Image Preprocessing and Display 167
5.7 Clinical Operation and Reliability of the Gateway 168
5.8 Hospital Information System (HIS), Radiology Information System (RIS), and PACS 169
References 178
6 WebÂ-Based Data Management and Image Distribution 179
6.1 Distributed Image File Server: PACSÂ-Based Data Management 179
6.2 Distributed Image File Server 179
6.3 Web Server 181
6.4 ComponentÂ-based Web Server for Image Distribution and Display 183
6.5 Performance Evaluation 188
6.6 Summary of PACS Data Management and WebÂ]based Image Distribution 189
Further Reading 189
7 Medical Image Sharing for Collaborative Healthcare Based on IHE XDSÂ-I Profile 191
7.1 Introduction 192
7.2 Brief Description of IHE XDS/XDSÂ-I Profiles 193
7.3 Pilot Studies of Medical Image Sharing and Exchanging for a Variety of Healthcare Services 194
7.4 Results 206
7.5 Discussion 209
Acknowledgements 212
References 212
Part 3 Informatics, Data Grid, Workstation, Radiotherapy, Simulators, Molecular Imaging, Archive Server, and Cloud Computing 215
8 Data Grid for PACS and Medical Imaging Informatics 217
8.1 Distributed Computing 217
8.2 Grid Computing 219
8.3 Data Grid 222
8.4 FaultÂ-Tolerant Data Grid for PACS Archive and Backup, Query/Retrieval, and Disaster Recovery 226
References 230
Further Reading 230
9 Data Grid for Clinical Applications 233
9.1 Clinical Trials and the Data Grid 233
9.2 Dedicated Breast MRI Enterprise Data Grid 239
9.3 Administrating the Data Grid 247
9.4 Summary 250
References 251
Further Reading 251
10 Display Workstations 253
10.1 PACSÂ-Based Display Workstation 254
10.2 Various Types of Image Workstation 260
10.3 Image Display and Measurement Functions 263
10.4 Workstation Graphic User Interface (GUI) and Basic Display Functions 267
10.5 DICOM PCÂ-Based Display Workstation Software 269
10.6 Post-Processing Workflow, PACSÂ-Based Multidimensional Display, and Specialized Post-Processing Workstation 276
10.7 DICOMÂ-Based Workstations in Progress 277
References 289
11 Multimedia Electronic Patient Record (EPR) System in Radiotherapy (RT) 291
11.1 Multimodality 2Â-D and 3Â-D Imaging in Radiotherapy 292
11.2 Multimedia ePR System in Radiation Treatment 298
11.3 Radiotherapy Planning and Treatment 301
11.4 Radiotherapy Workflow 302
11.5 The ePR Data Model and DICOM-RT Objects 303
11.6 Infrastructure, Workflow and Components of the Multimedia ePR in RT 306
11.7 Database Schema 309
11.8 Graphical User Interface Design 311
11.9 Validation of the Concept of Multimedia ePR System in RT 312
11.10 Advantages of the Multimedia ePR system in RT for Daily Clinical Practice 319
11.11 Use of the Multimedia ePR System in RT For ImageÂ-Assisted Knowledge Discovery and Decision Making 320
11.12 Summary 321
Acknowledgement 321
References 321
12 PACSÂ-Based Imaging Informatics Simulators 325
12.1 Why Imaging Informatics Simulators? 326
12.2 PACS-ePR Simulator 328
12.3 Data Grid Simulator 329
12.4 CAD-PACS Simulator 331
12.5 Radiotherapy (RT) ePR Simulator 335
12.6 ImageÂ]assisted Surgery (IAS) ePR Simulator 338
12.7 Summary 344
Acknowledgements 344
References 344
13 Molecular Imaging Data Grid (MIDG) 347
13.1 Introduction 348
13.2 Molecular Imaging 348
13.3 Methodology 351
13.4 Results 358
13.5 Discussion 360
13.6 Summary 361
Acknowledgements 361
References 362
14 A DICOMÂ-Based Second-Generation Molecular Imaging Data Grid (MIDG) with the IHE XDSÂ-i Integration Profile 365
14.1 Introduction 366
14.2 Methodology 369
14.3 System Implementation 371
14.4 Data Collection and Normalization 375
14.5 System Performance 378
14.6 Data Transmission, MIDG Implementation, Workflow and System Potential 380
14.7 Summary 383
Acknowledgements 386
References 386
15 PACSÂ-Based Archive Server and Cloud Computing 389
15.1 PACSÂ-Based Multimedia Biomedical Imaging Informatics 390
15.2 PACSÂ-Based Server and Archive 390
15.3 PACSÂ-Based Archive Server System Operations 396
15.4 DICOMÂ-Compliant PACSÂ-Based Archive Server 397
15.5 DICOM PACSÂ-Based Archive Server Hardware and Software 399
15.6 Backup Archive Server and Data Grid 400
15.7 Cloud Computing and Archive Server 403
Acknowledgements 414
References 414
Part 4 Multimedia Imaging Informatics, Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD), Image-Guide Decision Support, Proton Therapy, Minimally Invasive Multimedia Image-Assisted Surgery, Big Data 417
Prologue - Chapters 16, 17 and 18 417
16 DICOM-Based Medical Imaging Informatics and CAD 419
16.1 ComputerÂ]Aided Diagnosis (CAD) 420
16.2 Integration of CAD with PACSÂ-Based Multimedia Informatics 425
16.3 The CAD-PACS Integration Toolkit 429
16.4 Data Flow of the three CAD-PACS Editions Integration Toolkit 432
References 433
Further Reading 434
17 DICOMÂ-Based CAD: Acute Intracranial Hemorrhage and Multiple Sclerosis 435
17.1 ComputerÂ]Aided Detection (CAD) of Small Acute Intracranial Hemorrhage on CT of the brain 435
17.2 Development of the CAD Algorithm for AIH on CT 436
17.3 CADÂ-PACS Integration 452
17.4 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) on MRI 456
References 461
Further Reading 461
18 PACSÂ-Based CAD: Digital Hand Atlas and Bone Age Assessment of children 463
18.1 Average Bone Age of a Child 464
18.2 Bone Age Assessment of Children 466
18.3 Method of Analysis 473
18.4 Integration of CAD with PACSÂ-Based Multimedia Informatics for Bone Age Assessment of Children: The CAD System 479
18.5 Validation of the CAD and the Comparison of CAD Result with Radiologists’ Assessment 483
18.6 Clinical Evaluation of the CAD System for Bone Age Assessment (BAA) 489
18.7 Integrating CAD for Bone Age Assessment with Other Informatics Systems 493
18.8 Research and Development Trends in CAD-PACS Integration 497
Acknowledgements 499
References 499
Further Reading 500
19 Intelligent ePR System for EvidenceÂ-Based Research in Radiotherapy 503
19.1 Introduction 503
19.2 Proton Therapy Clinical Workflow and Data 506
19.3 Proton Therapy ePR System 508
19.4 System Implementation 511
19.5 Results 512
19.6 Conclusion and Discussion 520
Acknowledgements 522
References 522
20 Multimedia Electronic Patient Record System for Minimally Invasive ImageÂ]Assisted Spinal Surgery 525
20.1 Integration of Medical Diagnosis with ImageÂ]Assisted Surgery Treatment 526
20.2 Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery Workflow 535
20.3 Multimedia ePR System for ImageÂ]Assisted MISS Workflow and Data Model 536
20.4 ePR MISS System Architecture 538
20.5 PreÂ-Op Authoring Module 543
20.6 IntraÂ-Op Module 547
20.7 PostÂ-Op Module 553
20.8 System Deployment, User Training and Support 554
20.9 Summary 557
References 557
21 From Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery to Integrated ImageÂ-Assisted Surgery in Translational Medicine 559
21.1 Introduction 560
21.2 Integrated Image-Assisted Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery 561
21.3 IIAÂ-MISS EMR System Evaluation 565
21.4 To Fulfill some Translational Medicine Aims 569
21.5 Summary 571
21.6 Contribution from Colleagues 572
Acknowledgement 572
References 572
22 Big Data in PACSÂ-Based Multimedia Medical Imaging Informatics 575
22.1 Big Data in PACSÂ-Based Multimedia Medical Imaging Informatics 575
22.2 Characters and Challenges of Medical Image Big Data 577
22.3 Possible and Potential Solutions of Big Data in DICOM PACSÂ-Based Medical Imaging and Informatics 581
22.4 Research Projects Related to Medical Imaging Big Data 586
22.5 Summary of Big Data 587
Acknowledgements 588
References 588
Index 591
