Waste Biorefinery. Potential and Perspectives

Table of Contents

I. Feedstocks for Biorefineries 1. Waste Feedstocks for Biofefineries: An Approach to Develop a Sustainable Society 2. Kinetic Analysis of Biomass Pyrolysis 3. Side-streams from bioenergy and biorefinery complexes as a resource for circular bio-economy

II. Conversion Processes 4. Thermochemical Conversion in Biorefineries 5. Combined Thermochemical-Biochemical Routes in Waste Biorefinery

III. Food Waste Biorefinery 6. Acidogenic Valorization of Food Waste to Biogas and Platform Chemicals 7. Food Supply Chain Waste: A Functional Periodic Table of Biobased Resources

IV. Municipal Solid Waste Biorefinery 8. Conversion of Solid Waste to Fuels and Chemicals through Pyrolysis

V. Lignocellulosic Biorefinery 9. Lignocellulosic Biorefinery Wastes Or Resources 10. Hydrothermal Processing of Wet Forest Residues and Agricultural Wastes for Production of Biofuels and Chemicals 11. Pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass for the Production of Renewable Chemicals 12. Co-pyrolysis of Agro Residues with Waste Plastics for Resource and Energy Recovery 13. Microwave-driven Biorefinery for Utilization of Food and Agricultural Waste Biomass 14. Lignin Conversion: A Key to the Concept of Lignocellulosic Biomass-based Integrated Biorefinery 15. Synthesis of Bioethanol from Invasive Weeds: Process Design, Optimization, and Intensification with Ultrasound 16. Valorization of Wastes from Agro-food and Forest Industries within the Biorefinery Concept: South Europe Scenario 17. Ionic Liquid Stable cellulases and Hemicellulases: Application in Biobased Production of Biofuels

VI. Water-based Biorefinery 18. Resource Recovery from Wastes and Wastewaters using Bioelectrochemical Systems 19. Exploitation of Microalgae-based Biorefinery Opportunities and Challenges

VII. Specific Biorefinery 20. Waste Biorefinery in Arid Regions 21. Potential and Perspectives of Biorefinery from Castor Seed 22. Insect-based biorefinery for bioenergy and biobased products: A critical review 23. Thermochemical Valorization of Paper Deinking Residue through Microwave-assisted Pyrolysis

VIII. Associated Studies 24. Process Integration and Design Philosophy for Competitive Waste Biorefineries 25. Process Control and Monitoring in Biorefineries 26. Environmental Impacts of Utilizing Woody Biomass for Energy

Authors

Thallada Bhaskar Senior Scientist, Thermo-catalytic Processes Area, Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, India. Dr Thallada Bhaskar, Senior Scientist, is currently heading the Thermo-catalytic Processes Area, Bio-Fuels Division (BFD) at CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, India. He received Ph D for his work at CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) from Osmania University, Hyderabad in the year 1999. He carried out Postdoctoral Research at Okayama University, Okayama, Japan after which he joined as Research Assistant Professor and taught catalysis, chemical kinetics and thermodynamics for ~7 years. He has about 90 publications in journals of international repute, contributed 10 book chapters to renowned publishers (ACS, Elsevier, Woodhead Publishing, CRC Press etc) and 11 patents to his in his field of expertise in addition to 250 national and international symposia presentations.

His 20 years of research experience cover various fields of science revolving around his expertise in heterogeneous catalysis thermo-chemical conversion of biomass, waste plastics and e-waste plastics into value added hydrocarbons. He has prepared several catalysts and thrown a light on the structure activity relationships of novel catalytic materials for hydrotreatment of fossil based crudes. His contributions to the field of sustainable hydrocarbons are in the form of process knowhow and catalyst developments. His patents and publications discuss crucial points encompassing wide areas of thermo-catalytic conversion like pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction for biomass (agricultural, forest residues and aquatic biomass) and plastic waste (industrial and e-waste) conversion. In addition he worked on developing micro-channel reactors for several chemical reactions and separation processes. His other interests include utilization of non-conventional energies for the sustainable production of hydrocarbons utilizing the polymeric wastes available which will make the thermo-chemical methods of conversion more energy efficient.

In view of his expertise, he is on the editorial board of 2 international peer reviewed journals and expert member of several committees. He received the Distinguished Researcher award from AIST (2013), Japan and Most Progressive Researcher award from FSRJ, Japan (2008). He is also the Fellow of Biotech Research Society of India and member of the Governing Council. He received the Raman Research Fellowship for the year 2013-14. He was also a JSPS Visiting Scientist to Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan during 2009. He has carried out several research projects with great success with national and international collaborators. He has organized several international symposia in India and abroad in this area and visited several countries to deliver invited/ plenary lectures. Ashok Pandey Distinguished Scientist, Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India. Professor Ashok Pandey is currently Distinguished Scientist at the Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India and Executive Director (Honorary) at the Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability - India. Formerly, he was Eminent Scientist at the Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali and Chief Scientist & Head of Biotechnology Division and Centre for Biofuels at CSIR's National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum. His major research and technological development interests are industrial & environmental biotechnology and energy biosciences, focusing on biomass to biofuels & chemicals, waste to wealth & energy, industrial enzymes, etc. Professor Pandey is Adjunct/Visiting Professor/Scientist in universities in France, Brazil, Canada, China, Korea, South Africa, and Switzerland and also in several universities several in India. He has ~1425 publications/communications, which include 16 patents, 90 books, >700 papers and book chapters, etc with h index of 105 and ~48,800 citations (Goggle scholar). He has transferred several technologies to industries and has done industrial consultancy for about a dozen projects for Indian/international industries. Professor Pandey is the recipient of many national and international awards and honours, which include Highest Cited Researcher (Top 1% in the world), Clarivate Analytics, Web of Science (2020, 2019 & 2018); Top scientist in Biotechnology (#1 in India and #8 in the world), Stanford University world ranking (2020); Fellow, World Society of Sustainable Energy Technologies?(2020); Fellow, Indian Chemical Society (2020); Distinguished Scientist, VDGOOD Professional Association, India (2020); Distinguished Professor of Eminence with global impact in the area of Biotechnology, Precious Cornerstone University, Nigeria (2020); IconSWM Life-time Achievement Award 2019, International Society for Solid Waste Management, KIIT, Bhubaneshwar, India (2019); Yonsei Outstanding Scholar, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (2019); Life-Time Achievement Award from the Biotech Research Society, India (2018); Life-Time Achievement Award from Venus International Research Awards (2018), Most Outstanding Researcher Award from Career360 (2018), Life-Time Achievement Award from the International Society for Energy, Environment and Sustainability (2017); Fellow, Royal Society of Biology, UK (2016); Felow, International Society for Energy, Environment and Sustainability (2016); Academician of European Academy of Sciences and Arts, Austria (2015); Fellow, National Academy of Sciences, India (2012); Fellow, Association of Microbiologists of India (2008); Honorary Doctorate degree from Univesite Blaise Pascal, France (2007); Fellow, International Organization of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (2007); Thomson Scientific India Citation Laureate Award, USA (2006); Fellow, the Biotech Research Society, India (2005); UNESCO Professor (2000); Raman Research Fellowship Award, CSIR (1995); GBF, Germany and CNRS, France Fellowships (1992) and Young Scientist Award (1989), etc. Professor Pandey is Founder President of the Biotech Research Society, India (www.brsi.in); Founder & International Coordinator of International Forum on Industrial Bioprocesses, France (www.ifibiop.org), Chairman of the International Society for Energy, Environment & Sustainability (www.isees.in), Editor-in-chief of Bioresource Technology (http://ees.elsevier.com/bite/), Honorary Executive Advisor of Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability (www.jees.in), Journal of Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing (https://www.springer.com/journal/43393), Journal of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (http://neerijese.org/editorial-board/), Subject Editor, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, India (https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/journal/40011) and Associate Editor, Biologia - Section Cellular and Molecular Biology (https://www.springer.com/journal/11756/editors) and editorial board member of several international and Indian journals. S.Venkata Mohan Principal Scientist, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India. Dr.S.Venkata Mohan is working as Principal Scientist in CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad since 1998. He was a Visiting Professor at Kyoto University (2005) and Alexander von Humboldt (AvH) Fellow at Technical University of Munich, Germany (2001-02). His main research interests are in the domain of Environmental Bioengineering Specifically in the areas of Advance Waste Remediation, Aciodogenesis, Microbial Electrogenesis, Photosynthesis and Waste Biorefinery. He has authored more than 310 research articles, 36 chapters for books, edited 4 books and has 9 patents. His publication has more than 12,750 citations with an h-index of 62 (Google Scholar). He has guided 22 PhDs., 2 M.Phils and more than 100 M.Tech./B.Tech./M.Sc. students. Recently, Dr Mohan recently successfully demonstrated a pilot plant for biohydrogen production from waste for MNRE and waste fed biorefinery platform for CSIR. He carried out various industrial and consultancy projects in the area of environmental management. Dr Mohan is recipient of coveted 'Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar (SSB) Prize' for the year 2014 in Engineering Sciences from Government of India. He also received several awards and honours, which includes, Most outstanding Researcher in the field of Environmental Science in India- 2018 by Carrer360, as 'National Bioscience award-2012' by DBT, Government of India, SERB-IGCW-2017 for 'Biohydrogen Technology' from DST-SERB, Environmental Engineering Design Award 2017 by the National Design and Research Forum (NDRF) of Institute of Engineers, India (2017), 'Prosper.net-Scopus Young Researcher Award in Sustainable Development -2010' under Energy Category by United Nations University and Elsevier, 'NASI-Scopus Young Scientist Award- 2010' in Earth, Oceanographic & Environmental Sciences by NASI and Elsevier, Nawab Zain Yar Jung Bahadur Memorial Prize-1994 by The Institution of Engineers (India), etc. Dr Mohan is an elected Fellow of National Academy of Engineering, Biotech Research Society of India, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh Akademy of Sciences, International Forum on Industrial Bioprocesses, Institution of Engineers, International Society for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, etc. Dr Mohan is National Editor for Science Portal (EVS), subject Editor for the Journal of Energy, Associate Editor for Frontiers in Environmental Science and Frontiers in Energy Research and is serving on the Editorial Board of several journals viz., Bioresource Technology, Advances in Energy Research, Carbon Resources Conversion, etc. Duu-Jong Lee University Chair Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. Professor Duu-Jong Lee is currently Life-Time University Professor of Chemical Engineering at the National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan. His areas of specialization are environmental biological processes with special reference to aerobic and anaerobic treatment of wastewaters and solid wastes and their conversion to materials and energy. Prof. Lee has authored three books, >800 research and review papers, book chapters, etc , five patents and three books. His h index is 97 with more than 43100 citations. He has been a recipient of Outstanding Fellow award from National Science Council, Taiwan (2009), Chang-Kang Scholar award (2007), Scientific Chair Professor award of YZH Foundation (2012), etc. He is Fellow, International Bioprocessing Association; Fellow, Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers and Fellow, Royal Society of Chemistry. He has been Associate Editor of Bioresource Technology and is Editor-in-Chief of Bioresource Technology Reports. Samir Kumar Khanal Professor, Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA; Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong. Dr. Samir Kumar Khanal is a Professor of Biological Engineering at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. Previously, he was a post-doctoral research associate and Research Assistant Professor at Iowa State University for 6 years. Dr. Khanal obtained Ph.D. in Civil Engineering with a focus in Environmental Biotechnology from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Hong Kong in 2002. He obtained in M.S. in environmental engineering from Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand in 1997. Dr. Khanal is a leading researcher, internationally in the field of anaerobic digestion, waste-to-resources and environmental biotechnology. Dr. Khanal, to date, has published over 90 refereed papers in high quality international journals. He also delivered over 90 keynote/invited presentation internationally. In addition, he also wrote and published a book entitled "Anaerobic Biotechnology for Bioenergy Production: Principles and Applications” (Wiley-Blackwell, 2008). Dr. Khanal edited another book, as the Lead Editor, entitled "Bioenergy and Biofuel from Biowastes and Biomass” (American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2010). Both books have become the best-sellers in the respective field. Recently he also published a bioenergy textbook entitled Bioenergy: Principles and Application (Wiley-Blackwell, 2016). He has supervised 11 Ph.D., 16 M.S., 17 undergraduate and 12 high school students, 13 post-docs and 14 visiting scholars. Dr. Khanal is also an editorial board member of the highly prestigious international journal, Bioresource Technology and Korean Journal of Environmental Engineering. He is also a recipient of CTAHR Dean's Award for Excellence in Research (2016), University of Hawaii at Manoa. Dr. Khanal is a professional engineer (environmental engineering) in the state of Iowa.