For 200 years, industry mastered iron, fire, strength and energy. Today, electronics shapes our everyday objects, integrating chips: computers, phones, keys, games, household appliances, etc.
Data, software and calculation frame the conduct of humankind, and everything is translated into data. The first volume in this series analyzes the stakes of the massive data which accumulate on the Internet, keeping track of our actions and gestures, the state of the world and our knowledge.
Table of Contents
Note to Reader ix
Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX
Preface xi
Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX
Introduction xvii
Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX
Part 1 What’s New and Why? 1
Introduction to Part 1 3
Chapter 1 Digital Omnipresence: Its Causes and Consequences 5
Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX
From analog to digital 7
Computerization, prior to the digital revolution 8
The Internet, a real breakthrough factor 9
Importance of competition 11
Highly regulated communication infrastructure and services 14
Changes in European markets 18
From crisis to American rebound 20
Telephone and Internet companies 22
Summary 23
Bibliography 27
Appendix The 2000 crisis: lessons and industrial consequences 28
Chapter 2 Mathematical Culture and Massive Data 35
Jean DHOMBRES
The Turing machine, the inspiration for massive data? 39
What does “calculable” mean? 42
From natural to mathematics 46
An ancient algorithm and its programming: gcd 48
Styles of mathematization 51
Mathematics, algorithms and measures of complexity 55
Representations of communities and massive data 58
Constraints of mathematization 62
The notion of the invariant: perspective,vectorial, linear algebra and matrix representation 66
Graphs, their calculations and some algorithms 69
Conclusion 72
Bibliography 74
Chapter 3 From Sample to Big Data: Competing or Complementary Paradigms? 77
Philippe TASSI
Sampling and big data: useful synergy 79
Is this an ephemeral or sustainable phenomenon 84
How can data confidentiality be guaranteed? 89
Protecting personal data 95
How to conclude? 101
Bibliography 102
Chapter 4 Researching Forms and Correlations:the Big Data Approach 105
Gilles SANTINI
Deconstruction and accumulation of data 107
Massive databases 107
Playing games with the devil? 109
A case study 110
The protection of privacy 112
Automatic processing 113
Conclusion 113
Bibliography 114
Chapter 5 Bitcoin: an Innovative System 115
Gérard DRÉAN
Bitcoin and bitcoin: some key concepts 117
The Bitcoin system 118
The transactions register 121
Overview 124
Reliability and safety 125
Software changes 127
Fraud and control takeover 128
Evolution of Bitcoin and peer-to-peer payment 129
In summary 131
Bibliography 131
Part 2 Tactics and Strategies 133
Introduction to Part 2 135
Chapter 6 Bitcoin and Other Cyber-currency 137
Gérard DRÉAN
Introduction 139
Bitcoin, the first cyber-currency 139
New tools of exchange 143
The problem of growth 144
Towards a refoundation? 146
Cyberspace and sovereign currencies 151
Competition between payment systems 153
Competition between units of account 156
Conclusion 159
Bibliography 161
Chapter 7 Health and Care: Digital Challenges 163
Isabelle HILALI
What are we talking about? 165
Major changes for physicians 165
What about the patients? 168
New challenges for medication 168
Hospitals, clinics and nursing homes 171
Will we be able to insure health tomorrow? 172
The challenges of digital healthcare 174
Conclusion 178
Bibliography 180
Chapter 8 Access to Health Data:Debates and Controversies in France 183
Joumana BOUSTANY, Gabriella SALZANO and Christian BOURRET
Methodology 185
Literature review 186
Information systems in France 188
Restricted and controlled access systems 190
Restricted access systems 193
Open information systems 194
Going towards an opening of health data? 196
Conclusion 197
Bibliography 198
Appendix Main acronyms used in this chapter 199
Chapter 9 Artificial Intelligence: Utopia or Progress? 203
Jean-Pierre CHAMOUX
Before computers, there were robots 205
What does artificial intelligence cover? 207
Ambitions of artificial intelligence 209
From machines to humanity 212
Myths associated with artificial intelligence 215
Assessing the intelligence of a machine? 217
Concluding reflections 218
Bibliography 221
Appendices 223
Appendix 1 225
Appendix 2 227
List of Authors 229
Index of Names and Brands 231
Index of Notions 233
