Multidisciplinary treatment of the urgent issues surrounding urban pollution worldwide
Written by some of the top experts on the subject in the world, this book presents the diverse, complex and current themes of the urban pollution debate across the built environment, urban development and management continuum. It uniquely combines the science of urban pollution with associated policy that seeks to control it, and includes a comprehensive collection of international case studies showing the status of the problem worldwide.
Urban Pollution: Science and Management is a multifaceted collection of chapters that address the contemporary concomitant issues of increasing urban living and associated issues with contamination by offering solutions specifically for the built environment. It covers: the impacts of urban pollution; historical urban pollution; evolution of air quality policy and management in urban areas; ground gases in urban environments; bioaccessibility of trace elements in urban environments; urban wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal; living green roofs; light pollution; river ecology; greywater recycling and reuse; containment of pollution from urban waste disposal sites; bioremediation in urban pollution mitigation; air quality monitoring; urban pollution in China and India; urban planning in sub-Saharan Africa and more.
- Deals with both the science and the relevant policy and management issues
- Examines the main sources of urban pollution
- Covers both first-world and developing world urban pollution issues
- Integrates the latest scientific research with practical case studies
- Deals with both legacy and emerging pollutants and their effects
The integration of physical and environmental sciences, combined with social, economic and political sciences and the use of case studies makes Urban Pollution: Science and Management an incredibly useful resource for policy experts, scientists, engineers and those interested in the subject.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xvii
1 Insights and Issues into the Impacts of Urban Pollution 1
Colin A. Booth and Susanne M. Charlesworth
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Examples of Urban Pollution 2
1.3 Structure of This Book 4
1.4 Conclusions 5
References 5
2 Historical Urban Pollution 7
Ann Power and Annie Worsley
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Historical Pollution Monitoring using Environmental Archives 8
2.3 Ancient Air Pollution 8
2.4 Industrial Revolution 10
2.5 Twentieth‐Century Urban Pollution 13
2.6 Industrial Emissions 16
2.7 Transport 18
2.8 Conclusions 20
References 20
3 Evolution of Air Quality Policy and Management in Urban Areas 29
Enda Hayes
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Sources of Urban Air Pollution 29
3.3 Health Implications of Urban Air Pollution 30
3.4 Historical Context of Air Quality Policy and Management 30
3.5 Future Urban Challenges 34
3.6 Conclusions 36
References 36
4 UK and EU Water Policy as an Instrument of Urban Pollution 39
Anne‐Marie McLaughlin, Susanne M. Charlesworth, and Stephen J. Coupe
Acronyms used in This Chapter 39
4.1 Introduction 39
4.2 Determining Water Quality 40
4.3 UK Water Policy 41
4.4 Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) 46
4.5 European Policy 49
4.6 The Future 51
4.7 Conclusions 53
References 54
5 Soil Quality and Policy 57
J. Webb, Jose L. Rubio, and Michael A. Fullen
5.1 Introduction 57
5.2 Soil Pollutants and Their Sources 57
5.3 Consequences of Urban Soil Pollution 58
5.4 Soils Legislation 61
5.5 Conclusions 65
References 66
6 Ground Gases in Urban Environments - Sources and Solutions 69
Andrew B. Shuttleworth
6.1 Introduction 69
6.2 The Biochemistry of Ground Gas Production 71
6.3 Ground Gas Monitoring and Risk Assessment 73
6.5 Other Approaches 76
6.6 Passive Barriers and Subfloor Ventilation 77
6.7 Practical Examples of Gas Protection Details 79
6.8 Pathway Interception Systems for Receptor Protection and Control of Historic Sources 82
6.9 Examples of Other Techniques and Solutions: Biodegradation of Gaseous Pollutants 86
6.10 Conclusion 87
References 87
7 Insights and Issues of Trace Elements Found in Street and Road Dusts 91
Susanne M. Charlesworth, Eduardo De Miguel, Almudena Ordóñez, and Colin A. Booth
7.1 Introduction 91
7.2 Sources of Street and Road Dusts 92
7.3 House Dust 98
7.4 Urban Soil 99
7.5 Urban Geochemical Cycles 99
7.6 Conclusions 100
References 101
8 Bioaccessibility of Trace Elements in Urban Environments 107
Eduardo De Miguel, Almudena Ordóñez, Fernando Barrio‐Parra, Miguel Izquierdo‐Díaz, Rodrigo Álvarez, Juan Mingot, and Susanne M. Charlesworth
8.1 Introduction 107
8.2 Analytical Protocols 108
8.3 Bioaccessibility and Urban Environments 109
8.4 Bioaccessibility and Human Health Risk Assessment 113
8.5 Conclusions 113
References 113
9 The Necessity for Urban Wastewater Collection, Treatment, and Disposal 119
Colin A. Booth, David Oloke, Andrew Gooding, and Susanne M. Charlesworth
9.1 Introduction 119
9.2 Wastewater Collection in Developed Countries 120
9.3 Wastewater Treatment and Disposal in Developed Countries 121
9.4 Sludge Treatment and Disposal in Developed Countries 124
9.5 WASH in Developing Countries 125
9.6 Conclusions 127
References 127
10 Living Green Roofs 131
Sara Wilkinson and Fraser Torpy
10.1 Introduction 131
10.2 Increasing Urbanisation: Urban Growth 131
10.3 Increasing Urbanisation: Soil, Water, and Air Pollution 132
10.4 Urban Heat Islands and Human Health 135
10.5 Green Roof Options 137
10.6 Case Study: University of Technology, Sydney, Food‐Producing Roof and Urban Pollution 139
10.7 Conclusions and Next Steps 140
References 141
11 Light Pollution 147
Fabio Falchi
11.1 Introduction 147
11.2 Environmental and Health Effects of Light Pollution 149
11.3 How to Reduce Light Pollution 151
11.4. The example of the Italian Regional Laws 153
11.5 Conclusions 155
References 156
12 The Role of Forensic Science in the Investigation and Control of Urban Pollution 161
Kenneth Pye
12.1 Introduction 161
12.2 Types of Urban Pollutants 161
12.3 Stages in the Forensic Investigation of Urban Pollution 165
12.4 Methods Used to Identify Sources of Pollutants 165
12.5 Conclusions 168
References 169
13 River Ecology and Urban Pollution 173
Martin Fenn
13.1 Introduction 173
13.2 History of River Ecology Monitoring 174
13.3 Success Stories 184
13.4 Conclusions 185
References 185
14 Urban Meadows on Brownfield Land 187
Lynn Besenyei
14.1 Introduction 187
14.2 Creating Flower‐Rich Meadows 189
14.3 Brownfield Soils for Meadow Creation 192
14.4 Management of Created Meadows 193
14.5 Opportunities for Urban Meadow Creation 195
14.6 Conclusions 196
References 196
15 Urban Pollution and Ecosystem Services 199
Rebecca Wade
15.1 Introduction 199
15.2 Ecosystem Services (ES), the Ecosystem Approach, and Ecosystem Service Valuation 199
15.3 Urban Impacts on ES 201
15.4 ES and Urban Pollution in the UK Legislative Context 202
15.5 Enhancing Urban ES to Mitigate Urban Pollution 203
15.6 Conclusions 206
References 207
16 Greywater Recycling and Reuse 211
Katherine Hyde and Matthew Smith
16.1 Introduction 211
16.2 The Ubiquitous Nature of Pollutants in Wastewater from Baths, Showers, and Handbasins 211
16.3 The Quality of Untreated Greywater and Its Water Resource Value 212
16.4 Greywater Terminologies Used in this Chapter 213
16.5 Pollutants in Untreated Greywater 213
16.6 Standardising Greywater Treatment Systems: Removing and Minimising Pollutant Concentrations 214
16.7 Managing the Environmental Characteristics, Applications, and Urban Uses of Treated Greywater 216
16.8 University of Reading’s 2016 Experimental Irrigation of Sedum using Treated Greywater 217
16.9 Soil Results Evaluated during Irrigation using Greywater Constituents 218
16.10 Applying the Principles of Controlled Waters to Greywater Discharges for Sustaining Green Infrastructure 218
16.11 Concluding Comments and Review 220
Acknowledgements 220
References 220
17 Containment of Pollution from Urban Waste Disposal Sites 223
Isaac I. Akinwumi, Colin A. Booth, Oluwapelumi O. Ojuri, Adebanji S. Ogbiye, and Akinwale O. Coker
17.1 Introduction 223
17.2 Generation of Waste Worldwide 224
17.3 Waste Management Issues 224
17.4 Landfill Liners 229
17.5 Conclusions 231
References 231
18 Mitigating Urban Pollution through Innovative Use of Construction Materials 235
Jamal M. Khatib, A. A. Elkordy, and Z. Abou Saleh
18.1 Introduction 235
18.2 Recycled Materials 235
18.3 Cement Replacement and Geopolymer‐Based Materials 237
18.4 Innovative Ways of Using Waste Clay 238
18.5 Treatment and Stabilisation of Contaminated Sites 239
18.6 Incineration of Municipal Solid Waste 239
18.7 Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) Wastes 240
18.8 Paper Industry Waste 240
18.9 Shelled Compressed Earth 241
18.10 Innovative Green Construction Materials 241
18.11 Innovative Chemical Admixtures for Construction Materials 242
18.12 Conclusions 242
References 243
19 Application of Zeolites to Environmental Remediation 249
Craig D. Williams
19.1 Introduction 249
19.2 Heavy Metal Removal 249
19.3 Pesticide Removal 250
19.4 Zeolites Used in Transport 250
19.5 Zeolites Used in Wastewater Treatment 251
19.6 Zeolites Used in Nuclear Clean‐Up 251
19.7 Zeolites in Organic Clean‐Up 252
19.8 Zeolites used in Agriculture 252
19.9 Zeolites as Slow Release Agents 254
19.10 Zeolite Safety 254
19.11 Conclusions 255
References 255
20 Bioremediation in Urban Pollution Mitigation: Theoretical Background and Applications to Groundwaters 259
Alan P. Newman, Andrew B. Shuttleworth, and Ernest O. Nnadi
20.1 Introduction 259
20.2 Essentials for Bioremediation 259
20.3 Bioremediation of Groundwater 262
20.4 In Situ Plume Treatment 262
20.5 Electron Acceptor Management in Groundwater Bioremediation 264
20.6 Oxygen Releasing Compounds 265
20.7 Anaerobic Bioremediation of Groundwater 266
20.8 Reductive Anaerobic Degradation 267
20.9 PRBs and Bioremediation 268
20.10 Reductive Biodegradation in Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) 270
20.11 Conclusion 270
References 270
21 Bioremediation in Urban Pollution Mitigation: Applications to Solid Media 277
Andrew B. Shuttleworth, Alan P. Newman, and Ernest O. Nnadi
21.1 Introduction 277
21.2 In Situ Treatment above the Water Table 278
21.3 Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation 280
21.4 Ex Situ Bioremediation in Unsaturated Strata 282
21.5 Conclusion 288
References 289
22 Use of Environmental Management Systems to Mitigate Urban Pollution 293
Rosemary Horry and Colin A. Booth
22.1 Introduction 293
22.2 Why Is Environmental Management Important? 293
22.3 Organisational Benefits and Barriers of Implementing an Environmental Management System (EMS) 294
22.4 What can Companies do in Relation to their Environmental Impacts? 294
22.5 What Happens when Things Go Wrong? 297
22.6 Conclusions 301
References 301
23 Role of Citizen Science in Air Quality Monitoring 303
Natasha Constant
23.1 Introduction 303
23.2 Air Pollution in Urban Environments 304
23.3 Citizen Science and New Advances in Air Quality Monitoring 304
23.4 Citizen Science, Biomonitoring, and Plants 306
23.5 Social Dimensions of Citizen Science Air Quality Monitoring 307
23.6 Conclusions 308
References 309
24 Unique Environmental Regulatory Framework Streamlines Clean‐Up and Encourages Urban Redevelopment in Massachusetts, United States 313
Catherine M. Malagrida, Ileen Gladstone, and Ryan S. Hoffman
24.1 Introduction 313
24.2 LSPs and the Privatised System 314
24.3 The Risk‐Based Clean‐Up Programme 314
24.4 Brownfield Redevelopment Incentives 315
24.5 Case Studies 315
24.6 Conclusions 324
References 325
25 Urban Pollution in China 327
Jianmin Ma and Jianzhong Xu
25.1 Introduction 327
25.2 Urban Air Pollution in China 327
25.3 Urban Land/Soil Pollution 332
25.4 Municipal Waste Contamination in Urban China 332
25.5 A Case Study of Urban Pollution in Beijing 333
25.6 Conclusions 337
References 337
26 Urban Pollution in India 341
Manoj Shrivastava, Avijit Ghosh, Ranjan Bhattacharyya, and S.D. Singh
26.1 Introduction 341
26.2 Issues Related to Urban Pollution in India 341
26.3 Pollution from Solid Waste and Wastewater in Indian Urban Areas 345
26.4 Air Pollution in Urban Areas of India 346
26.5 Water Pollution in Urban Areas of India 348
26.6 Soil Contamination in Urban Areas of India 350
26.7 Noise Pollution in Urban Areas of India 350
26.8 Ways to Reduce Urban Pollution in India 351
26.9 Conclusions 352
References 352
27 Urban Aquatic Pollution in Brazil 357
Felippe Fernandes, Paulo Roberto Bairros Da Silva, Cristiano Poleto, and Susanne M. Charlesworth
27.1 Introduction 357
27.2 Current Brazilian Environmental Regulations 358
27.3 Ecological Risk Assessment Approaches in Brazil 360
27.4 Environmental Studies in Brazil 361
27.5 A Case Study of Curitiba, Paraná 365
27.6 Conclusions 366
References 367
28 Potentially Toxic Metal‐Bearing Phases in Urban Dust and Suspended Particulate Matter: The Case of Budapest, Hungary 371
Péter Sipos, Tibor Németh, Viktória Kovács Kis, Norbert Zajzon, Chung Choi, and Zoltán May
28.1 Introduction 371
28.2 Materials and Methods 372
28.3 Results and Discussion 373
28.4 Conclusions 379
References 380
29 The Role of Urban Planning in Sub‐Saharan Africa Urban Pollution Management 385
Kwasi Gyau Baffour Awuah
29.1 Introduction 385
29.2 Overview of Urban Pollution in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) 386
29.3 Urban Planning as a Panacea 389
29.4 Lessons for SSA Urban Planning 392
References 393
30 Water Pollution and Urbanisation Trends in Lebanon: Litani River Basin Case Study 397
Jamal M. Khatib, Safaa Baydoun, and A. A. ElKordi
30.1 Introduction 397
30.2 Water Resources in Lebanon 399
30.3 Urbanisation Trends 400
30.4 Wastewater Management 401
30.5 Water Quality 402
30.6 The Case of the Litani River Basin 403
30.7 Urbanisation and Water Pollution Trends 404
30.8 Pollution Impact 408
30.9 Current Management Efforts and Strategies 409
30.10 Conclusions and Recommendations 409
References 410
31 Closing Comments on Urban Pollution 417
Susanne M. Charlesworth and Colin A. Booth
31.1 Introduction 417
31.2 The Future for Towns and Cities 421
Reference 421
Index 423
