A guide to one of the most important aspects for affordable and highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells
Dye-sensitized solar cells have the potential to be one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies for production of renewable and clean energy. Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells offers an introduction to the various types of counter electrode catalysts for dye-sensitized solar cells and perovskite solar cells, including metal and metal compounds, carbon materials, polymers, and composites. With contributions from an international panel of experts, the book contains a discussion of the design and synthesis of the catalysts, characterization and stability of the devices, as well as calculations on properties.
The contributors cover a wide range of topics including information on: carbon nanotubes electrocatalysts for I-mediated dye-sensitized solar cells; Pt-loaded composite electrocatalysts for I-mediated dye-sensitized solar cells; metal contact electrodes for perovskite solar cells; and much more. The book also includes insight into the future developments in the field.
This important resource
- Covers the various types of counter electrode catalysts and presents design strategies, synthesis methods, theoretical calculation and stability evaluation
- Includes information on low-cost counter electrode catalysts and commercial applications of dye-sensitized sensitized solar cells
- Disscuses how electrode catalysts can be applied in a range of fields, such as solar cells, fuel cells, hydrogen production, and photocatalysis
- Offers contributions from leading experts in the field including Anders Hagfeldt, one of the world's leading researchers in this field
Written for materials scientists, solid state chemists, electrochemists, catalytic chemists, solid state physicists, and chemical industry professionals, Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells is a comprehensive and authoritative guide to dye-sensitized solar cells.
Table of Contents
Volume 1
Preface xi
About the Editors xiii
1 Counter Electrode Catalysts in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells - An Overview 1
Sining Yun
1.1 History and Cell Efficiency Level of DSSCs 1
1.2 Fabrication Techniques of a DSSC and a Symmetrical Dummy Cell 3
1.3 Operating Principle of DSSCs 5
1.4 Operating Principle of a Counter Electrode in DSSCs 6
1.5 Types and Advances in Counter Electrodes in DSSCs 7
1.6 General Design Consideration of this Book 15
Acknowledgments 16
References 16
2 Pt Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 27
Jayaraman Theerthagiri and Jagannathan Madhavan
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Working Principles of DSSCs and Origin of Pt CE Activity 29
2.3 Platinum Counter Electrode Materials 29
2.4 Platinum-Based Composite Counter Electrode Materials 34
2.5 Stability of Pt-Based CE in I-Mediated Electrolytes 41
2.6 Scope for Further Research 42
2.7 Conclusions 43
Acknowledgments 43
References 43
3 Metal and Alloy for CE Catalysts in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 47
Jialong Duan and Qunwei Tang
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Metal Counter Electrodes 48
3.3 Alloy Counter Electrodes 49
3.4 PreparationMethods of Alloy Counter Electrodes 60
3.5 The Basic Principles to Prepare Alloy Counter Electrodes 62
3.6 Summary and Perspective 63
Acknowledgments 64
References 64
4 Counter Electrodes in DSSCs Based on Carbon Derived from Edible Sources 71
Rahul Kumar and Parag Bhargava
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Electrochemistry of Carbon 72
4.3 Performance of DSSCs with Counter Electrodes Based on Various Forms of Carbon 73
4.4 Carbon from Edible Precursors 74
4.5 Fabrication of DSSCs 74
4.6 Characterization 77
4.7 Structure Analysis of the Carbon Derived from Edible Precursors 78
4.8 Cyclic Voltammetry of Counter Electrodes 82
4.9 Photocurrent-Voltage Characteristics of DSSCs Fabricated Using Carbon Derived from Edible Precursors and Platinum 85
4.10 Summary 88
Acknowledgments 88
References 88
5 Carbon Nanotube Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 93
K.S. Anuratha and J.-Y. Lin
5.1 Introduction 93
5.2 Carbon-Derived Materials 93
5.3 Features of CNTs 95
5.4 Counter Electrode Application of CNTs in DSSCs 96
5.5 Conclusions 114
References 114
6 Graphene Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 123
Ladislav Kavan
6.1 Introduction 123
6.2 Counter Electrodes in I-Mediated DSSCs: Fundamentals 123
6.3 Graphene Electrocatalysts for Triiodide Reduction 129
6.4 Conclusions 143
Acknowledgment 143
Abbreviations 143
References 144
7 Transition Metal Compound Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 155
MingxingWu and Tingli Ma
7.1 Introduction 155
7.2 Transition Metal Compound Counter Electrode Catalysts for Iodide Redox Couple in DSSCs 156
7.3 Conclusion and Perspectives 170
Acknowledgments 170
References 170
8 Conductive Polymer Based Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 177
Manuel Salado, Samrana Kazim, and Shahzada Ahmad
8.1 Introduction 177
8.2 Nanoporous Electroactive Polymers as Counter Electrodes in DSSCs 179
8.3 Main Affecting Parameters for High Performance of Polymer Counter Electrodes 186
8.4 New Routes to Improve the Performance of Polymer Counter Electrodes 187
8.5 Summary and Conclusions 189
References 189
9 Pt-Loaded Composite Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 197
Van-Duong Dao, Liudmila L. Larina, and Ho-Suk Choi
9.1 Introduction 197
9.2 Pt-Loaded Composite CEs 200
9.3 Conclusions and Outlook 224
Acknowledgments 225
References 225
10 TMCs/Polymer Composite Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 231
Sudhagar Pitchaimuthu, Raman Vedarajan, K.L. Vincent Joseph, and Yong Soo Kang
10.1 Introduction 231
10.2 Theory 233
10.3 Polymer Counter Electrode in DSSCs 233
10.4 TMC Counter Electrode in DSSCs 237
10.5 Polymer/TMC Composite Electrodes in DSSCs: Recent Strategies 241
10.6 Conclusions 257
Acknowledgment 258
References 258
11 Carbon/Polymer Composite Electrocatalysts for the Counter Electrode of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 263
Wenbo Sun, Rui Chen, Zhuang Xiong, Shizhe (Scott) Ouyang, Kuan Sun, and Jianyong Ouyang
11.1 Introduction 263
11.2 Conductive Polymers 263
11.3 Carbon Materials 270
11.4 Composites as the CE in DSSCs 276
11.5 Summary and Outlook 282
Acknowledgments 283
References 283
Volume 2
Preface xi
About the Editors xiii
12 Carbon/Transition Metal Compound/Polymer Composite Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 295
Hyunwoong Seo
12.1 Introduction 295
12.2 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Carbon, Transition Metal Compound, and Polymer 295
12.3 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Carbon and Transition Metal Compound 298
12.4 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Transition Metal Compound and Polymer 306
12.5 Hybrid Electrocatalysts Based on Carbon and Polymer 311
12.6 Other Hybrid Electrocatalysts 312
12.7 Stability Issue of Pt-Free Electrocatalysts 314
12.8 Concluding Remarks 318
References 318
13 Polycomponent Electrocatalysts for I-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 323
Meidan Ye, Qun Liu, James Iocozzia, Xiaodan Hong, Xiangyang Liu, and Zhiqun Lin
13.1 Introduction 323
13.2 Electrochemical Analysis Methods for Counter Electrodes 324
13.3 Polycomponent-Based Counter Electrode Materials 329
13.4 Conclusion and Outlook 343
Acknowledgments 345
References 345
14 Cu Complex Redox Couples Open Up New Possibilities for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 349
Nikolaos Vlachopoulos,Marina Freitag, and Anders Hagfeldt
14.1 Introduction 349
14.2 Overview of Current Status and Operational Principles 350
14.3 Electrochemical Properties of Cu Complexes - Basic Concepts 352
14.4 Solar Cell Device Performance 359
14.5 Cu-complex-Based Solid-State DSSC - “Zombie Cells” 362
14.6 Future Outlook 363
References 364
15 Electrocatalysts for T-Mediated Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 367
Feng Hao and Hong Lin
15.1 Introduction 367
15.2 Thiolate(T)-Based Redox Couples 368
15.3 Inorganic Transition Metal Compounds 371
15.4 Organic Conductive Polymers 375
15.5 Carbonaceous Materials 379
15.6 Conclusions and Outlook 385
Acknowledgment 387
References 387
16 Stability Assessment Strategy for Counter Electrode Catalysts of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 395
Sining Yun and Peter D. Lund
16.1 Background 395
16.2 Present Stability Assessment for CE Catalysts in DSSCs 396
16.3 Target Values for Stability Assessment of CE Catalysts 399
16.4 Road Map or Stability Assessment of CE Catalysts in DSSCs 399
16.5 Some Examples for Stability Assessment of CE Catalysts 403
16.6 Remarks 412
Acknowledgments 413
References 413
17 Metal Counter Electrodes for Perovskite Solar Cells 421
Alexander R. Uhl
17.1 Perovskite Solar Cells - Short History and typical Architectures 421
17.2 Metal Counter Electrodes 422
17.3 Gold Electrodes 424
17.4 Silver Electrodes 428
17.5 Silver Nanowire Electrodes 436
17.6 Aluminum Electrodes 438
17.7 Copper Electrodes 441
17.8 Nickel Electrodes 443
17.9 Chromium Electrodes 443
17.10 Calcium Electrodes 444
17.11 Titanium Electrodes 444
17.12 Stainless Steel Electrodes 445
17.13 Metal Alloy Contacts 445
17.14 Summary 446
References 447
18 Carbon Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells 457
Seigo Ito and Ajay Kumar Baranwal
18.1 Introduction 457
18.2 Carbon Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 458
18.3 Carbon Electrodes for Perovskite Solar Cells 463
References 482
19 First-Principles DFT Calculations for Perovskite Solar Cells 487
Jing Shi and Sining Yun
19.1 Introduction 487
19.2 Crystal Structures 488
19.3 Structure Modeling in DFT Calculations 489
19.4 First-Principles Calculations for Electronic Properties 490
19.5 First-Principles Calculations for Defects 494
19.6 Ferroelectric Properties 498
19.7 Conclusions and Outlook 503
References 504
20 Boundary Engineering of Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells 511
Ludmila Cojocaru and Satoshi Uchida
20.1 Boundary Modeling of Perovskite Solar Cells 511
20.2 The Device Capacitance of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells 517
20.3 Results and Discussion 519
20.4 Methods 525
20.4.1 Device Preparation 525
20.4.2 Device Evaluation 525
References 526
Appendix A: Cell Efficiency Table of DSSCs with Various Counter Electrode Electrocatalysts 531
Xiao Zhou, ChenWang, Yangliang Zhang,Wen Fang, Yuzhi Hou, Chen Zhang, XiaodongWang, and Sining Yun
Abbreviations 574
References 576
Index 619
