Current and Future Developments in Surgery Volume 1: Oesophago-gastric Surgery

Table of Contents

Preface

Dedication

List Of Contributors

Chapter 1 Anaesthesia For Oesophago-Gastric Surgery

• Pre-Anaesthesia Assessment
  
• John Smith, Sally Crofts And
  
• Introduction
  
• Anaesthetic Assessment
  
• Specific Aspects Of History Taking
  
• Examination
  
• Preoperative Investigations
  
• Scoring Systems
  
• Exercise Testing
  
• Pre-Surgical Fitness Training
  
• Conduct Of Anaesthesia
  
• Premedication
  
• Monitoring
  
• Anaesthesia
  
• Checking Position Of The Et Tube
  
• Ventilation Strategies
  
• Management Of Hypoxaemia During Olv
  
• Positioning And Temperature Control
  
• Thromboembolism Prophylaxis
  
• Extubation
  
• Infection And Anti-Microbial Therapy
  
• Infective Complications
  
• Routine Prophylaxis
  
• Post-Operative Care And Monitoring
  
• Selection Of Location
  
• Enhanced Recovery
  
• Goal Directed Fluid Therapy In First 24 Hours
  
• Vasopressor Use
  
• Respiratory Sufficiency And Role Of Physiotherapy
  
• Recognising And Managing Early Complications/Problems
  
• Consent For Publication
  
• Conflict Of Interest
  
• Acknowledgement
  
• References
  

Chapter 2 Peri-Operative Care After Oesophago-Gastric Surgery

• Amy Sadler And Shaun Mcleod
  
• Sami M Shimi
  
• Post-Operative Care
  
• Scoring Systems
  
• Levels Of Post-Operative Care
  
• Post-Operative Monitoring
  
• Critical Care Management
  
• Post-Operative Analgesia
  
• Post-Operative Nutrition Discharge From Critical Care
  
• Patho-Physiology Of Surgery The Stress Response Post-Operative Respiratory Changes
  
• Body System Support Respiratory Support
  
• Non-Invasive Ventilation Invasive Ventilation Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation
  
• Cardiovascular Support Renal Support
  
• Consent For Publication Conflict Of Interest Acknowledgement References
  

Chapter 3 Nutrition For Oesophago-Gastric Disorders

• Joanne Thomson
  
• And Sami M Shimi
  
• Nutrition And Malnutrition Malnutrition Causes Of Malnutrition In Patients With Oesophago-Gastric Cancernutritional Assessment Screening Dietetic Assessment Calculation Of Nutritional Requirements
  
• Dietetic Goals Refeeding Syndrome Cancer Cachexia
  
• Nutritional Management Symptom Management Curative Approach Palliative Approach Oral Nutritional Support Food Fortification Meal Pattern And Content Texture Modification Oral Nutritional Supplementation Enteral Nutrition Routes Of Feeding Types Of Feed Feeding Regimen Tolerance/Gi Complications Tube Blockages Methods Of Administering Feed Enteral Feeding And Drug Interactions Parenteral Nutrition Indications Access And Associated Issues Feeding Regimen Assessment And Monitoring
  
• Nutrition Of The Surgical Patient Pre-Operative Nutrition Immunonutrition Post-Operative Nutrition Enteral Feeding Dietetic Advice After Discharge Nutritional Consequences Of Surgery
  
• Continuous Monitoring Of Nutritioncontinuous Management Of The Surgical Patientcontinuous Management Of The Oncology Patientcontinuous Management Of Patients With Palliative Intentethical Issues In Nutritional Management
  
• Consent For Publication Conflict Of Interest Acknowledgement References
  

Chapter 4 Pathology Of The Oesophagus And Stomach

• Shaun Walsh
  
• Pathology Of Benign Conditions Oesophagitis Reflux Oesophagitis Infective Oesophagitis Eosinophilic (Allergic) Oesophagitis Gastritis Autoimmune Gastritis Bacterial Chronic Gastritis Chemical Type Gastritis
  
• Carcinogenesis In The Oesophagus And Stomachcarcinogenesis In The Oesophagus Pathogenesis Of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Pathogenesis Of Adenocarcinoma Pathogenesis Of Gastric Cancer Inherited Risk Factors For Gastric Cancer Non-Inherited Risk Factors
  
• Pathology Of Oesophageal Cancer Adenocarcinoma Of The Oesophagus Squamous Cell Carcinoma Of The Oesophagus Effect Of Pre-Operative Therapy Molecular Pathology Of Oesophageal Neoplasia
  
• Pathology Of Gastric Cancer The Molecular Pathology Of Gastric Adenocarcinoma
  
• Other Tumours Of The Oesophagus And Stomachmesenchymal Tumours Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours Immunohistochemistry Of Gist Molecular Pathology Of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumourssmooth Muscle Tumours Lymphoid Tumours
  
• Consent For Publication Conflict Of Interest
  
• Acknowledgement References
  

Chapter 5 Radiological Investigations Of Oesophago-Gastric

• Disorders
  
• Plain Radiology
  
• Robert Foster
  
• And Sami M Shimi
  
• Fluoroscopy And Contrast Examinations Contrast Swallow Double Contrast Examinations Contrast Follow-Through Examination (Enteroclysis) Tubogram/ Squirtogram/ Fistulogram
  
• Cross Sectional Imaging Computed Tomography (Ct) 3D Imaging Pet-Ct Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Mri) Ultrasound
  
• Nuclear Medicine Imaging Gastric Emptying Studies Oesophageal Transit Studies
  
• Staging Of Oesophago-Gastric Neoplasms T Staging
  
• Oesophageal Tumours Gastric Tumours
  
• Nodal Status Metastatic Disease
  
• Interventional Radiology Procedures Management Of Bleeding Management Of Ischaemia Oesophageal, Gastric And Pyloric Stenting Naso-Jejunal Tube Insertion Radiologically Inserted Gastrostomy (Rig) Drainage Of Focal Collections
  
• Future Prospects In Radiology Consent For Publication Conflict Of Interest Acknowledgement References
  

Chapter 6 Benign Disorders Of The Oesophagus 

• Sami M Shimi
  
• Manifestation Of Oesophageal Disorders Structure Of The Oesophagus Physiology Of The Oesophagus Symptoms Of Oesophageal Disease
  
• Dysphagia The Sensation Of A Sub-Sternal Lump (Globus) Regurgitation Odynophagia Heartburn Chest Pain
  
• Water Brash Atypical Presentation Of Oesophageal Disease
  
• The Diaphragm Congenital Diaphragmatic Herniae
  
• Posterolateral Hernia (Through Foramen Of Bochdalek)Parasternal Hernia (Through Foramen Of Morgagni Or Magendie)Herniation Through The Central Tendoncongenital Hiatal Hernia
  
• Congenital Short Oesophagus Eventration Of The Diaphragm Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia
  
• Hiatal Hernia Pathology
  
• Axial (Sliding) Hernia Para-Oesophageal Hernia Mixed Hernia
  
• Clinical Features Axial (Sliding) Herniae Para-Oesophageal And Mixed Herniae Acute Presentation
  
• Treatment Oesophageal Strictures
  
• Diagnosis Management
  
• Proton Pump Inhibitors (Ppi) Surgery
  
• Oesophageal Diverticula And Cystsoesophageal Diverticula
  
• Pseudo-Diverticula Pharyngo-Oesophageal (Zenker’S) Diverticulumclinical Features Treatment Mid-Thoracic Diverticula Epiphrenic Diverticula Sideropenic Dysphagia (Patterson-Kelly, Plummer-Vinson Syndrome)Muscular And Mucosal Rings In The Oesophagus (Schatzki’S Rings)
  
• Oesophageal Duplication Cysts Oesophageal Perforations
  
• Pathophysiology Clinical Features Neonatal And Paediatric Oesophageal Perforationsspontaneous Oesophageal Injuries In The Adult:
  
• Intramural Hematoma Mallory - Weiss Syndrome Boerhaave Syndrome
  
• Management Of Oesophageal Perforations Endoscopic Treatment Of Oesophageal Perforationssurgical Treatment Of Oesophageal Perforations
  
• Variceal Haemorrhage Endoscopic Therapy
  
• Oesophageal Varices
  
• Gastric Varices Pharmacotherapy For Variceal Bleeding
  
• Vasoactive Therapy Antibiotic Therapy Ppi Therapy
  
• Rescue Therapy For Variceal Bleeding Balloon Tamponade Trans-Jugular Intrahepatic Porto-Systemic Shunt (Tipss)Covered Self-Expanding Metal Stents (Sems)
  
• Secondary Prevention Of Variceal Haemorrhageconsent For Publication Conflict Of Interest Acknowledgement References
  

Chapter 7 Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease

• Aminah Khan
  
• And Sami M Shimi
  
• Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Epidemiology Pathophysiology Physiological Anti-Reflux Mechanisms Contributory Factors For Reflux
  
• Clinical Presentation And Diagnosisdiagnostic Investigations Endoscopy Contrast Radiology Ph Metry Manometry Multichannel Intraluminal Impedance
  
• Management Of Gord Medical Treatment Antacids H2 Receptor Antagonists Proton Pump Inhibitors Prokinetic Agents Baclofen
  
• Anti-Reflux Surgery Indications For Surgery Contra-Indications To Surgery Objectives Of Surgery Pre-Operative Considerations Surgical Anti-Reflux Procedures Total (Nissen) Fundoplication Partial Fundoplication Toupet Posterior (270°) Partial Fundoplicationdor Anterior (180°) Partial Fundoplication Belsey Mark Iv Repair Oesophageal Lengthening Procedures Choice Of Anti-Reflux Operation Predictors Of Operative Success Post-Operative Recovery
  
• Complications Of Anti-Reflux Surgery Failed Anti-Reflux Surgery Herniation Of The Fundoplication Into The Chest (Type Ia)Slipped Fundoplication (Type Ib) Para-Oesophageal Herniation (Type Ii) Malpositioned Fundoplication (Type Iii) Tight Fundoplication Corrective Surgery
  
• Novel Therapies Of Gord The Stretta
  
• Procedure Esophyxtm Plication Linxtm
  
• Consent For Publication Conflict Of Interest Acknowledgement References
  

Chapter 8 Barrett's Oesophagus 

• Michael Wilson
  
• Oesophageal Metaplasia Prevalence And Risk Factors Pathogenesis Biomarkers Presentation
  
• Diagnosis And Screening Endoscopic Assessment Screening Adjuncts To Endoscopic Screening
  
• Cancer Progression Dysplasia And Early Cancer Classification Of Superficial Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma (Oac)
  
• Management Endoscopic Surveillance For Be Surveillance Intervals Guidelines On Management Assessment Of The Barrett’S Segment Assessment Of A Nodule Endoscopic Therapy Resection Techniques Endoscopic Ablative Therapy Surgical Management Of Barrett’S Oesophagus With Dysplasia
  
• Chemoprevention Consent For Publication Conflict Of Interest Acknowledgement References
  

Subject Index

Author

• Sami M. Shimi