This report describes and evaluates cell therapy technologies and methods, which have already started to play an important role in the practice of medicine. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is replacing the old fashioned bone marrow transplants. The role of cells in drug discovery is also described. Cell therapy is bound to become a part of medical practice.
Stem cells are discussed in detail in one chapter. Some light is thrown on the current controversy of embryonic sources of stem cells and comparison with adult sources. Other sources of stem cells such as the placenta, cord blood and fat removed by liposuction are also discussed. Stem cells can also be genetically modified prior to transplantation.
Cell therapy technologies overlap with those of gene therapy, cancer vaccines, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Pharmaceutical applications of stem cells including those in drug discovery are also described. Various types of cells used, methods of preparation and culture, encapsulation, and genetic engineering of cells are discussed. Sources of cells, both human and animal (xenotransplantation) are discussed. Methods of delivery of cell therapy range from injections to surgical implantation using special devices.
Cell therapy has applications in a large number of disorders. The most important are diseases of the nervous system and cancer which are the topics for separate chapters. Other applications include cardiac disorders (myocardial infarction and heart failure), diabetes mellitus, diseases of bones and joints, genetic disorders, and wounds of the skin and soft tissues.
Regulatory and ethical issues involving cell therapy are important and are discussed. The current political debate on the use of stem cells from embryonic sources (hESCs) is also presented. Safety is an essential consideration of any new therapy and regulations for cell therapy are those for biological preparations.
The cell-based markets was analyzed for 2020, and projected to 2030. The markets are analyzed according to therapeutic categories, technologies and geographical areas. The largest expansion will be in diseases of the central nervous system, cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Skin and soft tissue repair, as well as diabetes mellitus, will be other major markets.
The number of companies involved in cell therapy has increased remarkably during the past few years. More than 500 companies have been identified to be involved in cell therapy and 317 of these are profiled in part II of the report along with tabulation of 306 alliances. Of these companies, 171 are involved in stem cells. Profiles of 73 academic institutions in the US involved in cell therapy are also included in part II along with their commercial collaborations. The text is supplemented with 67 Tables and 26 Figures. The bibliography contains 1,200 selected references, which are cited in the text.
The report contains information on the following:
- Introduction to Cell Therapy
- Cell Therapy Technologies
- Stem Cells
- Clinical Applications of Cell Therapy
- Cell Therapy of Cardiovascular Disorders
- Cell Therapy for Cancer
- Cell Therapy for Neurological Disorders
- Ethical, regulatory, and, safety Aspects of Cell Therapy
- Markets and future prospects for Cell Therapy
- Companies Involved in Cell Therapy
- Academic Institutions Involved in Cell Therapy
Table of Contents
Part I: Technologies, Ethics & Regulations
0. Executive Summary
1. Introduction to Cell Therapy
- Introduction
- Historical landmarks of cell therapy
- Interrelationship of cell therapy technologies
- Cells and organ transplantation
- Cells and protein/gene therapy
- Cell therapy and regenerative medicine
- Cell therapy and tissue engineering
- Therapy based on cells involved in disease
- Advantages of therapeutic use of cells
- Synthetic cell therapy
- Cell therapy as personalized medicine
- Cell-based drug delivery
- Cells as vehicles for gene delivery
- Red blood cells as vehicles for drug delivery
- Advantages of cell-based drug delivery
- Limitations of cell-based drug delivery
2. Cell Therapy Technologies
- Introduction
- Cell types used for therapy
- Sources of cells
- Bone marrow
- Blood component therapy
- Therapeutic apheresis
- Leukoreduction
- Platelet therapy
- Red blood cell transfusion
- Cell lines
- Immortalized cells
- Xenografts
- Basic technologies for cell therapy
- Cell culture
- Automated cell culture devices
- Cell culture for adoptive cell therapy
- Observation of stem cell growth and viability
- OpTmizer™ CTS™ T cell expansion tissue culture medium
- Stem cell movement and behavior in culture
- Companies involved in cell culture
- Cell sorting
- Flow cytometry
- Applications of flow cytometry
- A dielectrophoretic system for cell separation
- Adult stem cell sorting by identification of surface biomarkers
- ALDESORTER system for isolation of stem cells
- Coulter principle-based cell sorters
- Dynabead technology for cell sorting
- Elutra® Cell Separation System
- Magnetophoretic array-based cell sorting for further studies
- Molecular beacons for specific detection and isolation of stem cells
- Multitarget magnetic activated cell sorter
- Nanocytometry
- Scepter™ cytometer
- Companies supplying cell sorters
- Cell analysis
- Cell analyzers
- In vivo cell imaging
- Measuring cell density
- Measuring cell volume
- Single-cell gene expression analysis
- Fluorescent in situ RNA sequencing
- Single-cell RNA sequencing of stem cells
- Preservation of cells
- Innovations in cryopreservation
- Packaging of cells
- Selective expansion of T cells for immunotherapy
- Cloning and cell therapy
- Techniques for cell manipulation
- Altering function of adult human cells
- Cell-based drug discovery
- Advantages and limitations of cell-based assays for drug discovery
- Advantages and limitations of cell-based toxicity screening
- Quality control of cells for drug discovery
- Companies involved in cell-based drug discovery
- Introduction of foreign materials into cells to develop therapeutics
- Use of cell-penetrating peptides for intracellular transduction
- Drug delivery systems for cell therapy
- Intravenous delivery of stem cells
- Intraarterial delivery of stem cells
- Pharmacologically active microcarriers
- Targeted delivery of engineered cells to specific tissues via circulation
- Devices for delivery of cell therapy
- Artificial cells
- Applications of artificial cells
- Cell encapsulation
- Cell-in-a-Box®
- Diffusion capsule for cells
- Encapsulated cell biodelivery
- Core-Shell Spherification
- Ferrofluid microcapsules for tracking with MRI
- Implantation of microencapulated genetically modified cells
- Nitric oxide delivery by encapsulated cells
- Retrievable cell encapsulation device
- Therapeutic applications of encapsulated cells
- Companies involved in encapsulated cell technology
- Electroporation
- Gene therapy
- Cell-mediated gene therapy
- Fibroblasts
- Chondrocyte
- Skeletal muscle cells
- Vascular smooth muscle cells
- Keratinocytes
- Hepatocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Cell-based CRISPR delivery
- CRISPR-Edited Stem Cells
- In vivo tracking of cells
- Molecular imaging for tracking cells
- MRI technologies for tracking cells
- Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents
- Survival of labeled hMSCs in regenerative therapy grafts
- Visualization of gene expression in vivo by MRI
- Optogenetic monitoring of cell therapies
- Role of nanobiotechnology in development of cell therapy
- Nano-biocomposites containing living cells
- Cell transplantation for development of organs
- Cells transplantation and tolerance
- Strategies to improve tolerance of transplanted cells
- Encapsulation to prevent immune rejection
- Expansion of allospecific regulatory T cells
- Prevention of rejection of xenotransplants
- Removal and replacement of pathogenic cells of the body
- Therapeutic leukocytapheresis
3. Stem Cells
- Introduction
- Biology of stem cells
- Embryonic stem cells
- Growth and differentiation of ESCs
- Mechanisms of differentiation of ESCs
- Chemical regulation of stem cell differentiation
- In vitro differentiation of hESCs
- SIRT1 regulation during stem cell differentiation
- Regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation
- hESCs for reprogramming human somatic nuclei
- Stem cells differentiation in the pituitary gland
- Influence of microenvironment on ESCs
- Role of genes in differentiation of ESCs
- Global transcription in pluripotent ESCs
- Role of p53 tumor suppressor gene in stem cell differentiation
- Role of Pax3 gene in stem cell differentiation
- Signaling pathways and ESC genes
- Epigenetics of hESCs
- Chromatin as gene regulator for ESC development
- Mechanism of regulation of stem cells for regeneration of body tissues
- Role of microenvironments in the regulation of stem cells
- Regulation and regeneration of intestinal stem cells
- Parthenogenesis and human stem cells
- Uniparental ESCs
- Haploid ESCs
- Bone marrow stem cells
- Hematopoietic stem cells
- Clonal events that regulate HSC development
- Derivation of HSCs from ESCs
- Role of HSCs in the immune system
- Mesenchymal stem cells
- Cryopreservation of MSCs
- Multipotent adult progenitor cells
- Side population stem cells
- Differentiation of adult stem cells
- Growth and differentiation of HSCs
- HSCs and aging
- Mathematical modeling of differentiation of HSCs
- Role of prions in self renewal of HSCs
- Signaling pathways in the growth and differentiation of HSCs
- Sources of stem cells
- Sources of of human embryonic stem cells
- Nuclear transfer to obtain hESCs
- Direct derivation of hESCs from embryos without nuclear transfer
- Alternative methods of obtaining hESCs
- Establishing hESC lines without destruction of embryo
- Altered nuclear transfer
- Advantages and disadvantages of ESCs for transplantation
- Use of ESC cultures as an alternative source of tissue for transplantation
- Spermatogonial stem cells
- Very small embryonic-like stem cells
- Amniotic fluid as a source of stem cells
- Amniotic fluid stem cells for tissue repair and regeneration
- Generation of iPS cells from AF cells
- Placenta as source of stem cells
- Amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells
- Placenta as a source of HSCs
- Umbilical cord as a source of MSCs
- Umbilical cord blood
- Applications of UCB
- Advantages of UCB
- Limitations of the use of UCB and measures to address them
- Licensing and patent disputes involving UCB
- Infections following UCB transplants
- Unanswered questions about UCB transplantation
- Companies involved in UCB banking
- UCB banking in the UK
- US national UCB banking system
- Future of UCB
- UCB as source of stem cells
- Cryopreservation of UCB stem cells
- Epigenetic programming for expansion of UCB cells
- UCB as source of MSCs
- Techniques of nuclear reprogramming for stem cells
- Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from human somatic cells
- Characteristics of iPSCs
- DNA methylation patterns of iPS cells
- Techniques for obtaining iPSCs
- iPSCs derived from skin
- iPSCs derived through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
- iPSCs derived from oocytes
- iPSCs derived from adult stem cells using SCNT
- iPSCs derived from blood
- Use of CRISPR for generation of iPSCs
- Use of retroviral vectors for generation of iPSCs
- Use of non-integrating viral vectors for generation of iPSCs
- Generation of other cells from iPSCs
- Generation of HSCs from iPSCs
- Generation of MSCs from iPSCs
- Generation of RBCs from iPSCs
- Banks providing patient-specific iPSC lines
- Center for iPS Cell Research Application
- Companies providing iPSCs
- Generation of clinically relevant iPSCs
- Equivalence of human iPSCs and ESCs
- Genome editing and iPSCs
- iPSCs and disease modeling
- iPSCs for patient-specific regenerative medicine
- Concluding remarks about clinical potential of iPSCs
- Induced conditional self-renewing progenitor cells 133 iXEN cells
- Epiblast stem cells
- Comparison of development of human and mouse ESCs
- Conversion of hESCs to mouse ESC-like naïve states
- Sources of adult human stem cells
- Adipose tissue as a source of stem cells
- Encapsulation and hypothermic storage of adipose-derived stem cells
- Intravenous infusion of adipose tissue derived MSCs
- iPSCs derived from adult human adipose stem cells
- Regulation of adipose stem cells differentiation
- Transforming adult adipose stem cells into other cells
- Endometrium as a source of adult stem cells
- Multipotent stem-like cells derived from vascular endothelial cells
- Skin as a source of stem cells
- Controlling the maturation of embryonic skin stem cells
- Epidermal neural crest stem cells
- Follicle stem cells
- Mesenchymal stem cells in skin
- Regulation of stem cells in hair follicles
- Skin-derived precursor cells
- Regulation of epidermal stem cells by circadian rhythms
- Stem cells in teeth
- Peripheral blood stem cells
- Spleen as a source of adult stem cells
- Search for master stem cells
- Vascular cell platform to self-renew adult HSC
- Adult stem cells vs embryonic stem cells
- Biological differences between adult and embryonic stem cells
- Neural crest stem cells from adult hair follicles
- Transdifferentiation potential of adult stem cells
- Attempts at stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotentcy
- Limitations of adult stem cells
- Pitfalls of pluripotency
- Comparison of human stem cells according to derivation
- VENT cells
- ESC banking
- Stem cell technologies
- Analysis of stem cell growth and differentiation
- Activation of bone marrow stem cells into therapeutic cells
- Role of nitric oxide in stem cell mobilization and differentiation
- Role of natriuretic peptide receptor-C in self-renewal of murine ESCs
- Stem cell biomarkers
- Endoglin as a functional biomarker of HSCs
- STEMPRO EZChek for analysis of biomarkers of hESCs
- SSEA-4 as biomarker of MSCs
- p75NTR as a biomarker to isolate adipose tissue-derived stem cells
- Neural stem cell biomarker
- Protein expression profile as biomarker of stem cells
- Real-time PCR for quantification of protein biomarkers
- Study of stem cell pathways
- Stem cell genomics
- Gene expression in hESCs
- Genomic alterations in cultured hESCs
- Study of transcriptional regulation of stem cell genes
- Casanova gene in zebrafish
- Nanog gene
- Gene inactivation to study hESCs
- RNAi to study gene inactivation in hESCs
- Study of ESC development by inducible RNAi
- Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes
- Homologous recombination of ESCs
- Gene modification in genomes of hESCs and hiPSCs using zinc-finger nuclease
- miRNA and stem cells
- Role of miRNAs in gene regulation during stem cell differentiation
- Influence of miRNA on stem cell formation and maintenance
- Restricted differentiation potential of miRNA-deficient PSCs
- Transcriptional regulators of ESCs control miRNA gene expression
- Stem cells and cloning
- Cell nuclear replacement and cloning
- Nuclear transfer and ESCs
- Cloning from differentiated cells
- Cloning mice from adult stem cells
- Creating interspecies stem cells
- Cloned cells for transplantation medicine
- Claims of cloning of hESCs
- hESCs derived by SCNT
- Cytogenetics of embryonic stem cells
- Stem cell proteomics
- Comparative proteomic analysis of somatic cells, iPSCs and ESCs 163 hESC phosphoproteome
- Proteomic studies of mesenchymal stem cells
- Proteomic profiling of neural stem cells
- Proteome Biology of Stem Cells Initiative
- Technologies for mobilization, expansion, and engraftment of stem cells
- Chemoattraction of neuronal stem cells through GABA receptor
- Enhancement of HSC engraftment by calcium-sensing receptor
- Ex vivo expansion of human HSCs in culture
- Ex vivo expansion of MSCs
- Ex vivo expansion of UCB cells for transplantation
- Expansion of adult stem cells by activation of Oct4
- Expansion of transduced HSCs in vivo
- Expansion of stem cells in vivo by Notch receptor ligands
- In vivo adipogenesis induced by adipose tissue-derived stem cells
- Selective mobilization of progenitor cells from bone marrow
- Selective Amplification
- Synthetic substrates for ESC growth and expansion
- Technologies for inducing differentiation of stem cells
- Enhancement of stem cell differentiation by Homspera
- Generation of RBCs from HSCs
- Generation of multiple types of WBCs from hESCs and iPSCs
- Growth factor-induced differentiation of MAPCs
- Lineage selection to induce differentiation of hESCs
- Mechanical strain to induce MSC differentiation
- Neurotrophin-mediated survival and differentiation of hESCs
- Synthetic biology and stem cells
- Use of RNAi to expand the plasticity of autologous adult stem cells
- Use of various molecules to induce differentiation of stem cells
- Limitations of the currently available stem cell lines in the US
- Stem cell separation
- Stem cell culture
- Culture of hMSCs
- Elimination of contaminating material in stem cell culture
- Long-term maintenance of MSC multipotency in culture
- Nanofiber scaffolds for stem cell culture
- Conversion of stem cells to functioning adipocytes
- Mass production of stem cells
- Mass production of ESCs
- Mass production of MSCs
- Promoting survival of dissociated hESCs
- Analysis and characterization of stem cells
- Havesting and identification of EPCs
- Labeling of stem cells
- Labeling, imaging and tracking of stem cells in vivo
- Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles to track therapeutic cells in vivo
- PET imaging for tracking of stem cells
- Project for imaging in stem cell therapy research
- Quantum dots for labeling and imaging of stem cells
- Radiolabeling of MSCs for in vivo tracking
- Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for tracking MSCs
- Tracking of transplanted muscle stem cells
- Applications of stem cells
- Commercial development and applications of adult stem cells
- Preparation of cells for therapeutic administration to patients
- Retrodifferentiation of stem cells
- MultiStem
- Self renewal and proliferation of HSCs
- Optimizing the preparation and transfer of allogeneic HSCs
- Aging of stem cells
- Aging and rejuvenation of HSCs
- Aging and MSCs
- iPSC-based modeling of late-onset age-related diseases
- Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
- Role of stem cells in regeneration
- Pluripotent stem-cell-derived organoids
- Promotion of regeneration by Wnt/beta-catenin signaling
- Stem cell activation for regeneration by using glucocortoids
- Stem cells and human reproduction
- Expansion of spermatogonial stem cells
- Conversion of ESCs into spermatogonial stem cells
- Conversion of stem cells to oocytes
- ESCs for treatment of infertility in women
- Cloning human embryos from oocytes matured in the laboratory
- In utero stem cell transplantation
- Innovations in delivery of stem cells
- Polymeric capsules for stem cell delivery
- Immunological aspects of hESC transplantation
- Immunosuppression to prevent rejection of hESC transplants
- Histocompatibility of hESCs
- Strategies for promoting immune tolerance of hESCs
- Stem cells for organ vascularization
- Activation of EphB4 to enhance angiogenesis by EPCs
- Advantages and limitations of clinical applications of iPSCs
- Advantages and limitations of clinical applications of MSCs
- Biofusion by genetically engineering stem cells
- Stem cell gene therapy
- Combination of gene therapy with nuclear transfer
- Gene delivery to stem cells by artificial chromosome expression
- Genetic manipulation of ESCs
- Genetic engineering of human stem cells for enhancing angiogenesis
- HSCs for gene therapy
- iPSCs for targeted gene correction of α1-antitrypsin deficiency
- Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors for gene transfer in ESCs
- Lentiviral vectors for in vivo gene transfer to stem cells
- Linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer technology
- Mesenchymal stem cells for gene therapy
- Microporation for transfection of MSCs
- Regulation of gene expression for SC-based gene therapy
- Stem cells and in utero gene therapy
- Therapeutic applications for hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer
- Targeted genome editing for human repopulating HSCs
- The future of hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy
- Stem cell pharmaceutics
- Pharmaceutical manipulation of stem cells
- Expansion of HSCs in culture by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase
- Expansion of HSCs in vivo by use of prostaglandin E2
- Manipulation of stem cells with growth factors
- Mobilization of stem cells by cytokines/chemokines
- Mobilization of adult human HSCs by use of inhibitors
- Mobilization of stem cells by HYC750
- Mobilization of stem cells by hyperbaric oxygen
- Mobilization by adenoviral vectors expressing angiogenic factors
- Stem cell mobilization by acetylcholine receptor agonists
- Use of parathyroid hormone to increase HSC mobilization
- Use of small molecule compounds for expansion of HSCs
- Use of a small molecule for targeting systemically infused MSCs
- Role of stem cells in therapeutic effects of drugs
- Stem cells for drug discovery
- Target identification
- High-throughput screening
- ESCs as source of models for drug discovery
- hESC-derived hepatocytes for drug discovery
- hESC-derived cardiomyocytes for drug discovery
- iPSCs for drug discovery
- Advantages and limitations of use of stem cells for drug discovery
- Stem cells for drug delivery
- Toxicology and drug safety studies using ESCs versus other cells
- Future challenges for stem cell technologies
- Generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells
- Hybrid embryos/cybrids for stem cell research
- In vivo study of human hemopoietic stem cells
- Inhibition of stem cell-derived teratoma formation by small molecules
- Markers for characterizing hESC lines
- MBD3-deficient ESC line
- Research into plasticity of stem cells from adults
- Reversion of human stem cells to ground state pluripotency
- Stem cell biology and cancer
- Stem cells and aging
- Stem cells in space
- Study of the molecular mechanism of cell differentiation
- Switch of stem-cell function from activators to repressors
- Stem cell research at academic centers
- International Regulome Consortium
- Companies involved in stem cell technologies
- Concluding remarks about stem cells
- Future challenges in applications of stem cells
- Challenges in research and development of stem cells
- Challenges in the clinical use of pluripotent stem cells
4. Clinical Applications of Cell Therapy
- Introduction
- Cell therapy for hematological disorders
- Transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells
- Cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic HSC transplantation
- Lymphoproliferative disorders after allogeneic HSC transplants
- HSCs derived from pluripotent stem cells
- Hemophilias
- Ex vivo cell/gene therapy of hemophilia B
- Cell/gene therapy of hemophilia A
- Hematopoietic stem cell therapy for thrombocytopenia
- Stem cell transplant for sickle cell anemia
- Treatment of chronic acquired anemias
- Implantation of genetically engineered HSCs to deliver rhEpo
- Drugs acting on stem cells for treatment of anemia
- Stem cell therapy of hemoglobinopathies
- iPSC-based therapy for β-thalassemia
- Stem cells for treatment of immunoglobulin-light chain amyloidosis
- Future of cell therapy of hematological disorders
- Cell therapy for immunological disorders
- Role of natural killer cells in the immune system
- Role of dendritic cells in the immune system
- Modifying immune responses of DCs by vaccination with lipiodol-siRNA mixtures
- Potential of MSCs as therapy for immune-mediated diseases
- Stem cell therapy of chronic granulomatous disease
- Stem cell therapy of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
- Stem cell therapy of autoimmune disorders
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
- Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with stem cells
- Treatment of Crohn's disease with stem cells
- Stem cell transplants for scleroderma
- Role of T Cells in immunological disorders
- Autologous T cells from adult stem cells
- Cell therapy for graft vs host disease
- T cell infusion for suppressing GVHD
- Genetically modified Tregs expressing CAR for prevention of GVHD
- Concluding remarks on prevention and treatment of acute GVHD
- MSCs for GVHD
- Cell therapy for viral infections
- Anti-HIV ribozyme delivered in hematopoietic progenitor cells
- Dendritic-cell targeted DNA vaccine for HIV
- Exosomes and viral infections
- Manipulation of T cells for treatment of viral infections
- T cell therapy for CMV
- T cell therapy for HIV infection
- T cell immunity by Overlapping Peptide-pulsed Autologous Cells
- Modification of iPSCs with a mutation to confer resistance to HIV
- Cell therapy for COVID-19
- Cell therapy of lysosomal storage diseases
- Niemann-Pick disease
- Gaucher’s disease
- Fabry's disease
- Cell therapy for endocrine disorders
- Hypopituitarism
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Cell therapy for diabetes mellitus
- Limitations of current treatment
- Limitations of insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus
- Limitations of pancreatic transplantation
- Islet cell transplantation
- Autologous pancreatic islet cell transplantation in chronic pancreatitis
- Clinical trials of pancreatic islet cell transplants for diabetes
- Drawbacks of islet cell therapy
- Use of an antioxidant peptide to improve islet cell transplantation
- Cdk-6 and cyclin D1 enhance human beta cell replication and function
- Devices for delivery of therapeutic cells in diabetes
- Monitoring of islet cell transplants with MRI
- Concluding remarks about allogeneic islet transplantation for diabetes
- Encapsulation of insulin producing cells
- Encapsulated porcine pancreatic islet cells for pancreas
- Encapsulated insulinoma cells
- Magnetocapsule enables imaging/tracking of islet cell transplants
- Islet precursor cells
- Dedifferentiation of β cells to promote regeneration
- Pharmacological approaches for β cell regeneration
- Xenotransplantation of embryonic pancreatic tissue
- Non-pancreatic tissues for generation of insulin-producing cells
- Exploiting maternal microchimerism to treat diabetes in the child
- Bio-artificial substitutes for pancreas
- Role of stem cells in the treatment of diabetes
- Embryonic stem cells for diabetes
- HSC transplantation to supplement immunosuppressant therapy
- Insulin-producing cells derived from UCB stem cells 264 iPSc for diabetes
- Pancreatic stem cells
- Pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic β-like cells
- Stem cell injection into portal vein of diabetic patients
- Conversion of progenitor cells into insulin-producing cells
- Human neural progenitor cells converted into insulin-producing cells
- Isolation of islet progenitor cells
- Pancreatic progenitor cells
- Cell-based immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes
- Dendritic cell-based therapy
- T regulatory cell therapy for diabetes
- Vaccine for diabetes
- Synthetic biomimetic β-cells for dynamic insulin secretion
- Gene therapy in diabetes
- Viral vectors for gene therapy of diabetes
- Genetically engineered dendritic cells
- Genetically altered liver cells
- Genetically modified stem cells
- Companies developing cell therapy for diabetes
- Concluding remarks about cell and gene therapy of diabetes
- Cell therapy of gastrointestinal disorders
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Cell therapy for liver disorders
- Types of cells used for hepatic disorders
- Culture and expansion of primary human hepatocytes
- Hepatocyte progenitor cells
- Hybrid periportal hepatocytes
- Methods of delivery of cells for hepatic disorders
- Hepatic failure
- Bioartificial liver
- Hepatocyte-based artificial liver
- Extracorporeal Liver Assist Device
- Limitations of bioartificial liver
- Proliferating cell-based bioartificial liver
- Stem cells for hepatic disorders
- Deriving hepatocytes from commercially available hMSCs
- Implantation of hepatic cells derived from hMSCs of adipose tissue
- Heterologous adult liver progenitor cells
- Liver stem cell culture
- MSC derived molecules for reversing hepatic failure
- Cell-based gene therapy for liver disorders
- Transplantation of genetically modified fibroblasts
- Transplantation of genetically modified hepatocytes
- Genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells
- iPSCs derived from somatic cells for liver regeneration
- Hepatocyte-like cells derived from human parthenogenetic stem cells
- Clinical applications
- Future prospects of cell-based therapy of hepatic disorders
- Cell therapy of renal disorders
- Bioartificial kidney
- Cell-based repair for vascular access failure in renal disease
- Mesangial cell therapy for glomerular disease
- Stem cells for renal disease
- Role of stem cells in renal repair
- Bone marrow stem cells for renal disease
- Human amniotic fluid stem cells for renal regeneration
- MSC therapy for renal disease
- MSCs as aid to renal graft survival
- Transplantation of cell-based bioengineered kidney
- Cell therapy for pulmonary disorders
- Delivery of cell therapy for pumonary disorders
- Intratracheal injection of cells for pulmonary hypoplasia
- Role of stem cells in pulmonary disorders
- Lung stem cells
- Lung tissue regeneration from stem cells
- MSC transplantation in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia
- Role of autologous MSCs in the treatment of severe emphysema
- Role of stem cells in construction of the Cyberlung
- Respiratory epithelial cells derived from UCB stem cells
- Respiratory epithelial cells derived from hESCs
- Lung tissue engineering with adipose stromal cells
- Cell-based tissue-engineering of airway
- Pulmonary disorders that can be treatable with stem cells
- Acute lung injury and ARDS treated with MSCs
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia treated with MSCs
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with MSCs
- Cystic fibrosis treatment with genetically engineered MSCs
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- Lung regeneration by integrin α6β4-expressing alveolar epithelial cell
- Pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment with EPCs
- Cell therapy for disorders of bones, joints and tendons
- Cell therapy for repair of fractures and bone defects
- Bone regeneration by human very small embryonic-like (hVSEL) cells
- Cell therapy for cervical vertebral interbody fusion
- Cell-mediated gene therapy for bone regeneration
- ESCs for bone repair
- hiPSCs for engineering personalized bone grafts
- Intrauterine use of MSCs for osteogenesis imperfecta
- In vivo bone engineering as an alternative to cell transplantation
- In vivo differentiation of pluripotent stem cells for bone regeneration
- MSCs for repair of bone defects
- MSCs for repair of bone fractures
- Osteocel
- Stem cells for repairing skull defects
- Stem cell-based bone tissue engineering
- Spinal fusion using stem cell-based bone grafts
- Wnt stimulation to enrich BMMCs for repair of bone fractures
- Cell therapy of tendon injuries
- Autologous tenocyte implantation in rotator cuff injury repair
- Platelet injection for tennis elbow
- Cell-based techniques for cartilage repair and regeneration
- Cartilage generation from stem cells
- Cartilage engineering from iPSCs
- Genetically modified fibroblasts expressing TGF-β for cartilage repair
- Juvenile cartilage implant for repair of damage to articular cartilage
- Cell therapy for repair of knee cartilage injuries
- Autologous chondrocyte therapy of the knee
- Meniscus-derived stem cells
- MSC-based constructs for knee joint replacement
- Nanobiotechnology scaffolds for MSC-based cartilage reconstruction
- Role of cells in the repair of anterior cruciate ligament injury
- Osteoporosis
- Stem cell gene therapy for osteoporosis
- Osteoarthritis of the joints
- Autologous cultured chondrocytes
- Autologous intervertebral disc chondrocyte transplantation
- Intraarticular MSCs for osteoarthritis
- Mosaicplasty
- Stem cell therapy of osteoarthritis of the knee
- Osteonecrosis
- Cell therapy for osteonecrosis
- Cell therapy for radionecrosis
- Repair of osteonecrosis by bone marrow derived MSCs
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Cell therapy for diseases of the eye
- Age-related macular dystrophy
- Cell therapy for corneal repair
- Use of human cultured endothelial cells for bullous keratopathy
- Lens regeneration from endogenous stem cells
- Role of stem cells in fibrosis following eye injury
- Stem cell therapy for limbal stem cell deficiency
- Stem cell transplantation for radiation sickness
- MSCs for treatment of radiation damage to the bone
- MSCs for regeneration of ovaries following radiotherapy damage
- Cell therapy for wound healing
- Cells to form skin substitutes for healing ulcers
- CellSpray for wound repair
- Cell therapy for burns
- Closure of incisions with laser guns and cells
- Genetically engineered keratinocytes for wound repair
- MSCs for wound healing
- Role of amniotic fluid MSCs in repair of fetal wounds
- Treatment of diabetic foot ulcers with stem cells
- Role of cells in regenerative medicine
- Stem cells for regeneration of skin and appendages
- Bifunctional ectodermal stem cells and nail regeneration
- Stem cells for regeneration of skin in junctional epidermolysis bullosa
- Follicular stem cells for skin and wound repair
- Regeneration of aging skin by adipose-derived stem cells
- Reprogramming autologous stem cells for regeneration of skin
- Concluding remarks on regeneration of skin by stem cells
- Cell therapy for regeneration of muscle wasting
- Role of stem cells in regeneration of esophageal epithelium
- Stem cell-based regenerative therapy for xerostomia
- Concluding remarks for use of cells in regenerative medicine
- Genomic studies for examining the role of stem cells in regeneration
- Cell therapy for regenerating organs
- MSCs for regenerative medicine
- Umbilical cord blood for regeneration
- Future prospects of stem cells for regenerative medicine
- Role of cells in tissue engineering and reconstructive surgery
- Scaffolds for tissue engineering
- Improving vascularization of engineered tissues
- Reconstruction of vasculature
- Repair of aging skin by injecting autologous fibroblasts
- Enhancing vascularization by combining cell and gene therapy
- Nanobiotechnology applied to cells for tissue engineering
- Choosing cells for tissue engineering
- Stem cells for tissue repair
- ESCs vs adult SCs for tissue engineering
- Use of adult MSCs for tissue engineering
- Measuring MSC interactions with environment for tissue engineering
- Stem cells for tissue engineering of various organs
- Breast reconstruction by adipose tissue-derived stem cells
- Engineering of healthy living teeth from stem cells
- Intra-uterine repair of congenital defects using amniotic fluid MSCs
- Skin regeneration by stem cells as an alternative to face transplant
- Tissue engineering of bone by stem cells
- Cell-based tissue engineering in genitourinary system
- Urinary incontinence
- Tissue engineering of urinary bladder
- Label retaining urothelial cells for bladder repair
- MSCs for bladder repair
- Tissue-engineering of urethra using autologous cells
- Repair of the pelvic floor with stem cells from the uterus
- Reconstruction of vagina from stem cells
- Reconstruction of cartilage for repair of craniofacial defects
- Intraoperative cell therapy
- Cell therapy for rejuvenation
- Reversal of muscle weakness and atrophy in aging
- Reversal of cognitive impairment in aging
- Treatment of fraility of aging with MSCs
- Cell therapy for performance enhancement in sports
- Application of stem cells in veterinary medicine
- Stem cells for repair of tendon injuries in horses
- Stem cells for spinal cord injury in dogs
- Stem cells for arthritis in horses
5. Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular Disorders
- Introduction to cardiovascular disorders
- Limitations of current therapies for myocardial ischemic disease
- Types of cell therapy for cardiovascular disorders
- Cell-mediated immune modulation for chronic heart disease
- Inducing the proliferation of cardiomyocytes
- Pericardial origin of colony-forming units
- Role of splenic myocytes in repair of the injured heart
- Reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes
- Stem cell-based therapies for cardiovascular diseases
- Human cardiovascular progenitor cells
- Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes
- Large cardiac-muscle patches based on hiPSC technology
- Magnetic antibody-linked nanoparticles to deliver cells to the heart
- Role of the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis in therapies for myocardial ischemia
- Small molecules to enhance myocardial repair by stem cells
- Stem cells and atherosclerosis
- Cell therapy for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease
- MyoCell™ (Bioheart)
- Cardiac stem cells
- Cardiomyocytes derived from epicardium
- Cardiac atrial appendage stem cells
- Methods of delivery of cells to the heart
- Cellular cardiomyoplasty
- IGF-1 delivery by nanofibers to improve cell therapy for MI
- Non-invasive delivery of cells to the heart by Morph®guide catheter
- Cell therapy for cardiac revascularization
- Transplantation of cardiac progenitor cells for revascularization of myocardium
- Stem cells to prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty
- Role of cells in cardiac tissue repair
- Cardiac repair with myoendothelial cells from skeletal muscle
- Modulation of cardiac macrophages for repair of infarct
- Multipotent cells from placenta for regeneration of the heart
- Myocardial tissue engineering
- Patching myocardial infarction with fibroblast culture
- Transplantation of myoblasts for myocardial infarction
- Role of stem cells in repair of the heart
- Role of stem cells in cardiac regeneration following injury
- Cardiomyocytes derived from adult skin cells
- Cardiomyocytes derived from ESCs
- Cardiomyocyte differentiation from hIPSCs
- Studies to identify subsets of progenitor cells suitable for cardiac repair
- Technologies for preparation of stem cells for cardiovascular therapy
- Pravastatin for expansion of endogenous progenitor and stem cells
- Cytokine preconditioning of human fetal liver CD133+ SCs
- Expansion of adult cardiac stem cells for transplantation
- Role of MSCs in growth of CSCs
- Role of ESCs in repair of the heart
- ESC transplantation for tumor-free repair of the heart
- Transplantation of stem cells for myocardial infarction
- Autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell therapeutics
- Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal precursor stem cells
- Intracoronary infusion of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells
- Transplantation of cord blood stem cells
- Transplantation of hESCs
- Transplantation of HSCs
- Transplantation of autologous angiogenic cell precursors
- Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells
- Transplantation of bone marrow-derived cells for myocardial infarct
- Transplantation of human umbilical cord perivascular cells
- Transplantation of endothelial cells
- Transplantation of cardiomyocytes differentiated from hESCs
- Stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration
- 3D printed scaffold for regeneration of myocardial infarct with cells
- Cryopreserved hESC-derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac regeneration
- Exosomal miRNAs from hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes
- HSCs for regeneration of the chronic myocardial infarcts
- Human MSCs for cardiac regeneration
- In vivo tracking of MSCs transplanted in the heart
- MSCs for hibernating myocardium
- Simultaneous transplantation of MSCs and skeletal myoblasts
- Transplantation of stem cells and immune response of the heart
- Transplantation of genetically modified cells
- Transplantation of genetically modified MSCs
- Transplantation of cells secreting vascular endothelial growth factor
- Transplantation of genetically modified bone marrow stem cells
- Cell transplantation for congestive heart failure
- AngioCell gene therapy for congestive heart failure
- Injection of adult stem cells for CHF
- Intracoronary infusion of cardiac stem cells
- Myoblasts for treatment of congestive heart failure
- Stem cell therapy for dilated cardiac myopathy
- Role of cell therapy in cardiac arrhythmias
- Biological pacemakers
- Stem cells as biological pacemakers
- Stem cells for cardiac arrythmias
- Prevention of myoblast-induced arrhythmias by genetic engineering
- Ventricular tachycardia
- ESCs for correction of congenital heart defects
- Cardiac progenitors cells for treatment of heart disease
- Autologus stem cells for chronic myocardial ischemia
- Role of cells in cardiovascular tissue engineering
- Cell-based in vitro regeneration of heart for transplantation
- Construction of blood vessels with cells
- Engineered arteries for bypass grafts
- Engineering heart valves with UCB progenitor cells
- Epicardial regeneration from hPSCs
- Fetal cardiomyocytes seeding in tissue-engineered cardiac grafts
- Targeted delivery of endothelial progenitor cells labeled with nanoparticles
- Cell therapy for peripheral vascular disease
- ALD-301
- Cell/gene therapy for PVD
- Cell therapy for CLI in diabetics
- Colony stimulating factors for enhancing peripheral blood stem cells
- Intramuscular autologous bone marrow cells
- Ixmyelocel-T cell therapy for critical limb ischemia
- Stem cell-coated vascular grafts for femoral-tibial arterial bypass
- Clinical trials of cell therapy in cardiovascular disease
- Mechanism of the benefit of cell therapy for heart disease
- A critical evaluation of cell therapy for heart disease
- Publications of clinical trials of cell therapy for CVD
- Current status of cell therapy for cardiovascular disease
- Future directions for cell therapy of CVD
- Combination of cells with biomedical scaffolds
- Prospects of adult stem cell therapy for repair of heart
- Role of cells in regeneration of the heart
- Regeneration of cardiomyocytes without use of cardiac stem cells
6. Cell Therapy for Cancer
- Introduction
- Cell therapy technologies for cancer
- Cell-based delivery of anticancer therapy
- Cellular immunotherapy for cancer
- Treatments for cancer by ex vivo mobilization of immune cells
- Granulocytes as anticancer agents
- Neutrophil granulocytes in antibody-based immunotherapy of cancer
- Cancer vaccines
- Autologous tumor cell vaccines
- BIOVAXID
- OncoVAX
- Tumor cells treated with dinitrophenyl
- Vaccines that simultaneously target different cancer antigens
- Gene modified cancer cells vaccines
- GVAX cancer vaccines
- K562/GM-CSF
- Active immunotherapy based on antigen specific to the tumor
- The use of dendritic cells for cancer vaccination
- Autologous dendritic cells loaded ex vivo with telomerase mRNA
- Dendritic cell-targeted protein vaccines
- Dendritic/tumor cell fusion
- Electro-hyperthermia for improving DC immunotherapy
- Genetically modified dendritic cells
- In vivo manipulation of dendritic cells
- Preclinical and clinical studies with DC vaccines
- Vaccines based on dendritic cell-derived exosomes
- Limitations of DC vaccines for cancer
- Future developments to enhance clinical efficacy of DC vaccines
- Cell-based cancer immunotherapy
- Adoptive cell therapy
- CD8+ T cells for use in tumor immunotherapy
- Combination of antiangiogenic agents with ACT
- Expansion of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- Genetically modified T cells for targeting tumors
- Genetic engineering of tumor cells to activate T helper cells
- Targeting T regulatory cells
- T cells with immunological memory and stem cell-like properties
- T cell imaging for predicting response to cancer vaccines
- Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
- Chimeric antigen receptor T cells
- Basics of CAR-T cell
- Basis of anticancer effect of CAR-T cells
- CAR-T cell manufacture
- CAR-T cell therapy for leukemia
- CAR-T cell therapy for multiple myeloma
- CAR-T cell therapy for lymphoma
- CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors
- CAR-T cell therapy for cardiac fibrosis
- Companies developing CAR-T cell therapy
- CAR NK cells derived from human iPSCs
- Genome editing of CAR-T cells
- ProCAR-NK cancer immunotherapy
- Remote control of CAR-T cells
- Safety of CAR-T cell therapy
- Concluding remarks and future of T-cell therapy
- Chemoimmunotherapy
- Hybrid cell vaccination
- Stem cell-based anticancer therapies
- Stem cell transplantation in cancer
- Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
- Stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies
- Long-term results of HSC transplantation
- Prediction of T cell reconstitution after HSC transplantation
- HSC transplantation followed by GM-CSF-secreting cell vaccines
- HSC transplantation for renal cell cancer
- Umbilical cord blood transplant for hematological malignancies
- Complications of stem cell transplants in cancer
- Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
- Delayed immune reconstitution leading to viral infections and relapse
- Tumor cell contamination
- Neurological complications
- Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
- Current status and safety of allogeneic HSC transplantation
- Complications of PBSC transplantation in children
- Role of MSCs in cancer
- MSC-mediated delivery of anticancer therapeutics
- Mesenchymal progenitor cells for delivery of oncolytic adenoviruses
- MSCs for oncolytic HSV delivery for brain metastases of melanoma
- Nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- hESC-derived NK cells for treatment of cancer
- ESC vaccine for prevention of lung cancer
- Genetic modification of stem cells for cancer therapy
- Genetic modification of hematopoietic stem cells
- Use of hematopoietic stem cells to deliver suicide genes to tumors
- Delivery of anticancer agents by genetically engineered MSCs
- Genetically modified NSCs for treatment of neuroblastoma
- Innovations in cell-based therapy of cancer
- Use of immortalized cells
- Cancer therapy based on natural killer cells
- Cytokine-induced killer cells
- Mesothelin as a target for cancer immunotherapy
- Nanomagnets for targeted cell-based cancer gene therapy
- Implantation of genetically modified encapsulated cells for anticancer therapy
- Antiangiogenesis therapy by implantation of microencapsulated cells
- Recombinant tumor cells secreting fusion protein
- A device for filtering cancer and stem cells in the blood
- Cancer stem cells
- Cancer stem cell biomarkers
- Integrative nuclear signaling and development of cancer in stem cells
- Origin of cancer in normal stem cells
- Role of intestinal stem cells in intestinal polyposis
- Role of endothelial progenitor cells in tumor angiogenesis
- Role of cancer stem cells in metastases
- Role of cancer stem cells in chemotherapy
- Therapeutic implications of cancer stem cells
- Targeting breast cancer stem cells
- Targeting cancer stem cells in leukemia
- Targeting cancer stem cells in ovarian cancer
- Targeting cancer stem cells to screen anticancer drugs
- Companies involved in cell-based cancer therapy
- American Association for Cancer Research and ESCs
- Future of cell-based immunotherapy for cancer
7. Cell Therapy for Neurological Disorders
- Introduction
- Use of stem cells for research in neurosciences
- Cerebral organoids for modeling human brain development
- Use of human stem cell-derived neurons in neuropharmacology
- Regeneration of brain by in vitro/in vivo reprogramming of cells
- Molecular mechanism of neurogenesis
- Generation of neurons from astroglia
- In vivo cell replacement therapy by locally induced neural progenitor cells
- In vivo reprogramming to generate new neurons
- Types of cells used for treatment of neurological disorders
- Activated T lymphocytes
- Differentiation of placenta-derived multipotent cells into neurons
- Fibroblast-derived human striatal neurons
- Mesenchymal stem cells induced to secrete neurotrophic factors
- MUSE cells transplantation for neuronal regeneration
- Neural stem cells
- Development of human CNS stem cells
- Direct conversion of adult fibroblasts into neural progenitor cells
- Distinction between NSCs and intermediate neural progenitors
- Embryonic stem cell-derived neurogenesis
- Epidermal neural crest stem cells for neurological disorders
- Fusion of NSCs with endogenous neurons
- Induction of NSCs from hESCs
- Induction of NSCs from adult MSCs
- Mechanism of migration of NSCs to sites of CNS injury
- Monitoring of implanted NSCs labeled with nanoparticles
- Neural progenitor cells
- Neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the brain
- Neural stem cells derived from induced neural plate border stem cells
- Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
- Promotion of neural stem cells expansion by betacellulin
- Proteomics of neural stem cells
- Regulation of neural stem cells in the brain
- Role of CSF in regulation of neural progenitor cells
- Sequencing the transcriptomes of neural stem cells
- Study of neural differentiation of hESCs by NeuroStem Chip
- Transformation of neural stem cells into other cell types
- Stem cell transplantation in the CNS
- Development of CNS cells from non-CNS stem cells
- Expansion of adult human neural progenitors
- Hair-follicle stem cells for neural repair
- Human NSCs for treatment of neurological disorders
- NSCs and scaffolds for regeneration therapy of CNS disorders
- Neurospheres
- Stem cells from olfactory epithelium for transplantation in the CNS
- Stem cells from human umbilical cord blood for CNS disorders
- Choroid plexus cells for transplantation
- Dental pulp cells for neuroprotection
- Derivation of CNS cells from peripheral nervous system
- Fetal tissue transplants
- Immortalized cells for CNS disorders
- Laboratory mice with human brain cells
- Olfactory ensheathing cells for CNS repair
- Ideal cells for transplantation into the nervous system
- Cell therapy techniques for neurological applications
- Carbon nanotubes to aid stem cell therapy of neurological disorders
- Cell transplantation for regeneration of the nervous system
- Cells used for gene therapy of neurological disorders
- Fibroblasts
- Stem cells
- Neuronal cells
- Immortalized neural progenitor cells
- Astrocytes
- Cerebral endothelial cells
- Human retinal pigmented epithelial cells
- Enhancement of growth of stem cells in the brain by drugs
- C3-induced differentiation and migration of NPC for repair of the brain
- Stem cell therapies of neurological disorders combined with HBO479 hESCs for CNS repair
- Motor neurons derived from stem cells
- MSCs for CNS repair
- Neuronal differentiation of stem cells
- Apigenin promotes differentiation of stem cells into neural lineage
- Stem cells preparations for CNS disorders
- Tracking of stem cells in the CNS by nanoparticles and MRI
- Use of neural stem cells to construct the blood brain barrier
- Methods of delivery of cells to the CNS
- Cerebrospinal fluid-stem cell interactions for therapy of CNS disorders
- CNS delivery of cells by catheters
- Engineered stem cells for drug delivery to the brain
- Encapsulated cells
- Intrathecal delivery of stem cells
- Intraparenchymal delivery of stem cells to the spinal cord
- Intravascular administration
- Neural stem cells as therapeutic delivery vehicles
- Neurological disorders amenable to cell therapy
- Neuroprotection by cell therapy
- Cells secreting neuroprotective substances
- Stem cells for neuroprotection
- Neuroprotection by intravenous administration of HSCs
- Human UCB-derived stem cells for the aging brain
- Neurodegenerative disorders
- MSCs for therapy of neurodegenerative disorders
- Role of stem cells in neurodegenerative disorders
- Role of NSCs in disorders associated with aging brain
- NSCs for improving memory
- Parkinson's disease
- Cell therapies for PD
- Delivery of cells for PD
- Dopamine neurons for PD
- Encapsulated cells for PD
- Graft survival-enhancing drugs
- hiPSCs for personalized restoration of motor function in PD
- Human retinal pigment epithelium cells for PD
- Potential of regeneration of endogenous stem cells in PD
- Pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons
- Stem cell transplantation in animal models of PD
- Stem cells for production of glial derived neurotrophic factor
- Transplantation of embryonic medial ganglionic eminence cells
- Trials of stem cell transplantation in PD patients
- Tumorigenic potential of transplantated dopaminergic hESCs
- Xenografting porcine fetal neurons
- Personalized stem cell therapy for PD
- Future perspectives of clinical trials of stem cell therapy for PD
- MSCs for multiple system atrophy
- Cell therapy for Huntington's disease
- Fetal striatal cell transplantation
- Transplantation of encapsulated porcine choroids plexus cells503 iPSCs for HD
- Mobilization of endogenous neural progenitor cells in HD
- Cell therapy for Alzheimer's disease
- Choroid plexus epithelial cells for AD
- Implantation of genetically engineered cells producing NGF
- Neural stem cell implantation for Alzheimer's disease
- Use of autologous stem cells for dementia
- Cell therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Stem cell techniques for study of ALS
- Rational for use of stem cells for ALS
- Experimental studies with various types of stem cells for ALS
- Clinical trials of stem cells for ALS
- Transplantation of glial restricted precursors in ALS
- Stem cell-based drug discovery for ALS
- Cell therapy for demyelinating disorders
- Autologous bone marrow stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis
- ESCs for remyelination
- Fusokine method of personalized cell therapy of MS
- Genetically engineered macrophages expressing NaV1.5
- Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for MS
- MSCs for multiple sclerosis
- Neural progenitor cells for neuroprotection in MS
- NSC transplantation for repair of demyelination after
- iNSCs for antiinflammatory effect in MS
- Oligodendrocyte generation from human iPSCs
- T cell-based personalized vaccine for MS
- T cell-directed therapies for MS
- Stem cells for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
- Stem cell transplantation for Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease
- X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
- Cell therapy of stroke
- Adult stem cell therapy in stroke
- Cell therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage
- Functional integration of iPSC-derived neurons in stroke-injured brain
- Implantation of genetically programmed ESCs
- Intravenous infusion of MSCs
- Intravenous infusion of human UCB stem cells
- Intravenous MSCs to prevent rupture of experimental aneurysms
- Intracerebral administration of human adipose tissue stromal cells
- Neural stem cell therapy for stroke
- Preconditioning with hyperbaric oxygen for stem cell therapy
- Transplantation of encapsulated porcine choroids plexus
- Transplantation of fetal porcine cells
- Role of cell therapy in management of stroke according to stage
- Clinical trials of cell therapy for stroke
- Future of cell therapy for stroke
- Cell therapy of traumatic brain injury
- Cell/gene therapy for TBI
- Clinical trials of autologous stem cell therapy for TBI
- Limitations of stem cell therapy for acute TBI
- Improving the microenvironments of transplanted cells in TBI
- MSC-derived exosomes for treatment of TBI
- Cell therapy for spinal cord injury
- Autoimmune T cells against CNS myelin-associated peptide
- Fetal neural grafts for SCI
- Olfactory-ensheathing cells for SCI
- Oligodendrocyte precursor cells for treatment of SCI
- Schwann cell transplants for SCI
- Transplantation of glial cells for SCI
- Stem cells for SCI
- Bone marrow stem cells for SCI
- Embryonic stem cells for SCI
- ESC-derived neural aggregates for treatment of SCI
- Transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cells in SCI
- Transplantation of MSCs for SCI
- Transplantation of NSCs for SCI
- Transplantation of human dental pulp stem cells
- Transdifferentiation of BM stem cells into cholinergic neurons for SCI
- Evaluation of experimental studies of stem cell transplantation in SCI
- Spinal stem cells for treatment of ischemic injury of spinal cord
- Combined approaches for regeneration in SCI
- Combined cell/gene therapy for SCI
- Delivery of cells in SCI
- Intrathecal injection of cells labeled with magnetic nanoparticles
- Intravenous injection of stem cells for spinal cord repair
- Clinical applications of stem cells for SCI
- Autologous bone marrow cell transplantation for SCI
- Cell therapy of syringomyelia
- Cell therapy for neurogenetic disorders
- Hurler's syndrome treated with stem cells
- Krabbe’s disease treated with UCB stem cells
- Krabbe's disease treated with combination of cell and gene therapy
- Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies treated with stem cells
- Sanfilippo syndrome type B treated with UCB stem cells
- Cell therapy for lysosomal storage disorders
- Cell therapy for Batten disease
- Cell/gene therapy for Farber’s disease
- Genetically modified HSCs for metachromatic leukodystrophy
- Neural stem cells for lysosomal storage disorders
- Cell therapy of epilepsy
- Cell therapy of posttraumatic epilepsy
- Cell therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy
- Cell therapy for pharmacoresistant epilepsies
- Cell therapy for developmental neurological disorders
- Cell therapy for cerebral palsy
- Cell-based therapies for malignant CNS tumors
- Bone morphogenetic protein for inhibition of glioblastoma
- CAR-T cell therapy of glioblastoma
- Dendritic cell therapy for brain tumors
- Encapsulated cells for brain tumors
- Engineered human NSCs for treatment of spinal cord gliomas
- Immunotherapy of glioblastoma targeting cancer stem cells
- Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of gliomas
- Neural stem cells for treatment of malignant brain tumors
- Role of cancer stem cells in resistance to radiotherapy
- Stem cell-based therapy targeting EGFR in glioblastoma
- Targeting stem cells in brain tumors
- Clinical trials of cell therapy of glioblastoma
- Cell therapy for chemobrain
- Cell therapy for muscle disorders
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- Combination of cell and pharmacotherapy for DMD
- Myoblast transplant for DMD
- Myoblast-based gene transfer
- Myoblasts lacking the MyoD gene
- Myoblast injection for treatment of other muscular dystrophies
- Role of satellite cells in the treatment of DMD
- Stem cells for DMD
- Wnt7a treatment for DMD
- Cell therapy for autism
- Management of chronic intractable pain by cell therapy
- Implantation of chromaffin cells
- Role of stem cells in management of pain
- Implantation of astrocytes secreting enkephalin
- Cells for delivery of antinociceptive molecules
- Implantation of genetically engineered cells
- Cell therapy for low back pain
- Cell therapy for neuropathic itch
- Cell therapy for neuroendocrine disorders
- Pituitary stem cells
- Cell therapy for regenerating optic pathways
- Cell therapy for retinal degenerative disorders
- Delivery of CNTF by encapsulated cell intraocular implants
- Genetically engineered retinal pigmented epithelial cell lines
- Stem cell-based therapies for retinal degenerative disorders
- Adipose-derived stem cells for retinal degeneration
- Adipose-derived stem cells transplantation for diabetic retinopathy
- ESCs for retinal degenerative disorders
- hESC-derived RPE cells for AMD
- Human retinal stem cells
- iPSCs for AMD
- Neuroprotective effect of neural progenitor cell transplantation
- Stem-cell based therapy for retinitis pigmentosa
- Stem cell transplantation in the retina
- Combining stem cell and gene therapies for retinal disorders
- Clinical trials of cell therapy for retinal degenerative disorders
- Stem cell therapy for hearing loss
- Cell thery for peripheral nerve lesions
- Cell transplants for peripheral nerve injuries
- Role of adipose-derived stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration
- Treatment of diabetic neuropathy with endothelial progenitor cells
- Complications of cell therapy of neurological disorders
- Tumor formation after CNS transplantation of stem cells
- Donor stem cell-derived brain tumor
- Glioproliferative lesion of spinal cord as a complication of cell therapy
- Uncontrolled differentiation of implanted ESCs
- Tumorigenicity of ESC-derived retinal progenitor cells
- Clinical trials of cell therapy in neurological disorders
- Future of cell therapy of CNS disorders
8. Ethical, Legal and Political Aspects of Cell therapy
- Introduction
- Political and ethical aspects of hESC research in the US
- Ethical issues concerning fetal tissues
- Morality and hESC research
- Opponents of hESC research in the US
- Use of hESCs in NIH-supported research
- Politics of hESC research in the US
- Public opinion in the US about hESC research
- Human stem cell cloning in the US
- Stem cell guidelines of various US institutions
- Ethics of transplanting human NSCs into the brains of nonhuman primates
- Public opinion on use of iPSCs for growing human organs in animals
- Stem cell research around the world
- ESC lines available worldwide
- ESC policies around the world
- Countries with no defined policies on hESC research
- Australia
- Canada
- China
- Denmark
- France
- Germany
- India
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- Russia
- The Netherlands
- Saudi Arabia
- Singapore
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
- UK StemCellBank
- European Union
- EU guidelines for stem cell research
- European stem cell bank
- EMBO’s recommendations for stem cell research
- Public opinion in Europe about hESC research
- United Nations, cloning and nuclear transfer
- The Embryo Project for information on ESC research
- Concluding remarks about ethics of ESC research
- Ethical issues concerning umbilical cord blood
- Legal issues associated with stem cells
- Stem cell patents
- Stem cell patents in the United States
- Current status of Thomson patents at WARF
- Stem cell patents in the European Union
- Cell therapy tourism
9. Safety and Regulatory Aspects of Cell Therapy
- Introduction
- Safety issues of cell therapy
- Immune-mediated reactions to transpanted stem cells
- Human virus infections associated with stem cell transplantation
- Herpes simplex virus type 1
- Cytomegalovirus
- Opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
- Cord colitis syndrome
- Carcinogenic potential of stem cells and its prevention
- Regulatory challenges for the clinical use of cell products
- Prediction of in vivo performance of cell-based therapies
- FDA safety regulations for cell and tissue products
- FDA Guidance on license applications for umbilical cord blood products
- Regulation of cord blood banks in the US
- Regulatory issues for biotechnology-derived drugs
- Regulation of products for adoptive cell therapy of cancer
- Regulation of cell selection devices for PBSCs at point of care
- FDA rules for human cells and tissues
- FDA regulation of fetal cellular or tissue products
- FDA and ESC lines
- FDA and clinical trials using hESCs
- Cell and gene therapies approved by the FDA
- Cell and gene therapy INDs placed on hold by the FDA
- Regulatory issues for genetically engineered cell transplants
- FDA guidelines for human tissue transplantation
- FDA considers cultured stem cells for therapy as drugs
- FDA perspective on safety-efficacy and risk-benefit of stem cell therapy
- FDA action against unapproved cell therapy in the US
- Xenotransplantation
- Clinical Protocol Review and Oversight
- Informed consent and patient education
- Xenotransplantation product sources
- FDA guidelines for xenografts
- US regulations for manufacture of cell therapy products
- GMP in USA
- Regulations relevant to cell therapy in the European Union
- Regulations about use of stem cells in the EU
- Guidelines for cell therapy in the UK
- Quality requirements for ex vivo-expanded MSC products for clinical use
- European regulations for manufacture of cell therapy products
- GMP in Europe
- Global regulation of stem cell approval
- Transport of stem cells between countries
- Temperature limitations during transport of stem cells
- NIH and stem cells
- hESC lines approved under the new NIH guidelines
- Clinical trials in cell therapy
- Assessment of clinical trial registration and publication
- Misuse of listing on ClinicalTrials.gov to provide unapproved stem cell therapy
Tables
Table 1-1: Landmarks in the history of cell therapy
Table 1-2: Examples of cells involved in various diseases
Table 2-1: Types of human cells used in cell therapy
Table 2-2: A selection of companies providing cell culture media
Table 2-3: A sampling of companies supplying cell sorters
Table 2-4: Companies involved in cell-based drug discovery
Table 2-5: Methods of delivery of cells for therapeutic purposes
Table 2-6: Therapeutic applications of encapsulated cells
Table 2-7: Companies working on encapsulated cell technology
Table 2-8: Molecular imaging methods for tracking cells in vivo
Table 3-1: Various levels of potency relevant to stem cells
Table 3-2: Clinical trials of UCB
Table 3-3: Companies involved in cord blood banking as a source of stem cells
Table 3-4: Comparison of techniques for nuclear reprogramming of stem cells
Table 3-5: Banks of patient-specific iPSC lines
Table 3-6: Companies providing iPSCs
Table 3-7: Sources of adult human stem cells
Table 3-8: Comparison of human stem cells according to derivation
Table 3-9: Enhancing engraftment, mobilization and expansion of stem cells
Table 3-10: Applications of stem cells
Table 3-11: Advantages and limitations of methods for optimizing MSCs
Table 3-12: Pharmaceutical manipulation of stem cells
Table 3-13: Growth factors with positive effects on stem cells and applications
Table 3-14: Examples of drugs that induce granulocytopenia at stem cell level
Table 3-15: Academic institutes involved in stem cell research
Table 3-16: Companies involved in stem cell technologies
Table 4-1: Therapeutic applications of regulatory T cells (Tregs)
Table 4-2: Various tissue/cell therapy approaches to the treatment of type 1 diabetes
Table 4-3: Companies involved in cell therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes
Table 4-4: Major pulmonary disorders potentially treatable by stem cell manipulation
Table 4-5: Clinical trials of MSCs in COPD
Table 4-6: Cell-based repair of knee cartilage damage
Table 4-7: Intraoperative cell therapy
Table 5-1: Classification of various types of cell therapy for cardiovascular disorders
Table 5-2: Clinical trials of cell therapy in cardiovascular disease
Table 6-1: Cell therapy technologies used for cancer
Table 6-2: Companies developing CAR-T cell therapy
Table 6-3: Companies involved in developing cell-based therapies for cancer
Table 7-1: Studies in rats or mice of in vivo reprogramming of cells for brain repair
Table 7-2: NSCs-based approaches for neurological disorders.
Table 7-3: Experimental use of immortalized cells for CNS disorders
Table 7-4: Combination of stem cells and HBO in models of neurological disorders
Table 7-5: Therapeutic applications of MSCs for neurological disorders
Table 7-6: Methods for delivering cell therapies in CNS disorders
Table 7-7: Neurological disorders amenable to cell therapy
Table 7-8: Types of cell used for investigative treatment of Parkinson's disease
Table 7-9: Status of cell therapies for Parkinson's disease
Table 7-10: Role of cell therapy in management of stroke according to stage
Table 7-11: Clinical trials of cell therapy for stroke: completed, ongoing and pending
Table 7-12: Clinical trials of cell therapy for retinal degenerative disorders
Table 7-13: Clinical trials with cell therapy in neurological disorders (excluding stroke)
Table 8-1: Listed numbers of ESC lines around the world
Table 8-2: Stem cell policies around the world
Table 8-3: European public attitudes about research involving human stem cells
Table 9-1: Possible adverse reactions and safety issues of cell therapy
Table 9-2: Cell and gene therapies approved by the FDA
Figures
Figure 1-1: Interrelationships of cell therapy to other technologies
Figure 1-2: Interrelationships of gene, cell and protein therapies
Figure 1-3: Engineering of RBCs for drug delivery
Figure 3-1: A simplified biological scheme of embryonic stem Cells
Figure 3-2: Steps of iPS cell production
Figure 3-3: hESC-derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer
Figure 3-4: Approaches for optimizing preparation of HSCs for transplantation
Figure 3-5: Flow chart of development of stem cells with potential bottlenecks
Figure 4-1: Reprograming ESCs/iPSCs cells to β-cells for type 1 diabetes
Figure 4-2: Fluorescently labeled polarized Upcyte® hepatocytes
Figure 5-1: Ex vivo vs in vivo approaches to regeneration of the heart
Figure 5-2: hESC-derived cardiomyocytes from laboratory to bedside
Figure 5-3: Steps in growing a new heart in vitro for transplantation
Figure 6-1: A scheme of generation and administration of tumor antigen-pulsed dendritic cells
Figure 6-2: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells attacking tumor cells
Figure 6-3: Stem cell transplantation techniques
Figure 7-1: Cell-based methods for repair of the brain
Figure 7-2: Reprogramming methods for in vivo generation of neurons
Figure 7-3: Stem cells that can give rise to neurons
Figure 7-4: Sources of dopaminergic neurons for transplantation in Parkinson’s disease
Figure 7-5: hiPSCs for restoring motor function in PD
Figure 7-6: Scheme of iPSCs for personalized cell therapy of Parkinson disease
Figure 7-7: Potential mechanisms of stem cell efficacy in ALS
Figure 7-8: Approaches to stem cell therapy in stroke
Figure 8-1: Global stem cell publications 2015-2019
Part II: Markets, Companies & Academic Institutions
10. Markets and Future Prospects for Cell Therapy
- Introduction
- Methods for estimation of cell therapy markets
- Potential markets for cell therapy
- Markets according to technologies
- Stem cell transplants
- Supporting cell technologies
- Blood transfusion market
- Cord blood collection and storage
- Cell therapy and related technologies
- Cell therapy markets according to therapeutic areas
- Bone and joint disorders
- Cancer
- Cardiovascular disorders
- Diabetes mellitus
- Liver disorders
- Neurological disorders
- Retinal degenerative diseases market
- Skin and wound care
- Urinary incontinence
- Reconstruction of teeth by stem cell implants
- Market size according to geographical areas
- Unmet market needs in cell therapy
- Drivers of growth of cell therapy markets
- Role of stem cells in regenerative medicine
- Role of cells in markets for artificial organs
- Increase of R&D expense on cell therapy
- Increased used of cell-based drug discovery
- Impact of emerging healthcare trends on cell therapy markets
- Markets for cell therapy tourism
- Involvement of pharmaceutical companies in cell therapy
- Future prospects of cell therapy
- Challenges for cell therapy
- Achievements of cell therapy
- Stem cell research around the world
- Stem cell research in China
- Consortia for ESC research in Europe
- EuroStemCell
- UK National Stem Cell Network
- Ethical concerns about commercialization of embryonic stem cells
- Education of the physicians
- Public education
- NIH support of stem cell research
- Funding of stem cell research from non-federal sources
- Prospects of venture capital support for stem cell companies
- Cell therapy in the developing countries
- Guidelines for stem cell therapies
- Business strategies
- Formation of networks
- Market potential of autologous vs allogeneic cells
- Future market potential of adult vs embryonic stem cells
- Transportation and handling of cell therapy products
- Translating science into business
11. Companies Involved in Cell Therapy
- Introduction
- Profiles of selected companies
- Collaborations
12. Academic Institutions
- Introduction
- Stem cell centers
- Profiles of institutions
- Collaborations
13. References
Tables
Table 10-1: Market size according to cell therapy and related technologies 2020-2030
Table 10-2: Market size according to therapeutic areas for cell therapy in 2020-2030
Table 10-3: Cell therapy markets for cardiovascular disorders in 2020-2030
Table 10-4: Values of cell therapies for neurological disorders in 2020-2030
Table 10-5: Total cell therapy market in 2020-2030 according to geographical areas
Table 10-6: Cord blood market according to geographical areas 2020-2030
Table 10-7: Stem cells transplant market according to geographical areas 2020-2030
Table 10-8: SWOT Autologous cells vs allogeneic cells
Table 11-1: Publicly traded cell therapy companies
Table 11-2: Selected collaborations of cell therapy companies
Table 12-1: Therapeutic uses of stem cells
Table 12-2: Commercial collaborations of US academic institutes relevant to stem cells
Figures
Figure 10-1: Unmet needs in cell therapy
Samples
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