Cell Therapy - Technologies, Markets and Companies

Table of Contents

Part I: Technologies, Ethics & Regulations

0. Executive Summary  

1. Introduction to Cell Therapy 

• Introduction 
• Historical landmarks of cell therapy 
• Interrelationship of cell therapy technologies 
• Cells and organ transplantation 
• Cells and protein/gene therapy 
• Cell therapy and regenerative medicine
• Cell therapy and tissue engineering
• Therapy based on cells involved in disease
• Advantages of therapeutic use of cells 
• Synthetic cell therapy 
• Cell therapy as personalized medicine 
• Cell-based drug delivery 
• Cells as vehicles for gene delivery  
• Red blood cells as vehicles for drug delivery 
• Advantages of cell-based drug delivery 
• Limitations of cell-based drug delivery  

2. Cell Therapy Technologies 

• Introduction 
• Cell types used for therapy 
• Sources of cells
• Bone marrow
• Blood component therapy 
• Therapeutic apheresis
• Leukoreduction 
• Platelet therapy 
• Red blood cell transfusion 
• Cell lines
• Immortalized cells
• Xenografts 
• Basic technologies for cell therapy 
• Cell culture  
• Automated cell culture devices 
• Cell culture for adoptive cell therapy 
• Observation of stem cell growth and viability 
• OpTmizer™ CTS™ T cell expansion tissue culture medium 
• Stem cell movement and behavior in culture  
• Companies involved in cell culture 
• Cell sorting  
• Flow cytometry 
• Applications of flow cytometry 
• A dielectrophoretic system for cell separation 
• Adult stem cell sorting by identification of surface biomarkers  
• ALDESORTER system for isolation of stem cells 
• Coulter principle-based cell sorters
• Dynabead technology for cell sorting 
• Elutra® Cell Separation System 
• Magnetophoretic array-based cell sorting for further studies 
• Molecular beacons for specific detection and isolation of stem cells 
• Multitarget magnetic activated cell sorter
• Nanocytometry 
• Scepter™ cytometer
• Companies supplying cell sorters 
• Cell analysis 
• Cell analyzers 
• In vivo cell imaging 
• Measuring cell density 
• Measuring cell volume 
• Single-cell gene expression analysis 
• Fluorescent in situ RNA sequencing 
• Single-cell RNA sequencing of stem cells 
• Preservation of cells  
• Innovations in cryopreservation  
• Packaging of cells  
• Selective expansion of T cells for immunotherapy 
• Cloning and cell therapy  
• Techniques for cell manipulation 
• Altering function of adult human cells  
• Cell-based drug discovery
• Advantages and limitations of cell-based assays for drug discovery 
• Advantages and limitations of cell-based toxicity screening 
• Quality control of cells for drug discovery
• Companies involved in cell-based drug discovery 
• Introduction of foreign materials into cells to develop therapeutics
• Use of cell-penetrating peptides for intracellular transduction  
• Drug delivery systems for cell therapy 
• Intravenous delivery of stem cells 
• Intraarterial delivery of stem cells 
• Pharmacologically active microcarriers
• Targeted delivery of engineered cells to specific tissues via circulation 
• Devices for delivery of cell therapy
• Artificial cells 
• Applications of artificial cells
• Cell encapsulation
• Cell-in-a-Box® 
• Diffusion capsule for cells
• Encapsulated cell biodelivery  
• Core-Shell Spherification 
• Ferrofluid microcapsules for tracking with MRI  
• Implantation of microencapulated genetically modified cells 
• Nitric oxide delivery by encapsulated cells 
• Retrievable cell encapsulation device 
• Therapeutic applications of encapsulated cells  
• Companies involved in encapsulated cell technology
• Electroporation 
• Gene therapy 
• Cell-mediated gene therapy 
• Fibroblasts 
• Chondrocyte 
• Skeletal muscle cells  
• Vascular smooth muscle cells  
• Keratinocytes 
• Hepatocytes  
• Lymphocytes 
• Cell-based CRISPR delivery 
• CRISPR-Edited Stem Cells 
• In vivo tracking of cells 
• Molecular imaging for tracking cells 
• MRI technologies for tracking cells 
• Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents  
• Survival of labeled hMSCs in regenerative therapy grafts 
• Visualization of gene expression in vivo by MRI 
• Optogenetic monitoring of cell therapies 
• Role of nanobiotechnology in development of cell therapy 
• Nano-biocomposites containing living cells 
• Cell transplantation for development of organs 
• Cells transplantation and tolerance 
• Strategies to improve tolerance of transplanted cells  
• Encapsulation to prevent immune rejection 
• Expansion of allospecific regulatory T cells  
• Prevention of rejection of xenotransplants
• Removal and replacement of pathogenic cells of the body
• Therapeutic leukocytapheresis 

3. Stem Cells 

• Introduction 
• Biology of stem cells 
• Embryonic stem cells
• Growth and differentiation of ESCs
• Mechanisms of differentiation of ESCs 
• Chemical regulation of stem cell differentiation  
• In vitro differentiation of hESCs  
• SIRT1 regulation during stem cell differentiation 
• Regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation 
• hESCs for reprogramming human somatic nuclei  
• Stem cells differentiation in the pituitary gland  
• Influence of microenvironment on ESCs 
• Role of genes in differentiation of ESCs
• Global transcription in pluripotent ESCs 
• Role of p53 tumor suppressor gene in stem cell differentiation 
• Role of Pax3 gene in stem cell differentiation 
• Signaling pathways and ESC genes 
• Epigenetics of hESCs 
• Chromatin as gene regulator for ESC development
• Mechanism of regulation of stem cells for regeneration of body tissues 
• Role of microenvironments in the regulation of stem cells  
• Regulation and regeneration of intestinal stem cells 
• Parthenogenesis and human stem cells
• Uniparental ESCs 
• Haploid ESCs 
• Bone marrow stem cells
• Hematopoietic stem cells 
• Clonal events that regulate HSC development 
• Derivation of HSCs from ESCs 
• Role of HSCs in the immune system  
• Mesenchymal stem cells  
• Cryopreservation of MSCs  
• Multipotent adult progenitor cells 
• Side population stem cells
• Differentiation of adult stem cells
• Growth and differentiation of HSCs 
• HSCs and aging 
• Mathematical modeling of differentiation of HSCs
• Role of prions in self renewal of HSCs 
• Signaling pathways in the growth and differentiation of HSCs 
• Sources of stem cells 
• Sources of of human embryonic stem cells 
• Nuclear transfer to obtain hESCs
• Direct derivation of hESCs from embryos without nuclear transfer  
• Alternative methods of obtaining hESCs
• Establishing hESC lines without destruction of embryo 
• Altered nuclear transfer  
• Advantages and disadvantages of ESCs for transplantation 
• Use of ESC cultures as an alternative source of tissue for transplantation 
• Spermatogonial stem cells 
• Very small embryonic-like stem cells 
• Amniotic fluid as a source of stem cells
• Amniotic fluid stem cells for tissue repair and regeneration 
• Generation of iPS cells from AF cells 
• Placenta as source of stem cells 
• Amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells
• Placenta as a source of HSCs
• Umbilical cord as a source of MSCs 
• Umbilical cord blood 
• Applications of UCB  
• Advantages of UCB  
• Limitations of the use of UCB and measures to address them 
• Licensing and patent disputes involving UCB 
• Infections following UCB transplants
• Unanswered questions about UCB transplantation  
• Companies involved in UCB banking 
• UCB banking in the UK 
• US national UCB banking system 
• Future of UCB
• UCB as source of stem cells 
• Cryopreservation of UCB stem cells 
• Epigenetic programming for expansion of UCB cells
• UCB as source of MSCs 
• Techniques of nuclear reprogramming for stem cells 
• Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from human somatic cells 
• Characteristics of iPSCs 
• DNA methylation patterns of iPS cells 
• Techniques for obtaining iPSCs 
• iPSCs derived from skin 
• iPSCs derived through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
• iPSCs derived from oocytes 
• iPSCs derived from adult stem cells using SCNT 
• iPSCs derived from blood  
• Use of CRISPR for generation of iPSCs  
• Use of retroviral vectors for generation of iPSCs 
• Use of non-integrating viral vectors for generation of iPSCs
• Generation of other cells from iPSCs 
• Generation of HSCs from iPSCs
• Generation of MSCs from iPSCs 
• Generation of RBCs from iPSCs 
• Banks providing patient-specific iPSC lines  
• Center for iPS Cell Research Application
• Companies providing iPSCs  
• Generation of clinically relevant iPSCs  
• Equivalence of human iPSCs and ESCs
• Genome editing and iPSCs 
• iPSCs and disease modeling  
• iPSCs for patient-specific regenerative medicine 
• Concluding remarks about clinical potential of iPSCs 
• Induced conditional self-renewing progenitor cells 133 iXEN cells
• Epiblast stem cells 
• Comparison of development of human and mouse ESCs 
• Conversion of hESCs to mouse ESC-like naïve states 
• Sources of adult human stem cells 
• Adipose tissue as a source of stem cells
• Encapsulation and hypothermic storage of adipose-derived stem cells 
• Intravenous infusion of adipose tissue derived MSCs 
• iPSCs derived from adult human adipose stem cells  
• Regulation of adipose stem cells differentiation 
• Transforming adult adipose stem cells into other cells  
• Endometrium as a source of adult stem cells  
• Multipotent stem-like cells derived from vascular endothelial cells
• Skin as a source of stem cells 
• Controlling the maturation of embryonic skin stem cells
• Epidermal neural crest stem cells 
• Follicle stem cells  
• Mesenchymal stem cells in skin 
• Regulation of stem cells in hair follicles  
• Skin-derived precursor cells  
• Regulation of epidermal stem cells by circadian rhythms
• Stem cells in teeth  
• Peripheral blood stem cells
• Spleen as a source of adult stem cells  
• Search for master stem cells 
• Vascular cell platform to self-renew adult HSC
• Adult stem cells vs embryonic stem cells 
• Biological differences between adult and embryonic stem cells 
• Neural crest stem cells from adult hair follicles  
• Transdifferentiation potential of adult stem cells 
• Attempts at stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotentcy 
• Limitations of adult stem cells 
• Pitfalls of pluripotency 
• Comparison of human stem cells according to derivation 
• VENT cells 
• ESC banking
• Stem cell technologies 
• Analysis of stem cell growth and differentiation 
• Activation of bone marrow stem cells into therapeutic cells 
• Role of nitric oxide in stem cell mobilization and differentiation
• Role of natriuretic peptide receptor-C in self-renewal of murine ESCs 
• Stem cell biomarkers 
• Endoglin as a functional biomarker of HSCs  
• STEMPRO EZChek for analysis of biomarkers of hESCs 
• SSEA-4 as biomarker of MSCs  
• p75NTR as a biomarker to isolate adipose tissue-derived stem cells 
• Neural stem cell biomarker 
• Protein expression profile as biomarker of stem cells 
• Real-time PCR for quantification of protein biomarkers 
• Study of stem cell pathways
• Stem cell genomics 
• Gene expression in hESCs 
• Genomic alterations in cultured hESCs
• Study of transcriptional regulation of stem cell genes 
• Casanova gene in zebrafish 
• Nanog gene
• Gene inactivation to study hESCs
• RNAi to study gene inactivation in hESCs  
• Study of ESC development by inducible RNAi
• Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes 
• Homologous recombination of ESCs
• Gene modification in genomes of hESCs and hiPSCs using zinc-finger nuclease
• miRNA and stem cells 
• Role of miRNAs in gene regulation during stem cell differentiation
• Influence of miRNA on stem cell formation and maintenance  
• Restricted differentiation potential of miRNA-deficient PSCs
• Transcriptional regulators of ESCs control miRNA gene expression 
• Stem cells and cloning 
• Cell nuclear replacement and cloning 
• Nuclear transfer and ESCs 
• Cloning from differentiated cells
• Cloning mice from adult stem cells  
• Creating interspecies stem cells 
• Cloned cells for transplantation medicine  
• Claims of cloning of hESCs 
• hESCs derived by SCNT  
• Cytogenetics of embryonic stem cells 
• Stem cell proteomics  
• Comparative proteomic analysis of somatic cells, iPSCs and ESCs 163 hESC phosphoproteome 
• Proteomic studies of mesenchymal stem cells 
• Proteomic profiling of neural stem cells 
• Proteome Biology of Stem Cells Initiative  
• Technologies for mobilization, expansion, and engraftment of stem cells  
• Chemoattraction of neuronal stem cells through GABA receptor 
• Enhancement of HSC engraftment by calcium-sensing receptor 
• Ex vivo expansion of human HSCs in culture 
• Ex vivo expansion of MSCs 
• Ex vivo expansion of UCB cells for transplantation 
• Expansion of adult stem cells by activation of Oct4 
• Expansion of transduced HSCs in vivo 
• Expansion of stem cells in vivo by Notch receptor ligands 
• In vivo adipogenesis induced by adipose tissue-derived stem cells 
• Selective mobilization of progenitor cells from bone marrow
• Selective Amplification
• Synthetic substrates for ESC growth and expansion  
• Technologies for inducing differentiation of stem cells 
• Enhancement of stem cell differentiation by Homspera 
• Generation of RBCs from HSCs 
• Generation of multiple types of WBCs from hESCs and iPSCs 
• Growth factor-induced differentiation of MAPCs
• Lineage selection to induce differentiation of hESCs
• Mechanical strain to induce MSC differentiation
• Neurotrophin-mediated survival and differentiation of hESCs 
• Synthetic biology and stem cells  
• Use of RNAi to expand the plasticity of autologous adult stem cells  
• Use of various molecules to induce differentiation of stem cells 
• Limitations of the currently available stem cell lines in the US  
• Stem cell separation
• Stem cell culture 
• Culture of hMSCs  
• Elimination of contaminating material in stem cell culture 
• Long-term maintenance of MSC multipotency in culture
• Nanofiber scaffolds for stem cell culture
• Conversion of stem cells to functioning adipocytes 
• Mass production of stem cells  
• Mass production of ESCs 
• Mass production of MSCs 
• Promoting survival of dissociated hESCs  
• Analysis and characterization of stem cells  
• Havesting and identification of EPCs  
• Labeling of stem cells 
• Labeling, imaging and tracking of stem cells in vivo 
• Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles to track therapeutic cells in vivo  
• PET imaging for tracking of stem cells 
• Project for imaging in stem cell therapy research 
• Quantum dots for labeling and imaging of stem cells 
• Radiolabeling of MSCs for in vivo tracking 
• Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for tracking MSCs  
• Tracking of transplanted muscle stem cells
• Applications of stem cells 
• Commercial development and applications of adult stem cells  
• Preparation of cells for therapeutic administration to patients 
• Retrodifferentiation of stem cells 
• MultiStem 
• Self renewal and proliferation of HSCs  
• Optimizing the preparation and transfer of allogeneic HSCs
• Aging of stem cells  
• Aging and rejuvenation of HSCs
• Aging and MSCs
• iPSC-based modeling of late-onset age-related diseases 
• Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation 
• Role of stem cells in regeneration  
• Pluripotent stem-cell-derived organoids 
• Promotion of regeneration by Wnt/beta-catenin signaling
• Stem cell activation for regeneration by using glucocortoids 
• Stem cells and human reproduction  
• Expansion of spermatogonial stem cells 
• Conversion of ESCs into spermatogonial stem cells 
• Conversion of stem cells to oocytes
• ESCs for treatment of infertility in women 
• Cloning human embryos from oocytes matured in the laboratory  
• In utero stem cell transplantation 
• Innovations in delivery of stem cells 
• Polymeric capsules for stem cell delivery
• Immunological aspects of hESC transplantation 
• Immunosuppression to prevent rejection of hESC transplants
• Histocompatibility of hESCs 
• Strategies for promoting immune tolerance of hESCs 
• Stem cells for organ vascularization  
• Activation of EphB4 to enhance angiogenesis by EPCs  
• Advantages and limitations of clinical applications of iPSCs 
• Advantages and limitations of clinical applications of MSCs
• Biofusion by genetically engineering stem cells  
• Stem cell gene therapy 
• Combination of gene therapy with nuclear transfer
• Gene delivery to stem cells by artificial chromosome expression 
• Genetic manipulation of ESCs 
• Genetic engineering of human stem cells for enhancing angiogenesis  
• HSCs for gene therapy
• iPSCs for targeted gene correction of α1-antitrypsin deficiency  
• Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors for gene transfer in ESCs 
• Lentiviral vectors for in vivo gene transfer to stem cells 
• Linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer technology
• Mesenchymal stem cells for gene therapy 
• Microporation for transfection of MSCs
• Regulation of gene expression for SC-based gene therapy  
• Stem cells and in utero gene therapy 
• Therapeutic applications for hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer
• Targeted genome editing for human repopulating HSCs 
• The future of hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy  
• Stem cell pharmaceutics 
• Pharmaceutical manipulation of stem cells  
• Expansion of HSCs in culture by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase 
• Expansion of HSCs in vivo by use of prostaglandin E2
• Manipulation of stem cells with growth factors 
• Mobilization of stem cells by cytokines/chemokines 
• Mobilization of adult human HSCs by use of inhibitors  
• Mobilization of stem cells by HYC750  
• Mobilization of stem cells by hyperbaric oxygen  
• Mobilization by adenoviral vectors expressing angiogenic factors  
• Stem cell mobilization by acetylcholine receptor agonists 
• Use of parathyroid hormone to increase HSC mobilization 
• Use of small molecule compounds for expansion of HSCs 
• Use of a small molecule for targeting systemically infused MSCs 
• Role of stem cells in therapeutic effects of drugs
• Stem cells for drug discovery  
• Target identification 
• High-throughput screening
• ESCs as source of models for drug discovery 
• hESC-derived hepatocytes for drug discovery  
• hESC-derived cardiomyocytes for drug discovery 
• iPSCs for drug discovery 
• Advantages and limitations of use of stem cells for drug discovery 
• Stem cells for drug delivery 
• Toxicology and drug safety studies using ESCs versus other cells
• Future challenges for stem cell technologies 
• Generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells 
• Hybrid embryos/cybrids for stem cell research
• In vivo study of human hemopoietic stem cells  
• Inhibition of stem cell-derived teratoma formation by small molecules  
• Markers for characterizing hESC lines 
• MBD3-deficient ESC line 
• Research into plasticity of stem cells from adults  
• Reversion of human stem cells to ground state pluripotency 
• Stem cell biology and cancer 
• Stem cells and aging  
• Stem cells in space 
• Study of the molecular mechanism of cell differentiation 
• Switch of stem-cell function from activators to repressors  
• Stem cell research at academic centers 
• International Regulome Consortium  
• Companies involved in stem cell technologies 
• Concluding remarks about stem cells 
• Future challenges in applications of stem cells 
• Challenges in research and development of stem cells 
• Challenges in the clinical use of pluripotent stem cells 

4. Clinical Applications of Cell Therapy  

• Introduction 
• Cell therapy for hematological disorders 
• Transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells  
• Cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic HSC transplantation
• Lymphoproliferative disorders after allogeneic HSC transplants  
• HSCs derived from pluripotent stem cells 
• Hemophilias  
• Ex vivo cell/gene therapy of hemophilia B 
• Cell/gene therapy of hemophilia A
• Hematopoietic stem cell therapy for thrombocytopenia 
• Stem cell transplant for sickle cell anemia 
• Treatment of chronic acquired anemias
• Implantation of genetically engineered HSCs to deliver rhEpo 
• Drugs acting on stem cells for treatment of anemia
• Stem cell therapy of hemoglobinopathies 
• iPSC-based therapy for β-thalassemia 
• Stem cells for treatment of immunoglobulin-light chain amyloidosis 
• Future of cell therapy of hematological disorders  
• Cell therapy for immunological disorders 
• Role of natural killer cells in the immune system
• Role of dendritic cells in the immune system  
• Modifying immune responses of DCs by vaccination with lipiodol-siRNA mixtures 
• Potential of MSCs as therapy for immune-mediated diseases 
• Stem cell therapy of chronic granulomatous disease
• Stem cell therapy of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
• Stem cell therapy of autoimmune disorders
• Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome 
• Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with stem cells  
• Treatment of Crohn's disease with stem cells  
• Stem cell transplants for scleroderma
• Role of T Cells in immunological disorders 
• Autologous T cells from adult stem cells
• Cell therapy for graft vs host disease
• T cell infusion for suppressing GVHD  
• Genetically modified Tregs expressing CAR for prevention of GVHD  
• Concluding remarks on prevention and treatment of acute GVHD 
• MSCs for GVHD 
• Cell therapy for viral infections
• Anti-HIV ribozyme delivered in hematopoietic progenitor cells  
• Dendritic-cell targeted DNA vaccine for HIV
• Exosomes and viral infections 
• Manipulation of T cells for treatment of viral infections 
• T cell therapy for CMV 
• T cell therapy for HIV infection 
• T cell immunity by Overlapping Peptide-pulsed Autologous Cells 
• Modification of iPSCs with a mutation to confer resistance to HIV 
• Cell therapy for COVID-19 
• Cell therapy of lysosomal storage diseases
• Niemann-Pick disease
• Gaucher’s disease 
• Fabry's disease 
• Cell therapy for endocrine disorders 
• Hypopituitarism 
• Adrenal insufficiency  
• Cell therapy for diabetes mellitus 
• Limitations of current treatment 
• Limitations of insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus 
• Limitations of pancreatic transplantation 
• Islet cell transplantation 
• Autologous pancreatic islet cell transplantation in chronic pancreatitis 
• Clinical trials of pancreatic islet cell transplants for diabetes 
• Drawbacks of islet cell therapy 
• Use of an antioxidant peptide to improve islet cell transplantation
• Cdk-6 and cyclin D1 enhance human beta cell replication and function 
• Devices for delivery of therapeutic cells in diabetes 
• Monitoring of islet cell transplants with MRI 
• Concluding remarks about allogeneic islet transplantation for diabetes 
• Encapsulation of insulin producing cells 
• Encapsulated porcine pancreatic islet cells for pancreas 
• Encapsulated insulinoma cells
• Magnetocapsule enables imaging/tracking of islet cell transplants 
• Islet precursor cells 
• Dedifferentiation of β cells to promote regeneration 
• Pharmacological approaches for β cell regeneration  
• Xenotransplantation of embryonic pancreatic tissue 
• Non-pancreatic tissues for generation of insulin-producing cells 
• Exploiting maternal microchimerism to treat diabetes in the child 
• Bio-artificial substitutes for pancreas 
• Role of stem cells in the treatment of diabetes  
• Embryonic stem cells for diabetes 
• HSC transplantation to supplement immunosuppressant therapy  
• Insulin-producing cells derived from UCB stem cells  264 iPSc for diabetes 
• Pancreatic stem cells 
• Pluripotent stem cell-derived pancreatic β-like cells
• Stem cell injection into portal vein of diabetic patients 
• Conversion of progenitor cells into insulin-producing cells  
• Human neural progenitor cells converted into insulin-producing cells 
• Isolation of islet progenitor cells  
• Pancreatic progenitor cells 
• Cell-based immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes  
• Dendritic cell-based therapy  
• T regulatory cell therapy for diabetes 
• Vaccine for diabetes 
• Synthetic biomimetic β-cells for dynamic insulin secretion 
• Gene therapy in diabetes  
• Viral vectors for gene therapy of diabetes 
• Genetically engineered dendritic cells 
• Genetically altered liver cells 
• Genetically modified stem cells 
• Companies developing cell therapy for diabetes 
• Concluding remarks about cell and gene therapy of diabetes 
• Cell therapy of gastrointestinal disorders 
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Cell therapy for liver disorders 
• Types of cells used for hepatic disorders  
• Culture and expansion of primary human hepatocytes  
• Hepatocyte progenitor cells 
• Hybrid periportal hepatocytes 
• Methods of delivery of cells for hepatic disorders  
• Hepatic failure  
• Bioartificial liver 
• Hepatocyte-based artificial liver 
• Extracorporeal Liver Assist Device 
• Limitations of bioartificial liver  
• Proliferating cell-based bioartificial liver 
• Stem cells for hepatic disorders  
• Deriving hepatocytes from commercially available hMSCs 
• Implantation of hepatic cells derived from hMSCs of adipose tissue  
• Heterologous adult liver progenitor cells 
• Liver stem cell culture 
• MSC derived molecules for reversing hepatic failure  
• Cell-based gene therapy for liver disorders 
• Transplantation of genetically modified fibroblasts 
• Transplantation of genetically modified hepatocytes  
• Genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells 
• iPSCs derived from somatic cells for liver regeneration 
• Hepatocyte-like cells derived from human parthenogenetic stem cells 
• Clinical applications 
• Future prospects of cell-based therapy of hepatic disorders 
• Cell therapy of renal disorders
• Bioartificial kidney
• Cell-based repair for vascular access failure in renal disease 
• Mesangial cell therapy for glomerular disease 
• Stem cells for renal disease 
• Role of stem cells in renal repair  
• Bone marrow stem cells for renal disease 
• Human amniotic fluid stem cells for renal regeneration 
• MSC therapy for renal disease  
• MSCs as aid to renal graft survival  
• Transplantation of cell-based bioengineered kidney  
• Cell therapy for pulmonary disorders
• Delivery of cell therapy for pumonary disorders 
• Intratracheal injection of cells for pulmonary hypoplasia  
• Role of stem cells in pulmonary disorders 
• Lung stem cells 
• Lung tissue regeneration from stem cells  
• MSC transplantation in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia 
• Role of autologous MSCs in the treatment of severe emphysema  
• Role of stem cells in construction of the Cyberlung 
• Respiratory epithelial cells derived from UCB stem cells 
• Respiratory epithelial cells derived from hESCs 
• Lung tissue engineering with adipose stromal cells 
• Cell-based tissue-engineering of airway 
• Pulmonary disorders that can be treatable with stem cells 
• Acute lung injury and ARDS treated with MSCs 
• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia treated with MSCs 
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with MSCs
• Cystic fibrosis treatment with genetically engineered MSCs 
• Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
• Lung regeneration by integrin α6β4-expressing alveolar epithelial cell 
• Pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment with EPCs 
• Cell therapy for disorders of bones, joints and tendons 
• Cell therapy for repair of fractures and bone defects 
• Bone regeneration by human very small embryonic-like (hVSEL) cells 
• Cell therapy for cervical vertebral interbody fusion 
• Cell-mediated gene therapy for bone regeneration 
• ESCs for bone repair 
• hiPSCs for engineering personalized bone grafts 
• Intrauterine use of MSCs for osteogenesis imperfecta
• In vivo bone engineering as an alternative to cell transplantation 
• In vivo differentiation of pluripotent stem cells for bone regeneration  
• MSCs for repair of bone defects 
• MSCs for repair of bone fractures 
• Osteocel  
• Stem cells for repairing skull defects  
• Stem cell-based bone tissue engineering  
• Spinal fusion using stem cell-based bone grafts  
• Wnt stimulation to enrich BMMCs for repair of bone fractures 
• Cell therapy of tendon injuries 
• Autologous tenocyte implantation in rotator cuff injury repair 
• Platelet injection for tennis elbow
• Cell-based techniques for cartilage repair and regeneration
• Cartilage generation from stem cells  
• Cartilage engineering from iPSCs 
• Genetically modified fibroblasts expressing TGF-β for cartilage repair  
• Juvenile cartilage implant for repair of damage to articular cartilage
• Cell therapy for repair of knee cartilage injuries 
• Autologous chondrocyte therapy of the knee 
• Meniscus-derived stem cells  
• MSC-based constructs for knee joint replacement  
• Nanobiotechnology scaffolds for MSC-based cartilage reconstruction 
• Role of cells in the repair of anterior cruciate ligament injury 
• Osteoporosis 
• Stem cell gene therapy for osteoporosis
• Osteoarthritis of the joints 
• Autologous cultured chondrocytes 
• Autologous intervertebral disc chondrocyte transplantation 
• Intraarticular MSCs for osteoarthritis  
• Mosaicplasty
• Stem cell therapy of osteoarthritis of the knee
• Osteonecrosis
• Cell therapy for osteonecrosis
• Cell therapy for radionecrosis 
• Repair of osteonecrosis by bone marrow derived MSCs 
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Cell therapy for diseases of the eye 
• Age-related macular dystrophy 
• Cell therapy for corneal repair 
• Use of human cultured endothelial cells for bullous keratopathy
• Lens regeneration from endogenous stem cells 
• Role of stem cells in fibrosis following eye injury 
• Stem cell therapy for limbal stem cell deficiency 
• Stem cell transplantation for radiation sickness 
• MSCs for treatment of radiation damage to the bone 
• MSCs for regeneration of ovaries following radiotherapy damage 
• Cell therapy for wound healing 
• Cells to form skin substitutes for healing ulcers 
• CellSpray for wound repair 
• Cell therapy for burns
• Closure of incisions with laser guns and cells  
• Genetically engineered keratinocytes for wound repair 
• MSCs for wound healing
• Role of amniotic fluid MSCs in repair of fetal wounds 
• Treatment of diabetic foot ulcers with stem cells 
• Role of cells in regenerative medicine 
• Stem cells for regeneration of skin and appendages 
• Bifunctional ectodermal stem cells and nail regeneration 
• Stem cells for regeneration of skin in junctional epidermolysis bullosa 
• Follicular stem cells for skin and wound repair 
• Regeneration of aging skin by adipose-derived stem cells 
• Reprogramming autologous stem cells for regeneration of skin  
• Concluding remarks on regeneration of skin by stem cells 
• Cell therapy for regeneration of muscle wasting
• Role of stem cells in regeneration of esophageal epithelium  
• Stem cell-based regenerative therapy for xerostomia  
• Concluding remarks for use of cells in regenerative medicine
• Genomic studies for examining the role of stem cells in regeneration  
• Cell therapy for regenerating organs  
• MSCs for regenerative medicine
• Umbilical cord blood for regeneration 
• Future prospects of stem cells for regenerative medicine 
• Role of cells in tissue engineering and reconstructive surgery 
• Scaffolds for tissue engineering  
• Improving vascularization of engineered tissues 
• Reconstruction of vasculature 
• Repair of aging skin by injecting autologous fibroblasts  
• Enhancing vascularization by combining cell and gene therapy 
• Nanobiotechnology applied to cells for tissue engineering  
• Choosing cells for tissue engineering 
• Stem cells for tissue repair
• ESCs vs adult SCs for tissue engineering
• Use of adult MSCs for tissue engineering
• Measuring MSC interactions with environment for tissue engineering
• Stem cells for tissue engineering of various organs  
• Breast reconstruction by adipose tissue-derived stem cells 
• Engineering of healthy living teeth from stem cells
• Intra-uterine repair of congenital defects using amniotic fluid MSCs 
• Skin regeneration by stem cells as an alternative to face transplant 
• Tissue engineering of bone by stem cells  
• Cell-based tissue engineering in genitourinary system 
• Urinary incontinence
• Tissue engineering of urinary bladder 
• Label retaining urothelial cells for bladder repair 
• MSCs for bladder repair  
• Tissue-engineering of urethra using autologous cells 
• Repair of the pelvic floor with stem cells from the uterus 
• Reconstruction of vagina from stem cells  
• Reconstruction of cartilage for repair of craniofacial defects
• Intraoperative cell therapy 
• Cell therapy for rejuvenation 
• Reversal of muscle weakness and atrophy in aging  
• Reversal of cognitive impairment in aging 
• Treatment of fraility of aging with MSCs  
• Cell therapy for performance enhancement in sports 
• Application of stem cells in veterinary medicine 
• Stem cells for repair of tendon injuries in horses
• Stem cells for spinal cord injury in dogs
• Stem cells for arthritis in horses 

5. Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular Disorders  

• Introduction to cardiovascular disorders 
• Limitations of current therapies for myocardial ischemic disease
• Types of cell therapy for cardiovascular disorders 
• Cell-mediated immune modulation for chronic heart disease 
• Inducing the proliferation of cardiomyocytes  
• Pericardial origin of colony-forming units 
• Role of splenic myocytes in repair of the injured heart 
• Reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes 
• Stem cell-based therapies for cardiovascular diseases 
• Human cardiovascular progenitor cells
• Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes 
• Large cardiac-muscle patches based on hiPSC technology 
• Magnetic antibody-linked nanoparticles to deliver cells to the heart  
• Role of the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis in therapies for myocardial ischemia 
• Small molecules to enhance myocardial repair by stem cells
• Stem cells and atherosclerosis  
• Cell therapy for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease
• MyoCell™ (Bioheart)
• Cardiac stem cells 
• Cardiomyocytes derived from epicardium
• Cardiac atrial appendage stem cells  
• Methods of delivery of cells to the heart 
• Cellular cardiomyoplasty 
• IGF-1 delivery by nanofibers to improve cell therapy for MI
• Non-invasive delivery of cells to the heart by Morph®guide catheter  
• Cell therapy for cardiac revascularization 
• Transplantation of cardiac progenitor cells for revascularization of myocardium  
• Stem cells to prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty
• Role of cells in cardiac tissue repair
• Cardiac repair with myoendothelial cells from skeletal muscle  
• Modulation of cardiac macrophages for repair of infarct  
• Multipotent cells from placenta for regeneration of the heart 
• Myocardial tissue engineering  
• Patching myocardial infarction with fibroblast culture  
• Transplantation of myoblasts for myocardial infarction
• Role of stem cells in repair of the heart 
• Role of stem cells in cardiac regeneration following injury  
• Cardiomyocytes derived from adult skin cells 
• Cardiomyocytes derived from ESCs 
• Cardiomyocyte differentiation from hIPSCs 
• Studies to identify subsets of progenitor cells suitable for cardiac repair 
• Technologies for preparation of stem cells for cardiovascular therapy 
• Pravastatin for expansion of endogenous progenitor and stem cells 
• Cytokine preconditioning of human fetal liver CD133+ SCs 
• Expansion of adult cardiac stem cells for transplantation 
• Role of MSCs in growth of CSCs 
• Role of ESCs in repair of the heart 
• ESC transplantation for tumor-free repair of the heart  
• Transplantation of stem cells for myocardial infarction
• Autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell therapeutics  
• Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal precursor stem cells  
• Intracoronary infusion of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells  
• Transplantation of cord blood stem cells 
• Transplantation of hESCs 
• Transplantation of HSCs 
• Transplantation of autologous angiogenic cell precursors 
• Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells 
• Transplantation of bone marrow-derived cells for myocardial infarct
• Transplantation of human umbilical cord perivascular cells  
• Transplantation of endothelial cells 
• Transplantation of cardiomyocytes differentiated from hESCs 
• Stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration  
• 3D printed scaffold for regeneration of myocardial infarct with cells 
• Cryopreserved hESC-derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac regeneration
• Exosomal miRNAs from hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes 
• HSCs for regeneration of the chronic myocardial infarcts 
• Human MSCs for cardiac regeneration 
• In vivo tracking of MSCs transplanted in the heart 
• MSCs for hibernating myocardium
• Simultaneous transplantation of MSCs and skeletal myoblasts 
• Transplantation of stem cells and immune response of the heart  
• Transplantation of genetically modified cells 
• Transplantation of genetically modified MSCs 
• Transplantation of cells secreting vascular endothelial growth factor  
• Transplantation of genetically modified bone marrow stem cells
• Cell transplantation for congestive heart failure 
• AngioCell gene therapy for congestive heart failure  
• Injection of adult stem cells for CHF  
• Intracoronary infusion of cardiac stem cells
• Myoblasts for treatment of congestive heart failure  
• Stem cell therapy for dilated cardiac myopathy 
• Role of cell therapy in cardiac arrhythmias
• Biological pacemakers 
• Stem cells as biological pacemakers 
• Stem cells for cardiac arrythmias 
• Prevention of myoblast-induced arrhythmias by genetic engineering  
• Ventricular tachycardia  
• ESCs for correction of congenital heart defects 
• Cardiac progenitors cells for treatment of heart disease 
• Autologus stem cells for chronic myocardial ischemia 
• Role of cells in cardiovascular tissue engineering 
• Cell-based in vitro regeneration of heart for transplantation  
• Construction of blood vessels with cells 
• Engineered arteries for bypass grafts 
• Engineering heart valves with UCB progenitor cells  
• Epicardial regeneration from hPSCs
• Fetal cardiomyocytes seeding in tissue-engineered cardiac grafts
• Targeted delivery of endothelial progenitor cells labeled with nanoparticles  
• Cell therapy for peripheral vascular disease 
• ALD-301 
• Cell/gene therapy for PVD 
• Cell therapy for CLI in diabetics  
• Colony stimulating factors for enhancing peripheral blood stem cells  
• Intramuscular autologous bone marrow cells  
• Ixmyelocel-T cell therapy for critical limb ischemia
• Stem cell-coated vascular grafts for femoral-tibial arterial bypass 
• Clinical trials of cell therapy in cardiovascular disease 
• Mechanism of the benefit of cell therapy for heart disease 
• A critical evaluation of cell therapy for heart disease 
• Publications of clinical trials of cell therapy for CVD  
• Current status of cell therapy for cardiovascular disease 
• Future directions for cell therapy of CVD 
• Combination of cells with biomedical scaffolds 
• Prospects of adult stem cell therapy for repair of heart 
• Role of cells in regeneration of the heart  
• Regeneration of cardiomyocytes without use of cardiac stem cells

6. Cell Therapy for Cancer

• Introduction 
• Cell therapy technologies for cancer 
• Cell-based delivery of anticancer therapy 
• Cellular immunotherapy for cancer
• Treatments for cancer by ex vivo mobilization of immune cells 
• Granulocytes as anticancer agents 
• Neutrophil granulocytes in antibody-based immunotherapy of cancer 
• Cancer vaccines 
• Autologous tumor cell vaccines 
• BIOVAXID 
• OncoVAX 
• Tumor cells treated with dinitrophenyl 
• Vaccines that simultaneously target different cancer antigens  
• Gene modified cancer cells vaccines  
• GVAX cancer vaccines 
• K562/GM-CSF
• Active immunotherapy based on antigen specific to the tumor  
• The use of dendritic cells for cancer vaccination 
• Autologous dendritic cells loaded ex vivo with telomerase mRNA  
• Dendritic cell-targeted protein vaccines 
• Dendritic/tumor cell fusion 
• Electro-hyperthermia for improving DC immunotherapy
• Genetically modified dendritic cells  
• In vivo manipulation of dendritic cells
• Preclinical and clinical studies with DC vaccines  
• Vaccines based on dendritic cell-derived exosomes 
• Limitations of DC vaccines for cancer 
• Future developments to enhance clinical efficacy of DC vaccines 
• Cell-based cancer immunotherapy 
• Adoptive cell therapy
• CD8+ T cells for use in tumor immunotherapy
• Combination of antiangiogenic agents with ACT  
• Expansion of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes  
• Genetically modified T cells for targeting tumors 
• Genetic engineering of tumor cells to activate T helper cells 
• Targeting T regulatory cells 
• T cells with immunological memory and stem cell-like properties  
• T cell imaging for predicting response to cancer vaccines 
• Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes 
• Chimeric antigen receptor T cells 
• Basics of CAR-T cell 
• Basis of anticancer effect of CAR-T cells
• CAR-T cell manufacture  
• CAR-T cell therapy for leukemia 
• CAR-T cell therapy for multiple myeloma  
• CAR-T cell therapy for lymphoma 
• CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors 
• CAR-T cell therapy for cardiac fibrosis
• Companies developing CAR-T cell therapy 
• CAR NK cells derived from human iPSCs 
• Genome editing of CAR-T cells 
• ProCAR-NK cancer immunotherapy 
• Remote control of CAR-T cells
• Safety of CAR-T cell therapy 
• Concluding remarks and future of T-cell therapy 
• Chemoimmunotherapy  
• Hybrid cell vaccination 
• Stem cell-based anticancer therapies 
• Stem cell transplantation in cancer
• Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation 
• Stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies 
• Long-term results of HSC transplantation 
• Prediction of T cell reconstitution after HSC transplantation
• HSC transplantation followed by GM-CSF-secreting cell vaccines
• HSC transplantation for renal cell cancer
• Umbilical cord blood transplant for hematological malignancies 
• Complications of stem cell transplants in cancer 
• Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
• Delayed immune reconstitution leading to viral infections and relapse 
• Tumor cell contamination 
• Neurological complications 
• Hepatic veno-occlusive disease 
• Current status and safety of allogeneic HSC transplantation 
• Complications of PBSC transplantation in children  
• Role of MSCs in cancer  
• MSC-mediated delivery of anticancer therapeutics 
• Mesenchymal progenitor cells for delivery of oncolytic adenoviruses 
• MSCs for oncolytic HSV delivery for brain metastases of melanoma 
• Nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 
• hESC-derived NK cells for treatment of cancer
• ESC vaccine for prevention of lung cancer 
• Genetic modification of stem cells for cancer therapy  
• Genetic modification of hematopoietic stem cells 
• Use of hematopoietic stem cells to deliver suicide genes to tumors  
• Delivery of anticancer agents by genetically engineered MSCs 
• Genetically modified NSCs for treatment of neuroblastoma 
• Innovations in cell-based therapy of cancer 
• Use of immortalized cells  
• Cancer therapy based on natural killer cells
• Cytokine-induced killer cells 
• Mesothelin as a target for cancer immunotherapy 
• Nanomagnets for targeted cell-based cancer gene therapy
• Implantation of genetically modified encapsulated cells for anticancer therapy 
• Antiangiogenesis therapy by implantation of microencapsulated cells  
• Recombinant tumor cells secreting fusion protein
• A device for filtering cancer and stem cells in the blood 
• Cancer stem cells
• Cancer stem cell biomarkers 
• Integrative nuclear signaling and development of cancer in stem cells 
• Origin of cancer in normal stem cells  
• Role of intestinal stem cells in intestinal polyposis  
• Role of endothelial progenitor cells in tumor angiogenesis 
• Role of cancer stem cells in metastases 
• Role of cancer stem cells in chemotherapy 
• Therapeutic implications of cancer stem cells
• Targeting breast cancer stem cells  
• Targeting cancer stem cells in leukemia 
• Targeting cancer stem cells in ovarian cancer  
• Targeting cancer stem cells to screen anticancer drugs 
• Companies involved in cell-based cancer therapy 
• American Association for Cancer Research and ESCs 
• Future of cell-based immunotherapy for cancer

7. Cell Therapy for Neurological Disorders

• Introduction 
• Use of stem cells for research in neurosciences
• Cerebral organoids for modeling human brain development  
• Use of human stem cell-derived neurons in neuropharmacology  
• Regeneration of brain by in vitro/in vivo reprogramming of cells
• Molecular mechanism of neurogenesis  
• Generation of neurons from astroglia 
• In vivo cell replacement therapy by locally induced neural progenitor cells 
• In vivo reprogramming to generate new neurons  
• Types of cells used for treatment of neurological disorders
• Activated T lymphocytes 
• Differentiation of placenta-derived multipotent cells into neurons
• Fibroblast-derived human striatal neurons  
• Mesenchymal stem cells induced to secrete neurotrophic factors 
• MUSE cells transplantation for neuronal regeneration  
• Neural stem cells 
• Development of human CNS stem cells 
• Direct conversion of adult fibroblasts into neural progenitor cells  
• Distinction between NSCs and intermediate neural progenitors  
• Embryonic stem cell-derived neurogenesis 
• Epidermal neural crest stem cells for neurological disorders 
• Fusion of NSCs with endogenous neurons 
• Induction of NSCs from hESCs  
• Induction of NSCs from adult MSCs 
• Mechanism of migration of NSCs to sites of CNS injury 
• Monitoring of implanted NSCs labeled with nanoparticles 
• Neural progenitor cells
• Neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the brain 
• Neural stem cells derived from induced neural plate border stem cells 
• Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells  
• Promotion of neural stem cells expansion by betacellulin 
• Proteomics of neural stem cells
• Regulation of neural stem cells in the brain  
• Role of CSF in regulation of neural progenitor cells 
• Sequencing the transcriptomes of neural stem cells  
• Study of neural differentiation of hESCs by NeuroStem Chip
• Transformation of neural stem cells into other cell types  
• Stem cell transplantation in the CNS 
• Development of CNS cells from non-CNS stem cells  
• Expansion of adult human neural progenitors  
• Hair-follicle stem cells for neural repair  
• Human NSCs for treatment of neurological disorders 
• NSCs and scaffolds for regeneration therapy of CNS disorders 
• Neurospheres 
• Stem cells from olfactory epithelium for transplantation in the CNS  
• Stem cells from human umbilical cord blood for CNS disorders  
• Choroid plexus cells for transplantation
• Dental pulp cells for neuroprotection 
• Derivation of CNS cells from peripheral nervous system 
• Fetal tissue transplants 
• Immortalized cells for CNS disorders 
• Laboratory mice with human brain cells 
• Olfactory ensheathing cells for CNS repair
• Ideal cells for transplantation into the nervous system 
• Cell therapy techniques for neurological applications 
• Carbon nanotubes to aid stem cell therapy of neurological disorders  
• Cell transplantation for regeneration of the nervous system  
• Cells used for gene therapy of neurological disorders
• Fibroblasts  
• Stem cells 
• Neuronal cells
• Immortalized neural progenitor cells  
• Astrocytes
• Cerebral endothelial cells 
• Human retinal pigmented epithelial cells 
• Enhancement of growth of stem cells in the brain by drugs 
• C3-induced differentiation and migration of NPC for repair of the brain 
• Stem cell therapies of neurological disorders combined with HBO479 hESCs for CNS repair 
• Motor neurons derived from stem cells 
• MSCs for CNS repair
• Neuronal differentiation of stem cells
• Apigenin promotes differentiation of stem cells into neural lineage 
• Stem cells preparations for CNS disorders
• Tracking of stem cells in the CNS by nanoparticles and MRI  
• Use of neural stem cells to construct the blood brain barrier 
• Methods of delivery of cells to the CNS 
• Cerebrospinal fluid-stem cell interactions for therapy of CNS disorders 
• CNS delivery of cells by catheters 
• Engineered stem cells for drug delivery to the brain  
• Encapsulated cells
• Intrathecal delivery of stem cells 
• Intraparenchymal delivery of stem cells to the spinal cord  
• Intravascular administration 
• Neural stem cells as therapeutic delivery vehicles  
• Neurological disorders amenable to cell therapy 
• Neuroprotection by cell therapy  
• Cells secreting neuroprotective substances
• Stem cells for neuroprotection  
• Neuroprotection by intravenous administration of HSCs 
• Human UCB-derived stem cells for the aging brain 
• Neurodegenerative disorders 
• MSCs for therapy of neurodegenerative disorders  
• Role of stem cells in neurodegenerative disorders  
• Role of NSCs in disorders associated with aging brain
• NSCs for improving memory 
• Parkinson's disease 
• Cell therapies for PD
• Delivery of cells for PD
• Dopamine neurons for PD  
• Encapsulated cells for PD 
• Graft survival-enhancing drugs 
• hiPSCs for personalized restoration of motor function in PD 
• Human retinal pigment epithelium cells for PD
• Potential of regeneration of endogenous stem cells in PD 
• Pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons
• Stem cell transplantation in animal models of PD 
• Stem cells for production of glial derived neurotrophic factor  
• Transplantation of embryonic medial ganglionic eminence cells 
• Trials of stem cell transplantation in PD patients 
• Tumorigenic potential of transplantated dopaminergic hESCs 
• Xenografting porcine fetal neurons  
• Personalized stem cell therapy for PD 
• Future perspectives of clinical trials of stem cell therapy for PD 
• MSCs for multiple system atrophy  
• Cell therapy for Huntington's disease
• Fetal striatal cell transplantation  
• Transplantation of encapsulated porcine choroids plexus cells503 iPSCs for HD
• Mobilization of endogenous neural progenitor cells in HD 
• Cell therapy for Alzheimer's disease  
• Choroid plexus epithelial cells for AD  
• Implantation of genetically engineered cells producing NGF
• Neural stem cell implantation for Alzheimer's disease 
• Use of autologous stem cells for dementia 
• Cell therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 
• Stem cell techniques for study of ALS 
• Rational for use of stem cells for ALS 
• Experimental studies with various types of stem cells for ALS 
• Clinical trials of stem cells for ALS 
• Transplantation of glial restricted precursors in ALS  
• Stem cell-based drug discovery for ALS 
• Cell therapy for demyelinating disorders  
• Autologous bone marrow stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis  
• ESCs for remyelination 
• Fusokine method of personalized cell therapy of MS  
• Genetically engineered macrophages expressing NaV1.5 
• Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for MS
• MSCs for multiple sclerosis 
• Neural progenitor cells for neuroprotection in MS 
• NSC transplantation for repair of demyelination after 
• iNSCs for antiinflammatory effect in MS 
• Oligodendrocyte generation from human iPSCs 
• T cell-based personalized vaccine for MS
• T cell-directed therapies for MS 
• Stem cells for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy  
• Stem cell transplantation for Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease 
• X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
• Cell therapy of stroke 
• Adult stem cell therapy in stroke 
• Cell therapy of intracerebral hemorrhage  
• Functional integration of iPSC-derived neurons in stroke-injured brain
• Implantation of genetically programmed ESCs 
• Intravenous infusion of MSCs 
• Intravenous infusion of human UCB stem cells
• Intravenous MSCs to prevent rupture of experimental aneurysms 
• Intracerebral administration of human adipose tissue stromal cells  
• Neural stem cell therapy for stroke 
• Preconditioning with hyperbaric oxygen for stem cell therapy 
• Transplantation of encapsulated porcine choroids plexus 
• Transplantation of fetal porcine cells  
• Role of cell therapy in management of stroke according to stage  
• Clinical trials of cell therapy for stroke 
• Future of cell therapy for stroke 
• Cell therapy of traumatic brain injury 
• Cell/gene therapy for TBI 
• Clinical trials of autologous stem cell therapy for TBI 
• Limitations of stem cell therapy for acute TBI  
• Improving the microenvironments of transplanted cells in TBI 
• MSC-derived exosomes for treatment of TBI 
• Cell therapy for spinal cord injury  
• Autoimmune T cells against CNS myelin-associated peptide 
• Fetal neural grafts for SCI  
• Olfactory-ensheathing cells for SCI 
• Oligodendrocyte precursor cells for treatment of SCI 
• Schwann cell transplants for SCI 
• Transplantation of glial cells for SCI 
• Stem cells for SCI 
• Bone marrow stem cells for SCI 
• Embryonic stem cells for SCI 
• ESC-derived neural aggregates for treatment of SCI 
• Transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cells in SCI  
• Transplantation of MSCs for SCI  
• Transplantation of NSCs for SCI
• Transplantation of human dental pulp stem cells
• Transdifferentiation of BM stem cells into cholinergic neurons for SCI  
• Evaluation of experimental studies of stem cell transplantation in SCI 
• Spinal stem cells for treatment of ischemic injury of spinal cord
• Combined approaches for regeneration in SCI 
• Combined cell/gene therapy for SCI 
• Delivery of cells in SCI
• Intrathecal injection of cells labeled with magnetic nanoparticles  
• Intravenous injection of stem cells for spinal cord repair  
• Clinical applications of stem cells for SCI 
• Autologous bone marrow cell transplantation for SCI
• Cell therapy of syringomyelia 
• Cell therapy for neurogenetic disorders
• Hurler's syndrome treated with stem cells 
• Krabbe’s disease treated with UCB stem cells  
• Krabbe's disease treated with combination of cell and gene therapy 
• Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies treated with stem cells
• Sanfilippo syndrome type B treated with UCB stem cells  
• Cell therapy for lysosomal storage disorders
• Cell therapy for Batten disease 
• Cell/gene therapy for Farber’s disease 
• Genetically modified HSCs for metachromatic leukodystrophy
• Neural stem cells for lysosomal storage disorders  
• Cell therapy of epilepsy 
• Cell therapy of posttraumatic epilepsy 
• Cell therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy  
• Cell therapy for pharmacoresistant epilepsies  
• Cell therapy for developmental neurological disorders 
• Cell therapy for cerebral palsy 
• Cell-based therapies for malignant CNS tumors 
• Bone morphogenetic protein for inhibition of glioblastoma
• CAR-T cell therapy of glioblastoma  
• Dendritic cell therapy for brain tumors
• Encapsulated cells for brain tumors 
• Engineered human NSCs for treatment of spinal cord gliomas 
• Immunotherapy of glioblastoma targeting cancer stem cells 
• Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of gliomas 
• Neural stem cells for treatment of malignant brain tumors  
• Role of cancer stem cells in resistance to radiotherapy 
• Stem cell-based therapy targeting EGFR in glioblastoma  
• Targeting stem cells in brain tumors
• Clinical trials of cell therapy of glioblastoma 
• Cell therapy for chemobrain 
• Cell therapy for muscle disorders 
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy 
• Combination of cell and pharmacotherapy for DMD 
• Myoblast transplant for DMD 
• Myoblast-based gene transfer
• Myoblasts lacking the MyoD gene
• Myoblast injection for treatment of other muscular dystrophies 
• Role of satellite cells in the treatment of DMD 
• Stem cells for DMD  
• Wnt7a treatment for DMD  
• Cell therapy for autism  
• Management of chronic intractable pain by cell therapy  
• Implantation of chromaffin cells 
• Role of stem cells in management of pain 
• Implantation of astrocytes secreting enkephalin 
• Cells for delivery of antinociceptive molecules 
• Implantation of genetically engineered cells 
• Cell therapy for low back pain
• Cell therapy for neuropathic itch 
• Cell therapy for neuroendocrine disorders 
• Pituitary stem cells
• Cell therapy for regenerating optic pathways 
• Cell therapy for retinal degenerative disorders
• Delivery of CNTF by encapsulated cell intraocular implants  
• Genetically engineered retinal pigmented epithelial cell lines  
• Stem cell-based therapies for retinal degenerative disorders 
• Adipose-derived stem cells for retinal degeneration 
• Adipose-derived stem cells transplantation for diabetic retinopathy  
• ESCs for retinal degenerative disorders 
• hESC-derived RPE cells for AMD
• Human retinal stem cells
• iPSCs for AMD 
• Neuroprotective effect of neural progenitor cell transplantation 
• Stem-cell based therapy for retinitis pigmentosa
• Stem cell transplantation in the retina 
• Combining stem cell and gene therapies for retinal disorders 
• Clinical trials of cell therapy for retinal degenerative disorders  
• Stem cell therapy for hearing loss  
• Cell thery for peripheral nerve lesions
• Cell transplants for peripheral nerve injuries
• Role of adipose-derived stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration 
• Treatment of diabetic neuropathy with endothelial progenitor cells
• Complications of cell therapy of neurological disorders 
• Tumor formation after CNS transplantation of stem cells
• Donor stem cell-derived brain tumor  
• Glioproliferative lesion of spinal cord as a complication of cell therapy 
• Uncontrolled differentiation of implanted ESCs
• Tumorigenicity of ESC-derived retinal progenitor cells 
• Clinical trials of cell therapy in neurological disorders 
• Future of cell therapy of CNS disorders

8. Ethical, Legal and Political Aspects of Cell therapy 

• Introduction 
• Political and ethical aspects of hESC research in the US 
• Ethical issues concerning fetal tissues
• Morality and hESC research
• Opponents of hESC research in the US 
• Use of hESCs in NIH-supported research
• Politics of hESC research in the US 
• Public opinion in the US about hESC research  
• Human stem cell cloning in the US  
• Stem cell guidelines of various US institutions 
• Ethics of transplanting human NSCs into the brains of nonhuman primates  
• Public opinion on use of iPSCs for growing human organs in animals  
• Stem cell research around the world 
• ESC lines available worldwide
• ESC policies around the world
• Countries with no defined policies on hESC research 
• Australia 
• Canada
• China  
• Denmark 
• France 
• Germany 
• India 
• Ireland 
• Israel  
• Italy 
• Japan  
• Russia 
• The Netherlands  
• Saudi Arabia 
• Singapore  
• South Africa  
• South Korea  
• Spain  
• Sweden  
• Switzerland 
• United Kingdom 
• UK StemCellBank  
• European Union 
• EU guidelines for stem cell research 
• European stem cell bank 
• EMBO’s recommendations for stem cell research
• Public opinion in Europe about hESC research
• United Nations, cloning and nuclear transfer
• The Embryo Project for information on ESC research 
• Concluding remarks about ethics of ESC research 
• Ethical issues concerning umbilical cord blood 
• Legal issues associated with stem cells 
• Stem cell patents 
• Stem cell patents in the United States 
• Current status of Thomson patents at WARF
• Stem cell patents in the European Union
• Cell therapy tourism 

9. Safety and Regulatory Aspects of Cell Therapy 

• Introduction 
• Safety issues of cell therapy 
• Immune-mediated reactions to transpanted stem cells 
• Human virus infections associated with stem cell transplantation 
• Herpes simplex virus type 1  
• Cytomegalovirus 
• Opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients  
• Cord colitis syndrome 
• Carcinogenic potential of stem cells and its prevention 
• Regulatory challenges for the clinical use of cell products
• Prediction of in vivo performance of cell-based therapies 
• FDA safety regulations for cell and tissue products 
• FDA Guidance on license applications for umbilical cord blood products 
• Regulation of cord blood banks in the US 
• Regulatory issues for biotechnology-derived drugs 
• Regulation of products for adoptive cell therapy of cancer 
• Regulation of cell selection devices for PBSCs at point of care 
• FDA rules for human cells and tissues 
• FDA regulation of fetal cellular or tissue products  
• FDA and ESC lines
• FDA and clinical trials using hESCs 
• Cell and gene therapies approved by the FDA 
• Cell and gene therapy INDs placed on hold by the FDA 
• Regulatory issues for genetically engineered cell transplants 
• FDA guidelines for human tissue transplantation 
• FDA considers cultured stem cells for therapy as drugs
• FDA perspective on safety-efficacy and risk-benefit of stem cell therapy 
• FDA action against unapproved cell therapy in the US 
• Xenotransplantation 
• Clinical Protocol Review and Oversight 
• Informed consent and patient education  
• Xenotransplantation product sources 
• FDA guidelines for xenografts  
• US regulations for manufacture of cell therapy products 
• GMP in USA 
• Regulations relevant to cell therapy in the European Union
• Regulations about use of stem cells in the EU 
• Guidelines for cell therapy in the UK 
• Quality requirements for ex vivo-expanded MSC products for clinical use  
• European regulations for manufacture of cell therapy products 
• GMP in Europe 
• Global regulation of stem cell approval
• Transport of stem cells between countries 
• Temperature limitations during transport of stem cells 
• NIH and stem cells
• hESC lines approved under the new NIH guidelines  
• Clinical trials in cell therapy
• Assessment of clinical trial registration and publication 
• Misuse of listing on ClinicalTrials.gov to provide unapproved stem cell therapy 

Tables

Table 1-1: Landmarks in the history of cell therapy 
Table 1-2: Examples of cells involved in various diseases  
Table 2-1: Types of human cells used in cell therapy
Table 2-2: A selection of companies providing cell culture media 
Table 2-3: A sampling of companies supplying cell sorters 
Table 2-4: Companies involved in cell-based drug discovery 
Table 2-5: Methods of delivery of cells for therapeutic purposes  
Table 2-6: Therapeutic applications of encapsulated cells
Table 2-7: Companies working on encapsulated cell technology
Table 2-8: Molecular imaging methods for tracking cells in vivo 
Table 3-1: Various levels of potency relevant to stem cells 
Table 3-2: Clinical trials of UCB 
Table 3-3: Companies involved in cord blood banking as a source of stem cells 
Table 3-4: Comparison of techniques for nuclear reprogramming of stem cells 
Table 3-5: Banks of patient-specific iPSC lines
Table 3-6: Companies providing iPSCs  
Table 3-7: Sources of adult human stem cells 
Table 3-8: Comparison of human stem cells according to derivation
Table 3-9: Enhancing engraftment, mobilization and expansion of stem cells 
Table 3-10: Applications of stem cells 
Table 3-11: Advantages and limitations of methods for optimizing MSCs 
Table 3-12: Pharmaceutical manipulation of stem cells 
Table 3-13: Growth factors with positive effects on stem cells and applications 
Table 3-14: Examples of drugs that induce granulocytopenia at stem cell level
Table 3-15: Academic institutes involved in stem cell research  
Table 3-16: Companies involved in stem cell technologies  
Table 4-1: Therapeutic applications of regulatory T cells (Tregs)
Table 4-2: Various tissue/cell therapy approaches to the treatment of type 1 diabetes  
Table 4-3: Companies involved in cell therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes  
Table 4-4: Major pulmonary disorders potentially treatable by stem cell manipulation 
Table 4-5: Clinical trials of MSCs in COPD 
Table 4-6: Cell-based repair of knee cartilage damage 
Table 4-7: Intraoperative cell therapy 
Table 5-1: Classification of various types of cell therapy for cardiovascular disorders 
Table 5-2: Clinical trials of cell therapy in cardiovascular disease  
Table 6-1: Cell therapy technologies used for cancer 
Table 6-2: Companies developing CAR-T cell therapy 
Table 6-3: Companies involved in developing cell-based therapies for cancer 
Table 7-1: Studies in rats or mice of in vivo reprogramming of cells for brain repair
Table 7-2: NSCs-based approaches for neurological disorders.  
Table 7-3: Experimental use of immortalized cells for CNS disorders 
Table 7-4: Combination of stem cells and HBO in models of neurological disorders 
Table 7-5: Therapeutic applications of MSCs for neurological disorders 
Table 7-6: Methods for delivering cell therapies in CNS disorders 
Table 7-7: Neurological disorders amenable to cell therapy 
Table 7-8: Types of cell used for investigative treatment of Parkinson's disease  
Table 7-9: Status of cell therapies for Parkinson's disease  
Table 7-10: Role of cell therapy in management of stroke according to stage 
Table 7-11: Clinical trials of cell therapy for stroke: completed, ongoing and pending 
Table 7-12: Clinical trials of cell therapy for retinal degenerative disorders 
Table 7-13: Clinical trials with cell therapy in neurological disorders (excluding stroke) 
Table 8-1: Listed numbers of ESC lines around the world
Table 8-2: Stem cell policies around the world 
Table 8-3: European public attitudes about research involving human stem cells 
Table 9-1: Possible adverse reactions and safety issues of cell therapy
Table 9-2: Cell and gene therapies approved by the FDA 

Figures

Figure 1-1: Interrelationships of cell therapy to other technologies 
Figure 1-2: Interrelationships of gene, cell and protein therapies 
Figure 1-3: Engineering of RBCs for drug delivery
Figure 3-1: A simplified biological scheme of embryonic stem Cells 
Figure 3-2: Steps of iPS cell production 
Figure 3-3: hESC-derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer  
Figure 3-4: Approaches for optimizing preparation of HSCs for transplantation 
Figure 3-5: Flow chart of development of stem cells with potential bottlenecks
Figure 4-1: Reprograming ESCs/iPSCs cells to β-cells for type 1 diabetes  
Figure 4-2: Fluorescently labeled polarized Upcyte® hepatocytes 
Figure 5-1: Ex vivo vs in vivo approaches to regeneration of the heart 
Figure 5-2: hESC-derived cardiomyocytes from laboratory to bedside 
Figure 5-3: Steps in growing a new heart in vitro for transplantation
Figure 6-1: A scheme of generation and administration of tumor antigen-pulsed dendritic cells  
Figure 6-2: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells attacking tumor cells 
Figure 6-3: Stem cell transplantation techniques 
Figure 7-1: Cell-based methods for repair of the brain 
Figure 7-2: Reprogramming methods for in vivo generation of neurons
Figure 7-3: Stem cells that can give rise to neurons 
Figure 7-4: Sources of dopaminergic neurons for transplantation in Parkinson’s disease 
Figure 7-5: hiPSCs for restoring motor function in PD
Figure 7-6: Scheme of iPSCs for personalized cell therapy of Parkinson disease
Figure 7-7: Potential mechanisms of stem cell efficacy in ALS 
Figure 7-8: Approaches to stem cell therapy in stroke  
Figure 8-1: Global stem cell publications 2015-2019 

Part II: Markets, Companies & Academic Institutions

10. Markets and Future Prospects for Cell Therapy 

• Introduction 
• Methods for estimation of cell therapy markets 
• Potential markets for cell therapy
• Markets according to technologies
• Stem cell transplants
• Supporting cell technologies 
• Blood transfusion market 
• Cord blood collection and storage 
• Cell therapy and related technologies 
• Cell therapy markets according to therapeutic areas 
• Bone and joint disorders  
• Cancer
• Cardiovascular disorders 
• Diabetes mellitus 
• Liver disorders 
• Neurological disorders 
• Retinal degenerative diseases market 
• Skin and wound care  
• Urinary incontinence
• Reconstruction of teeth by stem cell implants 
• Market size according to geographical areas 
• Unmet market needs in cell therapy 
• Drivers of growth of cell therapy markets 
• Role of stem cells in regenerative medicine 
• Role of cells in markets for artificial organs 
• Increase of R&D expense on cell therapy 
• Increased used of cell-based drug discovery 
• Impact of emerging healthcare trends on cell therapy markets 
• Markets for cell therapy tourism 
• Involvement of pharmaceutical companies in cell therapy 
• Future prospects of cell therapy 
• Challenges for cell therapy  
• Achievements of cell therapy  
• Stem cell research around the world 
• Stem cell research in China 
• Consortia for ESC research in Europe  
• EuroStemCell 
• UK National Stem Cell Network 
• Ethical concerns about commercialization of embryonic stem cells 
• Education of the physicians 
• Public education 
• NIH support of stem cell research 
• Funding of stem cell research from non-federal sources 
• Prospects of venture capital support for stem cell companies
• Cell therapy in the developing countries 
• Guidelines for stem cell therapies 
• Business strategies
• Formation of networks 
• Market potential of autologous vs allogeneic cells
• Future market potential of adult vs embryonic stem cells  
• Transportation and handling of cell therapy products  
• Translating science into business  

11. Companies Involved in Cell Therapy  

• Introduction 
• Profiles of selected companies
• Collaborations

12. Academic Institutions 

• Introduction 
• Stem cell centers 
• Profiles of institutions 
• Collaborations

13. References 

Tables

Table 10-1: Market size according to cell therapy and related technologies 2020-2030 
Table 10-2: Market size according to therapeutic areas for cell therapy in 2020-2030 
Table 10-3: Cell therapy markets for cardiovascular disorders in 2020-2030 
Table 10-4: Values of cell therapies for neurological disorders in 2020-2030 
Table 10-5: Total cell therapy market in 2020-2030 according to geographical areas 
Table 10-6: Cord blood market according to geographical areas 2020-2030 
Table 10-7: Stem cells transplant market according to geographical areas 2020-2030 
Table 10-8: SWOT Autologous cells vs allogeneic cells
Table 11-1: Publicly traded cell therapy companies  
Table 11-2: Selected collaborations of cell therapy companies 
Table 12-1: Therapeutic uses of stem cells  
Table 12-2: Commercial collaborations of US academic institutes relevant to stem cells 

Figures

Figure 10-1: Unmet needs in cell therapy 

Samples