Animal Biotechnology - Technologies, Markets and Companies

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

1. Introduction to Animal Biotechnology

• Introduction
• Historical evolution of animal biotechnology
• Basics of biotechnology
• DNA 
• RNA 
• Genes
• Single nucleotide polymorphisms 
• Copy number variations in the genome 
• DNA sequences  
• Gene expression
• Gene regulation 
• Proteins
• Functions of proteins 
• Recombinant proteins
• Animal genetics
• Molecular genetics 
• Twinning in cattle
• Pig genetics
• Genetic studies in dogs
• Animal genomics 
• Avian genomes  
• Chicken genome
• Turkey genome
• The mouse genome
• The cat genome 
• The dog genome
• Sequencing of the dog genome
• Comparison of genomes of healthy and diseased dogs
• Analysis of DNA copy number variation
• Marsupial genomes
• Genome of the Tibetan antelope  
• Livestock genomics
• Bovine genome 
• Bovine SNP map
• 1,000 Bull Genomes Project
• Bovine stomach microbiome genes  
• Camel genome 
• Goat genome 
• Horse genome  
• Pig genome  
• Sheep genome 
• Fish genomes
• The Salmon genome 
• Genome of the Northern snakehead
• Whale genome  
• Genomes of non-human primates
• Chimpanzee genome 
• Genome of the rhesus macaque  
• Genome of gorilla 
• Priority genome list of the National Human Genome Research Institute
• Animal proteomics
• Applications of proteomics in animals
• Caseins in goat milk  
• Lactic acid bacteria 
• Applications of proteomics in animal healthcare
• Bioinformatics 
• Biomarkers and animal health 
• Personalized medicine for pet animals 
• Monoclonal antibodies and animal health
• Antigenomics
• Nanobiotechnology and animal health 
• Stem cells and animal biotechnology
• Rescuing extinct animals with stem cells
• Animal biotechnology in relation to other technologies

2. Application of Biotechnology in Animals 

• Introduction
• Applications of animal genomics  
• Bovine ankyrin 1 gene and beef tenderness  
• Chicken breeding based on genomics
• Genomics of disease resistance 
• Genomic selection to exploit gene-environment interactions
• Genome wide associations and milk production in cows  
• Low cost genotyping for genetic improvement in dairy cattle
• SNPs and longevity in dairy cattle
• Share genomic data to improve cattle breeding programs
• Statistical genomics to improve breeding  
• Genetic engineering and gene editing  
• CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in animals
• Disease control by genetic engineering 
• Improvement of livestock by genetic engineering
• Limitations and precautions for genetic engineering
• Transgenic animal technology 
• Cloning animals 
• Nuclear transfer technology
• Nuclear bisection for cloning
• Zona-free cloning method  
• Abnormalities in cloned animals  
• Cloning from embryonic cells
• Cloning of rabbits  
• Cloning the rat 
• Cloning the horse  
• Cloning the cow
• Cloning the dog
• Cloning in primates
• Episomal vector-mediated gene delivery
• Lentiviral transduction of male germ-line stem cells
• Lentiviral transgenesis
• Retrovector-mediated production of transgenic animals  
• Sperm-mediated gene transfer
• Animal models of human diseases
• Gene editing in large animals  
• Cloning of gene-edited dogs as models of human genetic diseases
• Production of recombinant proteins 
• Transgenic pharmaceuticals
• Proteins from the milk of transgenic animals 
• Advantages of milk as a source of transgenic proteins
• Therapeutic proteins from rabbit milk  
• Recombinant human antibodies from cows
• Therapeutic proteins from goat milk
• Chicken transgenesis for production of biopharmaceuticals 
• Concluding remarks about the production of transgenic proteins in animals
• Companies involved in the production of transgenic pharmaceuticals 
• Transgenic food products
• Milking genetically modified cows 
• Genetically modified fish 
• Genetically engineered salmon
• Gene transfer approaches to enhance the growth of other fish species  
• Cloned animals as sources of milk and meat  
• Animal feeds from transgenic plants
• Transgenic modification of plants to increase the nutritional value of animal feeds
• Transgenic disease models  
• Technologies to create transgenic disease models  
• Gene manipulation techniques
• Embryonic stem cells for gene targeting  
• Homologous recombination
• Transgenic animal models of human diseases
• Transgenic models for studying human drug metabolism and toxicity
• The Human Genome Project and the role of transgenics 
• Genomic and proteomic analyses of transgenic animal models 
• Concern about health and welfare of transgenic animals 
• Safety of transgenic technology
• Concluding remarks about the use of transgenic animals  
• RNA interference technology
• RNAi versus antisense
• Applications of RNAi in animal biotechnology 
• Xenotransplantation
• Pigs for xenotransplantation
• Genetically engineered pigs for transplants  
• Risks of xenotransplantation
• World Health Organization and xenotransplantation
• Ethical aspects of animal biotechnology  

3. A Biotechnology Perspective of Animals Diseases  

• Introduction
• Infections in animals
• Viral infections
• Avian viral infections 
• Avian influenza 
• Animal biotechnology implications of H1N1 influenza 
• Animal corona viruses and human SARS  
• Avian coronavirus 
• Acute lymphoproliferative disease of cattle
• Bluetongue virus
• Canine virus infections
• Classical swine fever 
• Developing new treatments against FMD  
• Equine viruses  
• Feline virus infections
• Foot-and-mouth disease
• Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 
• Rabies 
• Rinderpest
• Schmallenberg virus  
• Virus infections in fishes  
• Bacterial infections
• Bovine tuberculosis 
• Brucellosis 
• Mycoplasmal pneumonia  
• Fungal infections  
• Protozoal infections  
• Coccidiosis 
• Neosporosis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Trypanosomiasis 
• Nematodes 
• Infections that cross the species barrier  
• Complications of bacterial infections and antibiotic use in animals  
• Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)  
• Inter-species transfer of prions  
• Scrapie
• Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
• Epidemiology of BSE
• Biomarkers in the urine of BSE infected cattle
• Human health implications of BSE 
• Breeding animals protected against BSE
• TSE research
• Prion gene haplotyping
• Pharmacological approaches to TSE research
• Molecular diagnostic approach to TSE research
• RNAi for knockdown of the bovine prion gene 
• Chronic wasting disease
• Chronic wasting disease in wildlife
• Chronic wasting disease of the cattle 
• Genetic disorders in farm animals 
• Genetic predisposition to acquired diseases in animals 
• Overcoming limits of cancer chemotherapy in veterinary medicine
• Diseases of pet animals 
• Canine anemia
• Canine autoimmune diseases
• Canine neuropsychiatric disorders  
• Canine obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Canine dementia 
• Canine epilepsy  
• Canine glaucoma 
• Canine cardiovascular disease
• Heart failure1
• Cardiac complications of canine babesiosis 
• Diabetes 
• Role of biotechnology in management of diabetes
• Arthritis  
• Cancer in dogs
• Biotechnology-based anticancer therapeutics  
• Cancer clinical trials in dogs 
• Canine Comparative Oncology & Genomics Consortium
• Preventive veterinary medicine 
• Prevention of introduction of foreign animal diseases
• Producing transgenic cattle resistant to BSE
• Zoonotic diseases  
• Global impact of zoonotic diseases 
• Viruses that emerge in animals and spread to humans 
• Borna virus
• Nipah virus
• Collaborative management of animal and human health
• Vaccines for zoonotic viral diseases

4. Molecular Diagnostics in Animals 

• Introduction  
• Nucleic acid technologies
• The polymerase chain reaction  
• Basic Principles of PCR 
• Target selection  
• Detection of amplified DNA
• Real-time PCR systems
• LightCycler PCR system
• Molecular beacons
• Applications of PCR in veterinary medicine 
• Fluorescent in situ hybridization 
• Immunodiagnostics
• Enzyme-linked immunoassays
• Bovine Gamma Interferon Test  
• Antigen diagnosis of trichinosis  
• Parachek™ for the diagnosis of Johne's disease
• Antibodies for differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals
• Biochip/microarray technology 
• Applications of microarrays in animal biotechnology 
• eSensor™ electrochemical biochip 
• FR 48 microfluidic biochip
• SNPchiMp v.3 for standardizing livestock SNP data  
• Biosensors 
• Immunosensors
• Biosensor for ovulation prediction in dairy cows  
• Flow cytometry for animal diagnostics  
• Molecular imaging in animals
• Veterinary cytogenetics 
• Applications of sequencing for veterinary diagnostics
• Role of sequencing in detection of cancer biomarkers
• DNA sequencing for study of bacterial epidemics 
• Role of sequencing in epidemic of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli 
• Role of sequencing in the study of genetic disorders in animals 
• Applications of molecular diagnostics in animals
• Canine DNA testing  
• Use and abuse of genetic testing of dogs
• Cat pedigree determined by gene tests
• Diagnostic aids to selective breeding  
• Selection of desirable traits  
• Gene variations and fat content of beef 
• Using genetic markers for improved milk production in dairy cattle
• Application of bovine genomics for improving milk yield
• Recognition of hereditary syndromes 
• Genetic markers in animals
• SNP genotyping in animals
• SNP genotyping for selective breeding of chicken
• Animal identity and parentage analysis
• Animal species identification in food
• Diagnosis of infections  
• Bacterial infections  
• Diagnosis of fungal infections in animals
• Diagnosis of viral infections  
• Molecular diagnosis of avian influenza
• Molecular diagnosis of swine influenza
• Diagnosis of parasitic infections
• Detection of natural or bioterror threats to livestock
• Detection of Tritrichomonas foetus DNA in cattle 
• Molecular diagnosis of prion diseases 
• Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
• Testing for BSE in living animals
• Prions in urine
• Diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in wildlife
• Developing new tests for prion diseases  
• Differentiation among various types of TSEs
• Protein cyclic amplification
• Antibody tests for prion diseases
• Scrapie genotyping 
• A real-time ultrasonic method for prion protein detection 
• Companies involved in developing molecular diagnostics for TSEs  
• Diagnosis of genetic disorders
• Genetic screening of companion animals
• Genes associated with exercise-induced collapse
• Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 
• Diagnosis of cancer in animals
• Diagnosis of skin cancer
• Diagnosis of canine mammary carcinoma
• Diagnosis of food-borne pathogens
• Introduction
• Molecular diagnostic methods used in food-borne infections  
• Detection of Listeria-contaminated foods
• Optical biosensor for detection of Listeria
• Real-time PCR for detection of Listeria
• Detection of Salmonella
• MicroSEQ® Salmonella Detection Kit 
• Detection of toxoplasmosis
• E. Coli detection  
• DuPont Bax system 
• MLG method for detection of multiple STEC strains 
• MicroSEQ® E. Coli Detection Kit
• RapidFinder™ STEC 
• A genomic approach to study of animal food-borne illness in humans 
• Limitations of use of molecular probes in food analysis 
• Companies with technologies for food pathogen detection 
• Biotechnology-based novel diagnostics for aquatic animals 
• Detection of chemicals in foods of animal origin
• Companies developing molecular diagnostics for animals 

5. Biotechnology-based Veterinary Medicine

• Introduction  
• Biotechnology versus pharmaceutical products 
• Role of biotechnology in drug discovery and development
• Biological therapies in veterinary medicine  
• Cost of veterinary vs. human drug discovery and development  
• Advantages and disadvantages of testing biotech products in animal models
• Biotechnolgy-based antiparasitic drugs
• Non-antibiotic strategies for control of infections in animals
• Probiotics
• Potential role for probiotics in the human gut 
• Potential role for probiotics in animals
• Probiotic bacteria for control of pathogens in cattle 
• Nonantibiotic drugs for infections in animals
• Immunomodulation as an alternative to antibiotics in infections
• Cathelicidins: effector molecules of mammalian innate immunity  
• Bacteriophage therapy for antibiotic resistance
• Biotechnology for treating tendon injuries
• Use of growth factors to facilitate tendon injuries 
• Productivity enhancers  
• Bovine somatotropin for increasing milk production in dairy cows  
• Increasing milk production in cows by feeding propionibacteria  
• Use of growth factors
• Transgenic plant products for use in animals 
• Biotechnology-based vaccines
• Modern vaccines without viral non-structural proteins
• Plant-derived vaccines for use in animals
• Nano-bead vaccine adjuvant 
• Genetically engineered vaccines 
• Application of nucleic acid vaccines in veterinary medicine
• DNA vaccines 
• DNA vaccine for tuberculosis
• DNA vaccines for West Nile encephalitis 
• DNA vaccines for cancer  
• Gene-based vaccine for Marek’s disease
• Genetic engineering of live rabies vaccines 
• Genetically engineered vaccines for equine encephalitis
• Genetically engineered vaccines for Johne's disease
• Rational engineering of virus capsids to produce FMD vaccine
• Vaccines against avian influenza
• Vaccines against parasitic infections  
• Recombinant marker vaccines
• Marker vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease
• Marker vaccine for Newcastle disease
• Vaccines for classical swine fever  
• Vaccines for tick control
• Vaccination to protect swine from H1N1 influenza virus infection
• Vaccination of cattle to prevent E. coli transmission to consumers in meat  
• Vaccines for bacterial equine respiratory infections
• Use of RNAi to develop vaccines for viral infections in prawns
• Companies developing biotechnology-based vaccines
• Biotechnology in treatment of parasitic infections 
• Biotechnology in the treatment of CNS disorders in pet animals
• Paraplegia due to acute spinal cord injury in dogs
• Personalized approach to Niemann-Pick type C1 in cats
• Role of biotechnology in veterinary oncology
• Personalized management of dogs with high-grade B-cell lymhoma
• VDC-1101 for treatment of lymphoma in dogs 
• Cell Therapy
• Umbilical cord blood stem cells  
• Application of stem cells in veterinary medicine
• Stem cells for repair of tendon injuries in horses 
• Stem cells for spinal cord injury in dogs 
• Stem cells for arthritis in horses
• Gene therapy 
• Gene therapy vectors
• Gene therapy by mitochondrial transfer  
• In utero gene therapy  
• Gene editing 
• Genome engineering by using TALENs
• Genome editing by using CRISPR system
• CRISPER system for creating animal models of human diseases
• CRISPR-Cas9 system for producing tuberculosis-resistant cows
• CRISPR-Cas9 for inactivation of pig retrovirus for xenotransplantation
• Applications of gene therapy in veterinary medicine 
• Gene therapy for arthritis 
• Gene therapy for blindness in dogs due to Leber congenital amaurosis  
• Gene therapy for cardiomyopathy in dogs  
• Gene therapy for diabetes in dogs 
• Gene therapy for endocrine disorders
• Gene therapy for hematological disorders  
• Gene therapy for inherited disorders of metabolism in dogs 
• Gene therapy to increase disease resistance
• Gene therapy for infections  
• Gene therapy for renal failure
• Cancer gene therapy
• Antiangiogeneic cancer gene therapy in dogs 
• Brain tumors in cats and dogs  
• Breast cancer in dogs  
• Canine hemangiosarcoma
• Canine malignant melanoma
• Canine soft tissue sarcoma
• Melanoma in horses
• Oncolytic virotherapy for cancer in dogs

6. Research in Animal Biotechnology

• Introduction  
• Research institutes
• Animal and Natural Resources Institute (USDA)
• Center for Animal Biotechnology at University of Melbourne (Australia)  
• CSIRO Livestock Industries
• Easter Bush Research Consortium  
• Danish Veterinary Institute
• Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute
• Indian Veterinary Research Institute  
• Institute for Animal Health of UK
• Kimron Veterinary Institute
• Korean National Livestock Research Institute  
• National Agricultural & Veterinary Biotechnology Center of Ireland 
• Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 
• Veterinary Laboratories Agency of UK 
• Veterinary Medical University of Vienna  
• Ethical issues of research in animal biotechnology
• Future prospects
• Genome wide association studies for investigation of declining fertility in cattle
• Strategies for control of twining in cattle 
• Future developments of molecular diagnostics 
• Future of vaccine application in veterinary medicine 
• Promotion of innate immunity in animals
• Identification of key parasite antigens for eliciting an immune response 
• Virus-like particle vaccines for lasting immune response  
• Control of respiratory virus infections 
• Control and prevention of bioterrorism diseases in animals
• Genetic control of disease resistance  
• Production of cattle lacking prion protein
• Application of genetics and biotechnology to wildlife management 
• Future of animal genomics
• Future of in vitro meat production  

7. Animal Biotechnology Markets  

• Introduction  
• Markets for biotechnology-based products for animal healthcare  
• Markets for biopharmaceuticals for animals 
• Markets for recombinant proteins for animal healthcare
• Markets for vaccines for animals
• Markets for animal diagnostics
• Test for bovine spongiform encephalopathy
• Markets for transgenic laboratory animals
• Animal biotechnology markets according to therapeutic areas  
• Markets for biotechnology-based animal products for humans  
• Transgenic proteins  
• Market for xenotransplantation  
• Strategies for promoting use of animal biotechnology
• Financial losses from death and disease in animals  
• Losses in farm animals
• Losses in poultry 
• Losses in equine industry 
• The emerging role of pet owners
• Improvement in cattle through the application of biotechnology  
• Economic aspects of the genomic evaluation of dairy cattle
• Pig market 
• Cattle Market 
• Poultry market
• Milk from genetically modified cows
• Impact of biotechnology on fish markets 
• Role of biotechnology in livestock performance enhancer market 
• Gene transfer technologies
• In vitro meat production and animal biotechnology markets  
• Cost-benefit aspects of transgenic proteins 
• Lower costs of transgenic production 
• Lower costs of treatment 
• Unmet needs in animal biotechnology
• Future of animal biotechnology 
• Farm animals  
• Global trends in the epidemiology of livestock diseases 
• Genetic engineering of animals 
• Companion animals  
• Animal molecular diagnostic markets  
• Future marketing status of animal-derived biotechnology products

8. Regulatory issues 

• Introduction  
• Regulatory agencies for veterinary biotechnology in the US  
• FDA regulatory issues in agricultural biotechnology  
• FDA guidelines on the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals
• FDA and veterinary stem cell therapy 
• Food safety evaluation of transgenic animals
• Food from cloned animals 
• FDA investigation of drug transfer into eggs 
• Animal feed safety 
• Medicated feeds
• Regulatory issues for the production of transgenic proteins
• Risks of animal biotechnology
• FDA regulation of bovine products 
• Worldwide biotechnology regulatory and trade issues  

9. Companies Involved in Animal Biotechnology  

• Introduction  
• Biotechnology at top veterinary pharmaceutical companies  
• Profiles of selected companies
• Collaborations

10. References
 
Tables 
Table 1-1: Landmarks in the evolution of animal biotechnology in the 20th century 
Table 1-2: Applications of proteomics in the livestock industry and veterinary medicine 
Table 1-3: Selected animal genomics and proteomics databases (DB)
Table 1-4: Examples of the use of biomarkers in animal health
Table 2-1: Applications of genomics in the livestock industry and veterinary medicine
Table 2-2:  Expression systems for the production of recombinant proteins  
Table 2-3: Recombinant proteins obtained from the milk of transgenic animals 
Table 2-4: Companies involved in the production of transgenic pharmaceuticals  
Table 2-5: A comparison of gene knockout and transgenic techniques
Table 2-6: Examples of transgenic mouse models of non-neoplastic human diseases
Table 3-1: Diseases of dairy cattle 
Table 3-2: Causes of chronic wasting disease in animals 
Table 4-1: Applications of microarrays in animal biotechnology
Table 4-2: Biosensor technologies with potential applications in molecular diagnostics
Table 4-3: Applications of molecular diagnostics in animals 
Table 4-4: Viruses that can be detected by molecular diagnostics
Table 4-5: Testing for harmful prions in brain tissue from dead cattle
Table 4-6: Companies involved in developing molecular diagnostics for TSEs
Table 4-7: Pathogenic bacteria in food and targets for molecular diagnostic probes
Table 4-8: Companies involved in molecular diagnostics for food-borne infections 
Table 4-9: Companies developing molecular diagnostics for veterinary medicine
Table 5-1: Veterinary biotechnology products
Table 5-2: Pharmaceutical versus biotechnology products
Table 5-3: Nonantibiotic strategies for control of infections 
Table 5-4: Experimental DNA vaccines tested in animals
Table 5-5: Companies developing biotechnology-based vaccines for animals 
Table 6-1: Areas for future research applications of animal biotechnologies  
Table 7-1: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based products for farm animals: 2020-2030
Table 7-2: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based products for pet animals: 2020-2030 
Table 7-3: Biotechnology-based markets for animal healthcare according to regions: 2020-2030
Table 7-4: Biotechnology markets for farm animals according to therapeutic areas: 2020-2030  
Table 7-5: Biotechnology markets for pet animals in therapeutic areas: 2020-2030
Table 7-6: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based animal products for humans: 2020-2030
Table 7-7: Future marketing status of animal-derived biotechnology products
Table 9-1: Ranking of top veterinary companies with biotechnology products
Table 9-2: Selected collaborations of companies in animal biotechnology  

Figures 
Figure 1-1: Relation of animal biotechnology to other technologies and human health  
Figure 2-1: Nuclear transfer technology  
Figure 2-2: Generation of transgenic animals by sperm-mediated gene transfer  
Figure 2-3: Genome editing in pigs
Figure 2-4: Production of therapeutic proteins in the milk of transgenic animals
Figure 7-1: Unmet needs in animal biotechnology

Samples