Management of Concentrate from Desalination Plants provides an overview of the alternatives for managing concentrate generated by brackish water and seawater desalination plants, as well as site-specific factors involved in the selection of the most viable alternative for a given project, and the environmental permitting requirements and studies associated with their implementation. The book focuses on widely used alternatives for disposal of concentrate, including discharge to surface water bodies; disposal to the wastewater collection system; deep well injection; land application; evaporation; and zero liquid discharge.
Direct discharge through new outfall; discharge through existing wastewater treatment plant outfall; and co-disposal with the cooling water of existing coastal power plant are thoroughly described, and design guidance for the use of these concentrate disposal alternatives is presented with engineers and practitioners in the field of desalination in mind. Key advantages, disadvantages, environmental impact issues, and possible solutions are presented for each discharge alternative. Easy-to-use graphs depicting construction costs as a function of concentrate flow rate are provided for all key concentrate management alternatives.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction2. Concentrate Sources and Characterization3. Surface Discharge of Concentrate (Discharge to Fresh Surface Waters, Oceans and Bays)4. Discharge to Sanitary Sewer5. Deep Well Injection6. Land application7. Evaporation ponds8. Zero liquid discharge concentrate disposal systems9. Beneficial use of concentrate by-products10. Regional concentrate management
