Understanding Obesity informs readers about contributing factors to obesity: from social and behavioural determinants throughout the life course, influences from before we are born to what we eat (nutrients and food contaminants which impact bodyweight), gut bacteria, and the way accumulated energy from nutrition is spent.
Chapters will also inform readers about adipose tissue (the dynamic role of the adipose tissue during obesity development, the pressure put on to its remodelling and differences in obesity phenotypes regarding association with pathological outcomes as well as the latest advances in finding biological markers of adipose tissue dysfunction) and the latest treatment options for obesity. Special topics, such as the bidirectional relationship of stress with obesity and the influence of ageing on the onset of metabolic disorders that lead to obesity are also discussed.
Understanding Obesity is a valuable reference for health researchers, practitioners (endocrinologists, family physicians, nurses), as well as decision-makers in healthcare and other professional settings who are seeking a holistic understanding about the causes of obesity and ways to address it.
Key Features:
- 17 chapters cover obesity from a diverse range of perspectives
- Medical information is presented (adipose physiology and different disease conditions relevant to obesity)
- Educational, social and psychological issues as central when caring for obesity patients are emphasized
- The latest information on obesity treatment options (including medical, pharmaceutical and surgical options) is included
- Bibliographic references have been provided for further reading
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 a Life Course Approach to Obesity and Cardio-Vascular Disease
- Introduction
- Life Course Theoretical Models
- Obesity Development: Critical and Sensitive Periods
- Prenatal Period and Infancy
- Childhood
- Adolescence
- Life-Time Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease
- Measuring Life-Time Obesity
- Direct Or Mediated Effects of Early Obesity
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 2 Social and Health Behavior Determinants of Obesity
- Introduction
- Conceptual Frameworks for Defining Obesity Determinants
- Social Determinants of Obesity
- The Family’S Social Environment
- Parenting Styles and Parenting Child-Feeding Practices
- Parental Diet and Parental Characteristics
- Other Psychosocial Characteristics Within the Family Context
- Early-Life Determinants of Dietary Habits and Adiposity
- Dietary Influences of Obesity Foods
- Nutrients
- Dietary Patterns
- Physical Activity and Obesity
- Alcohol and Smoking Effects on Obesity
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 3 Obesity and Adipose Tissue Remodeling
- Introduction
- General Composition and Function of Adipose Tissue
- Adipose Tissue Distribution in Humans and Rodents
- Adipose Tissue Composition and Plasticity
- Joana Araújo and Elisabete Ramos
- Andreia Oliveira, Catarina Durão and Carla Lopes
- Adriana R. Rodrigues, Maria J. Salazar and Alexandra M. Gouveia
- Adipocytes
- Other Important Constituents of Adipose Tissue
- Adipose Tissue As a Secretion Organ
- Obesity-Mediated Adipose Tissue Remodeling
- Adipocyte Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy
- Macrophage Infiltration in Adipose Tissue and Inflammatory Profile
- Hypoxia and Angiogenesis
- Extracellular Matrix Deposition and Fibrosis
- Transdifferentiation of Adipocytes in Obesity
- Adipose Tissue Remodeling As a Therapeutic Perspective to Obesity
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 4 Adipokines As Emerging Biomarkers of Adipocyte Dysfunction
- Introduction
- Adipose Tissue and Adipokines
- Proinflammatory Adipokines
- Anti-Inflammatory Adipokines
- The Adiponectin/Leptin Ratio
- Are Adipokines Ideal Biomarkers?
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 5 Metabolic Inflammation at the Crossroads of Obesity Phenotypes
- Introduction
- The Heterogeneity of Obesity
- The Metabolically Unhealthy Normal-Weight Phenotype
- The Metabolically Healthy Obese Phenotype
- The Metabolically Unhealthy Obese Phenotype
- Metabolic Inflammation
- Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Pathogenesis of Obesity
- Adipose Tissue Cellularity, Remodelling and Inflammation
- Adipose Tissue Inflammatory Cells
- Patterns of Adipose Tissue Distribution
- Circulating Free Fatty Acids
- Sex Hormones
- Persistent Organic Pollutants
- Gut Microbiota and the Inflammasome
- Targeting Inflammation
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Marco Assunção, João T. Guimarães, Margarida Faria and Rosário Monteiro
- Inês Brandão, Célia Candeias and Rosário Monteiro
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 6 Environmental Chemical Obesogens
- Introduction
- Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals - What, Why and Where?
- Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals As Obesogens
- Yin-Yang Role of Adipose Tissue in Endocrine Disrupting Chemical
- Toxicology
- Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Adipose Tissue Dysfunction
- Cornerstones of the Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals
- Crossroads Between Nutrition and Environment - An Avenue For
- Future Interventions?
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 7 Medical Management of the Obese Patient
- Introduction
- Currently Approved Antiobesity Medications
- Orlistat
- Lorcaserin
- Topiramate and Phentermine/Topiramate Combination
- Naltrexone/Bupropion Combination
- Liraglutide
- Other Considerations
- Semaglutide
- New Drugs in the Pipeline and New Strategies
- From Leptin Analogs to Leptin Sensitizers
- From New Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Analogs to Multiligand Therapies
- Oxyntomodulin Analogs
- Antagonism of the Neuropeptide Y Y5 Receptor
- Antiobesity Vaccines
- Antagonists of the Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1
- The Melonocortin System - from Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 Antagonists
- To Melanocortin 4 Receptor Agonists and Multitarget Drugs
- Methionine Aminopeptidase 2 Inhibition
- Double Sodium-Dependent Glucose Transporter 1 and 2 Inhibitors
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 8 Current Pharmacological Approaches in Obesity Treatment
- Diana Teixeira and Diogo Pestana
- Paula Freitas, Vanessa Guerreiro and Davide Carvalho
- Nuno Borges and Alejandro Santos
- Introduction - History of Drug Treatment in Obesity
- Orlistat
- Lorcaserin
- Phentermine/Topiramate Combination
- Naltrexone/Bupropion Combination
- Liraglutide
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 9 Managing Obesity with Bariatric Surgery
- Introduction
- Surgery, Weight Loss and Insulin Metabolism
- Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Comorbidities
- Effect on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- Effect on High Blood Pressure
- Effect on Dislipidemia
- Effects on Other Comorbidities
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 10 the Role of Macronutrients in Diets for Weight Control
- Introduction
- Fats
- Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Weight Control
- Trans Fatty Acids
- Conjugated Linoleic Acids
- Are Low-Fat Diets Effective for Weight Loss?
- Carbohydrates
- Are All Sugars Equal for Weight Control?
- Glycemic Index: Does It Really Matters for Weight Loss?
- Fibre and Weight Management
- Sugar Addiction: Myth Or Reality?
- Low-Carbohydrate Diets Vs. High-Fat Diets
- Proteins
- Protein Role on Weight Loss Diets
- How Much Protein for Weight Loss?
- High-Protein Diets
- Animal Or Vegetable Protein?
- Macronutrients: is There An Optimal Proportion for Weight Loss?
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 11 the Relevance of Polyphenols in Obesity Therapy
- Introduction
- Polyphenol Structure
- Polyphenols Sources and Occurrence
- Absorption and Metabolism of Polyphenols
- Polyphenols and Intestinal Microbiota
- Effects of Polyphenols on Macronutrient Absorption And
- Glycemic Control
- Polyphenols on Lipid Metabolism
- Polyphenols and Appetite Regulation
- Thermogenesis Modulation and Browning of Adipose Tissue By
- Polyphenols
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 12 Maternal Nutrition and Developmental Program-Ming of Obesity
- Introduction
- The Developmental Programming of Disease
- Epigenetics and Developmental Programming of Disease
- Maternal Nutritional Insults and Developmental Programming
- Of Obesity
- Maternal Metabolic Condition
- Mismatch Between Pregnancy and Postnatal Environments
- Timing of Nutritional Insult
- Type of Maternal Nutritional Insult
- Maternal Undernutrition
- Maternal Overnutrition
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 13 Targeting Gut Microbiota in Obesity Control
- Introduction
- The Causal Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Obesity
- Gut Microbiota and Obesity: the Underlying Mechanisms
- Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Dietary Approaches
- Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Probiotics
- Fecal Microbiota Transplant
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
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Author
- Maria João Martins
- Rosário Monteiro
