In Perinatal Cardiology, fetal cardiology experts provide key information on tools for fetal evaluation through echocardiography /cardiac ultrasonography, with a primary focus on the nature and prenatal detection of structural and functional cardiac heart defects (CHDs). In this two-part book, readers will find details about different types of fetal cardiac abnormalities along with important updates on the diagnosis, management, planning delivery, and postnatal treatment in CHD cases. This information is supplemented with guidelines for the clinical management of patients with a fetus affected by cardiovascular defects, and surgical procedures in neonates.
Key Features:
- Presents information gathered by experts in perinatal cardiology, organized into 26 topic-based chapters
- Explores the cardiac development, fetal cardiovascular hemodynamics, genetic and environmental factors associated with congenital heart defects(CHD), perinatal management, planning delivery, and postnatal treatment of new-borns with CHD
- Presents information about normal cardiac functions and heart defects to give readers a clear and detailed picture of abnormal cardiac function
- Presents information about perinatal ultrasound physiology
- Gives practical guidelines for ultrasound and echography parameters required for evaluating fetal heart anatomy and diagnosing diseases
- Includes a new system of classifying prenatal CHDs based on the stratification of the risk level of care
- Features a straightforward and accessible style of presentation suitable for all readers
- Provides references in each chapter for further reading
Part 1 of this two-part set covers the basics of perinatal cardiology which chapters that introduce readers to CHD classification, fetal heart and placental physiology and pathology, diagnosis of fetal cardiac malposition and anomalies and some congenital heart defects such as septal defects, cardiac anomalies of the left and right sides, conotruncal anomalies and aortic arch anomalies. Perinatal Cardiology is an essential reference for postgraduate medical students seeking to improve their knowledge of fetal and pediatric cardiology as part of their residency and professional training. The book equips readers with the information necessary to understand the role of the perinatal cardiologist and goes further to facilitate the ability to perform adequate risk assessments for fetal CHD.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Classification of Prenatal Congenital Heart Diseases
- Introduction
- Planned CHD
- Severe Planned CHD
- Severe Urgent CHD
- Severest CHD
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 2 Cardiovascular Development
- Introduction
- Early Embryogenesis
- The Mesoderm Layer and the Origins of the Heart
- Pathology: Body Axes, Patterning, and Pathological Lesions of the Heart
- Normal Body Arrangement
- Complete Reversal of the Left-Right Axis
- Visceral Heterotaxy with Isomerism
- Development of the Primitive Heart Tube
- Cardiac Looping
- Development of the Atria, Ventricles and Four-Chamber Heart
- Development of Endocardial Cushions
- Pathology- Atrioventricular Canal Defects
- Separation of the Atria
- Pathology - Atrial Septal Defects
- Structures of the Left and Right Atria - the Venous Structures of the Cardiovascular System
- Right Atrium
- Left Atrium
- Separation of the Ventricles
- Pathology Box - Ventricular Septal Defects
- Separation of the Outflow Tract
- Pathology - Malformations of the Outflow Tract
- Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
- Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Maciej Słodki and Maria Respondek-Liberska
- Maya Reddy and Daniel L. Rolnik
- Low-Risk Chd: Loc 1, Enci 1, and Care Plan 1 or 2
- Medium-Risk Chd: Loc 2, Enci 2 and 3, and Care Plan 3
- High-Risk Chd: Loc 3, Enci 3 and 4, and Care Plan 3 or 4
- Extremely High-Risk Chd: Loc 4, Enci 4, and Care Plan 5
- Situs Solitus
- Situs Inversus
- Development of Heart Valves
- Formation of the Atrioventricular Valves
- Development of the Outflow Valves
- Development of the Peripheral Vasculature
- Development of the Dorsal Aortae
- Sequential Development of the Aortic Arches
- Pathology: Right Aortic Arch and Double Aortic Arch
- Double Aortic Arch
- Right Aortic Arch
- Fetal Circulation
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 3 Utero-Placental Circulation Development
- Introduction
- Embryonic Yolk Sac, Trophoblasts and Chorioallan-Toic
- Placental Development
- Bioinformatics of Exposures: Association with Lipid Metabolism
- And Embryo Gender
- Lipids and Development
- Lipid Metabolism
- Gender Association
- Epigenetcs
- Folate Protection of Normal Embryogenesis
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 4 Placenta Circulation
- Introduction
- Uteroplacental Blood Circulation
- The Fetoplacental Circulation
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 5 Fetal Echocardiographic Evaluation
- Introduction
- How is the Screening for Congenital Heart Diseases Performed?
- Indications of Fetal Echocardiography
- Associating Congenital Heart Diseases with Cardiac Planes
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Luciane Alves Da Rocha and Edward Araujo Júnior
- Kersti K. Linask
- Leonor Ferreira and Jader Cruz
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 6 Early Fetal Echocardiography
- Introduction
- Adjunctive Prenatal Diagnosis
- Early Ultrasound Assessment of the Fetal Heart
- Fetal Nuchal Translucency Thickness
- Blood Flow Through the Ductus Venosus
- The Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery
- Cardiac Axis in the First Trimester
- Tricuspid Regurgitation
- Formal Fetal Echocardiography Before 18 Weeks’ Gestation
- Screening Performance in Low Risk Or Unselected Groups
- Diagnostic Performance in High-Risk Groups
- The Optimal Gestational Age for Early Fetal Echo
- A Simplified Protocol for Early Fetal Echo and Detection Rate
- The Learning Curve
- What Constitutes An Early Fetal Echo
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 7 Normal Fetal Cardiac Rhythm and Arrhythmias
- Introduction
- Normal Fetal Cardiac Rhythm and Heart Rate
- Methods of Detecting Fetal Arrhythmias
- Motion Mode (M-Mode) Echocardiography
- Pulsed-Wave (PW) Doppler
- Tissue Doppler Imaging
- Normal Reference Ranges for Cardiac Time Intervals
- Fetal Arrhythmias
- Common Types of Fetal Arrhythmias, Their Diagnosis and Management
- Irregular Fetal Cardiac Rhythm
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Fetal Bradyarrhythmias
- Fetal Sinus and Low-Atrial Bradycardias
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Long Qt Syndrome and Other Ion Channelopathies
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Blocked Atrial Bigeminy
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Fetal Congenital Atrioventricular Block
- Diagnosis
- Ritu Mogra and Jon A. Hyett
- Ganesh Acharya and Agata Wloch
- Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block
- Diagnosis
- Third-Degree Atrioventricular Block
- Diagnosis
- Atrioventricular Block Associated with Congenital Cardiac Defects
- Immune-Mediated Atrioventricular Block
- Nonisoimmune Atrioventricular Block
- Management of Av Block
- Fetal Tachycardia
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Sustained Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)
- Atrioventricular Re-Entrant Tachycardia (AVRT)
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Atrial Flutter
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Other Fetal Tachyarrhythmias
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia (Jet)
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Permanent Junctional Reciprocating Tachycardia (Pjrt) Or Coumel
- Tachycardia
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Ventricular Tachycardia
- Diagnosis
- Management
- First Trimester Fetal Arrhythmias
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 8 Prenatal Diagnosis of Cardiac Malposition’s and Anomalies
- Abnormal Cardiac Position
- Levoposition
- Dextrocardia with Axis to the Left (Dextroposition)
- Classic Mirror Image Dextrocardia
- Dextrocardia with Axis to the Right (Dextroversion)
- Mesocardia
- Ectopia Cordis
- Cardiac Malpositions and Situs Anomalies
- Situs
- Situs
- Abdomen
- Thorax
- Heart
- Heterotaxy
- Embryology/Etiology
- Left Atrial Isomerism
- Sonographic Features
- Right Atrial Isomerism
- Sonographic Features
- Prognosis
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 9 Fetal Septal Defects
- Atrial Septal Defects
- Ventricular Septal Defects
- Introduction
- Embryology
- Genetic Associations
- Prenatal Detection
- Classification
- Fetal Imaging
- Perinatal Management
- Atrioventricular Septal Defects
- Introduction
- Embryology
- Genetic Associations
- Prenatal Detection
- Anatomy and Classification
- Fetal Imaging
- Perinatal Management
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 10 Fetal Right Heart Malformations
- Tricuspid Valve Disease
- Ebstein's Anomaly, Tricuspid Dysplasia
- Tricuspid Atresia
- Pulmonary Valve Disease
- Pulmonary Stenosis with Intact Ventricular Septum
- Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum
- Early Closure of Ductus Arteriosus
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Author
- Alberto Borges Peixoto
- Edward Araujo Júnior
- Nathalie Jeanne M. Bravo-Valenzuela
