Enzyme inhibitors play a pivotal role in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. The primary understanding of the action of inhibitors helps pharmacologists during the design process for developing new therapeutic drugs. Most drugs treat various chronic and life threatening diseases owing to their specificity and the potency of enzymes which they can inhibit. Enzyme inhibitors are used to screen various levels of diseases which propel the growth of inhibitors. The potential for enzyme inhibitors in the therapeutics market is very high as the biochemical properties and classes of enzyme inhibiting products are readily available.
The other broad aspect of enzyme inhibition is their application in analytical sensors. These sensors assist in monitoring various environmental factors. Understanding the mechanism of inhibition and regeneration of enzymes is a general problem of great importance for many biochemists and biotechnologists especially when using immobilized enzymes.
This reference compiles applied information about enzyme inhibitors used in medicine and environmental monitoring applications. Chapters presented in this volume cover special topics including biosensors, crop improvements in agriculture, biofuel production, pesticide and heavy metal detection, and drug therapy for human diseases such as breast cancer, neurological diseases and viral infections.
The collection of topics in this volume makes it an informative resource for readers at all academic levels on the applications of enzyme inhibitors in medicine and environmental sciences.
The other broad aspect of enzyme inhibition is their application in analytical sensors. These sensors assist in monitoring various environmental factors. Understanding the mechanism of inhibition and regeneration of enzymes is a general problem of great importance for many biochemists and biotechnologists especially when using immobilized enzymes.
This reference compiles applied information about enzyme inhibitors used in medicine and environmental monitoring applications. Chapters presented in this volume cover special topics including biosensors, crop improvements in agriculture, biofuel production, pesticide and heavy metal detection, and drug therapy for human diseases such as breast cancer, neurological diseases and viral infections.
The collection of topics in this volume makes it an informative resource for readers at all academic levels on the applications of enzyme inhibitors in medicine and environmental sciences.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Enzyme Inhibition – Environmental and Biomedical Applications
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 2 Enzyme Inhibition in Therapeutic Applications
- Introduction
- Enzyme Inhibition
- Types of Enzyme Inhibition
- Reversible Enzyme Inhibition
- Competitive Reversible Inhibition
- Non-Competitive Reversible Inhibition
- Uncompetitive Reversible Inhibition
- Irreversible Inhibition
- Enzyme Inhibition: Mechanism and Scope
- Inhibition of Asparaginase
- Inhibition of Glycosidases
- Some Therapeutic Applications
- Serine Protease Inhibitors
- Serine Protease Inhibitors for Cancer Treatment
- Serine Protease Inhibitors As Antiviral Specialists
- Phosphodiesterases
- Matrix Metalloproteinases
- Histone Deacetylases
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 3 Analytical Aspects of Biosensor Based on Enzyme Inhibition
- Introduction
- Most Sensors Comprise of Three Chief Segments
- Working of Biosensors
- General Features of Biosensors
- Biocomponent
- Principle of a Biosensor
- Transducer Selection for Biosensors
- Bio Sensing Method
- Sorts of Biosensors
- G. Baskar, R. Aiswarya, K. Sathish Kumar and K. Tamilarasan
- A. Saravanan, R. Jayasree1, T.R. Sundaraman, R.V. Hemavathy, S. Jeevanantham
- P. Senthil Kumar and P. R. Yaashikaa
- A. Saravanan, S. Jeevanantham, P. Senthil Kumar and P. R. Yaashikaa
- Calorimetric Biosensors
- Amperometric Biosensors
- Optical Biosensors
- Uses of Biosensors in Various Fields
- The Biosensor in Light of Enzyme Inhibition
- Strategies in View of Enzyme Inhibition Biosensors
- Strategies in Light of Enzyme Inhibition Biosensing Frameworks
- Nonstop Strategies in View of Enzyme Inhibition
- Immobilization Effect on Biosensor Response
- Parameters Influencing the Execution of Enzymatic Biosensors
- Impact of Ph
- Impact of Substrate Concentration
- Enzyme Inhibition Based Biosensor
- Glucose Oxidation Inhibition
- Tyrosinase Inhibition
- Urease Inhibition
- Cholinesterase Inhibition
- Assurance of Pesticides
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 4 RNA Silencing in Enzyme Inhibition and Its Role in Crop Improvement
- Introduction
- Antisense System in Nature
- Ribozymes
- Antisense RNA
- Antisense Mechanism
- Delayed Fruit Ripening in Tomato by Silencing Polygalacturonase (Pg) Enzyme
- Using Antisense RNA
- RNA Interference (RNAi)
- Lysine and Threonine Increase in Maize by Silencing Lkr/Sdh Enzyme
- High Amylose Sweetpotato Using Silencing of 1,4-Α-ᴅ-Glucan-6-Α- [1,4-Glucan-
- -Transferase
- Low Gossypol Cotton Seed by Silencing
- Low Phytaterice by Silencing Inositol Phosphate Kinases
- Enhancing Β-Carotene Content in Potato by RNAi-Mediated Silencing of the Β-
- Carotene Hydroxylase
- Lachrymatory Synthase Enzyme Suppression in Tearless Onion
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 5 Enzyme Biosensors Based on Enzyme Inhibition for Pesticide and Heavy Metal Detection
- Introduction
- History of Biosensor
- Types of Biosensor
- Antigen-Antibody Interaction-Based Biosensors
- Biosensors Based on Nucleic Acid
- Biosensors Based on Microbial Cells
- Enzyme Based Biosensors
- Influence of Enzyme Inhibition on the Working of Biosensor
- Application of Enzyme Inhibition Based Biosensor In
- Environmental Field
- Pesticide Detection
- Cholinesterase-Based Biosensors
- Alkaline Phosphatase Based Biosensor
- Peroxidase-Based Biosensors
- Tyrosinase-Based Biosensors
- Heavy Metal Detection
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 6 Recent Insights of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors in Therapeutic Applications
- Introduction
- Matrix Metalloproteinase
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors
- Endogenous Inhibitors
- Exogenous Inhibitors
- Therapeutic Accomplishments
- Arthritis
- Autoimmune Disease
- Inflammations
- Cancer
- Cardiovascular Diseases
- Clinical Implications and Obstacles
- Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 7 Current Potentialities and Perspectives of Enzyme Inhibition Based Biosensor
- Introduction
- Fundamentals of Enzyme Inhibition Based Biosensor
- Enzyme Inhibitors
- Enzyme Inhibitors Kinetics
- Ravichandran Rathna, Bethu Madhumitha, Ravichandran Viveka and Ekambaram
- Nakkeeran
- Senthil Nagappan, Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan, Nilavunesan Dhandapani And
- Ekambaram Nakkeeran
- Components of Biosensor
- Transducer
- Substrate
- Enzymes
- Immobilization
- Enzyme Inhibition Based Biosensor in Environmental
- Potentialities
- Heavy Metals
- Pesticides
- Toxins
- Enzyme Inhibition Based Biosensor in Pharmaceuticals
- Potentialities
- Enzyme Inhibition Based Biosensor in Food Industry
- Applications in Other Major Fields
- Future Perspectives
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 8 Product Inhibition in Bioethanol Fermentation: An Overview
- Introduction
- Lignocellulosic Pretreatment
- Pretreatment Strategy
- Detoxication of Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate
- Microorganism for Ethanol Fermentation
- Saccharification and Fermentation
- Distillation
- Dehydration
- Inhibition of Ethanolic Fermentation
- Growth Kinetics
- Product Inhibition Validation
- Conclusion
- List of Abbreviations
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 9 Fermentation Strategies to Minimize Product Inhibition In Bioethanol Production
- Introduction
- Bioethanol Microbial Strains
- Bioethanol Production from Different Feedstocks
- Sucrose Sources
- Starch Sources
- Lignocellulose-Based Feedstock
- E. Raja Sathendra, G. Baskar and R. Praveen Kumar
- Luciana Porto De Souza Vandenberghe, Nelson Libardi Junior, Cristine Rodrigues, Joyce
- Gueiros Wanderley Siqueira and Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Feedstock Pretreatment and Ethanol Production Inhibition
- Thermochemical Pretreatments
- Acid Pretreatments
- Steam Explosion
- Ammonia Fiber Expansion (Afex)
- Alkaline Pretreatment
- Hot Pressured Water
- Organosolv
- Oxidative Methods
- Biological Pretreatment
- Enzymatic Hydrolysis
- Factors That Affect Bioethanol Production
- High Temperature
- High Bioethanol Concentration
- Substrate Composition
- Other Factors
- Immobilization of Cells As a Solution to Reduce Bioethanol
- Production Inhibition
- Genetic Modification of Bioethanol-Producing Strains
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 10 Toxicity and Structural Activity Relationship of Persistent Organic Pollutants
- Introduction
- Different Pops (Pcbs, Pbdes, and Pfos) Known and Alteration in Enzymatic Activities
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Pcbs)
- Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (Pbdes)
- Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (Pfos) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (Pfoa)
- Neurotoxic Effects of Pops
- Possible Mode of Action(S)
- Effects on Neurotransmitters System
- Dose-Response Effects on Intracellular Signalling
- Effect on Different Cellular Pathways and Molecules Involved
- Effect on Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway
- Effect on the Immune System
- Pathway of Genetic Toxicity
- Effect on Thyroid Hormone System
- Effect of Pcb on Thyroid Hormone System
- Effect of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on Thyroid Hormone System
- Effect of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (Pfass) on the Thyroid Hormone System
- Major Pathway of Pops Metabolism and Enzymatic Alterations
- Effect on Cytochrome P (Cyp) Enzyme
- Effect on Erod Activity
- Effect of Pcbs on Xenobiotic Biotransformation Enzymes
Author
- G. Baskar
- K. Sathish Kumar
- K. Tamilarasan
