This book provides primary and advanced information concerning the interactions between nanomaterials and the components of a typical biosystem to readers. Chapters in the book cover, in a topic-based approach, the many facets of nanomolecular interactions with biological molecules and systems that influence their behavior, bioavailability and biocompatibility (including nucleic acids, cell membranes, tissues, enzymes and antibodies). A note on the applications of nanomaterials is also presented in the conclusion of the book to illustrate the usefulness of this class of materials. The contents of the book will benefit students, researchers, and technicians involved in the fields of biological sciences, such as cell biology, medicine, molecular biology, food technology, cosmetology, pharmacology, biotechnology, and environmental sciences. The book also provides information for the material science personnel, enabling them to understand the basics of target-oriented nanomaterials design for specific objectives.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials and Biological Sciences
Overview: Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and Nanomaterials
Historical Aspects of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Current Scenario of Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, And
Nanomaterials
Visualization of Biological Sciences at Nanoscale
Can Nanotechnology Be Considered As Complementation of Microtechnology?
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Nanomaterials and Their Behavioral Aspects
Introduction and Overview
Defining Nanomaterials
Uses of Nanomaterials
Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Physicochemical
Features That Impact Their Interaction Or Behavior
Surface Energy
Plasmonic Nanoparticles
Phenomenon of Light Scattering by Nanomaterials
Elastic and Thermal Scattering
Phenomenon of Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves By
Nanomaterials
Raleigh Scattering
Mie Scattering
Raman Scattering
Compton Scattering
X-Ray Scattering
Brillouin Scattering
Phenomenon of Absorption of Radiant Energy by Nanomaterials
Impact of Media on Optical Behavior of Nanoparticles
Scattering of Radiations by Irregularly Shaped Nanoparticles
Applications of Scattering, Excitation and Absorption Phenomena
The Raman Microscopy
Applications of Coherent Antistokes Raman Scattering (Cars)
Application of Infrared Microscopic and Spectroscopic
Techniques in Understanding the Behavior of Nanomaterials
Features That Influence the Behavior of Quantum Dots
Features That Influence the Behavior of Carbon Nanomaterials-Carbon Nanotubes,
Fullerene, and Graphene
Features That Influence the Behavior of Dendrimers
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Biocompatibility and Bioavailability of Nanomaterials
Outline
Biocompatibility, Biodistribution, and Bioavailability of Nanomaterials in Biosystem: An Overview
Strategies That Affect Biocompatibility of Nanomaterials
Functionalization of Nanomaterials
Stabilization Against Aggregation Or Agglomeration of Nanoparticles
Use and Exchange of Ligand and Nanomaterials
Role of Phase Transfer Process During the Behavior of Nanomaterials
Silanization
Nanomaterials As Agents to Develop Multifunctional Hybrid
Coating for Scratch and Corrosion Resistant Surfaces:
Role of Aerogels in Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology
Opsonization
Some Examples of Nanomaterials Exhibiting Biocompatibility,
Biodistribution, and Bioavailability in Biosystem
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Physicochemical Aspects That Influence the Interactive Behavior of Nanomaterials
Introduction and Overview
Natural and Engineered Nanomaterials
Some Fundamentals Related to Physics That Affect the Behavior
Of Nanomaterials
Quantum Mechanics
Tunneling Effect
Some Fundamentals of Chemistry That Influence the Behavior Of
Nanomaterials
Inter and Intramolecular Bonding
Large Surface Area
Hydrophobicity
Factors Affecting Interactions of Nanomaterials
Ability of Nanomaterials to Get Distributed and Dispersed in Media
Application of Equilibrium Equation
Net Charge on Nanomaterials
Forces Affecting the Behavior of Nanomaterials in Biosystem
Role of Electrostatic Forces [Coulomb Forces (Fs)] During the Behavior of Nanomaterials 104
Keesom Forces, Debye Forces, and London Dispersion Forces Are Under Van Der Waals Forces
Dispersibility and Solubility of Nanomaterials
Influence of Size of Nanomaterials During Their Interactions
Influence of Shape of Nanomaterials on Their Interactive Behavior
Influence of Surface Properties of Nanomaterials During the Interactive Behavior
Influence of the Surface Charge on Nanomaterials During Their Interactive Behavior
Influence of Composition of Nanomaterials on Their Behavior and Interaction
Influence of Optical Properties of Nanomaterials on Their Interactive Behavior
Influence of Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials During Their Interactive Behavior
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Interaction Between Nanomaterials and Glycocalyx, Cell Membrane, Cytoskeleton, Cell Organelles and Tissues
Overview – Nanomaterials and Biosystems
Some Special Modes That Facilitate Interactions Between
Nanoparticles and Cell Membrane
Cell Fusogenic Proteins (Cfps)
Cell Penetrating Peptides (Cpp)
Proton Sponge Hypothesis and Nanomaterials
Behavior of Nanomaterials
Role of Mass Transport of Nanomaterials in Biosystem
Significance of Degradability of Nanomaterials in Biosystem
Influence of Biophysical Aspects on Interaction Between
Nanomaterials and the Components of Biosystem
Importance of Characteristic Membrane Wettability
Influence of Biocompatibility and Biodistribution Of
Nanomaterials in Biosystems
Pathways Related to Interaction of Nanomaterials and Tissues
Classical Pathway; C-Reactive Proteins; Lectin Pathway;
Alternative Pathway
Endocytotic Mechanism of Uptake of Nanoparticles
Phagocytosis
Caveolae-Mediated Endocytosis
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis (Cme)
Other Mechanisms of Cellular Uptake
The Biochemical, Biophysical and Functional Aspects Of
Glycocalyx and Its Influence on Nanomaterials
Interactions Between Nanomaterials and Glycocalyx
Cell Membrane: Overview
Interaction Between Nanomaterials and Cell Membrane
Cytoskeleton
The Interactions of Nanomaterials with Cytoskeleton
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Interactions Between Proteins and Nanomaterials
Overview of Structural Aspects of Proteins
The Structural Aspects of Protein
The Primary Structure
Secondary Structure of Protein
Tertiary Structure of Protein
Quaternary Structure of Protein
Protein Stability
Zeta Potential (Ζ-Potential)
Opsonization
Opsonins
Pentraxins
Collectins
Ficolins
Protein Corona
Impact of Size of Nanoparticle on Protein Corona
Impact of Morphological Aspects of Nanoparticles on Protein Corona
Impact of Surface Charge Present on Nanomaterials During the Formation of Protein
Corona
Influence of Hydrophobicity on Protein Corona
Patterns of Protein Corona
Influence of Composition of Medium on the Formation of Protein Corona
Influence of Protein Conformation on Protein Corona Formation
Influence of Protein Concentration in Interacting Medium on Protein Corona
Influence of Exposure Duration on Protein Corona Formation
Role of Static and Dynamic States of Body Fluids on Protein Corona
Role of Static and Dynamic States of Body Fluids on Protein Corona
Influence of Temperature on Protein Corona Formation
Impact of Ph on Protein Corona Formation
Impact of Colloidal Stability on Protein Corona Formation
Applications and Significance of Protein Corona
Significance of Interface During Interactions Between
Nanomaterials and Proteins
Interactions Between Nanomaterials and Proteins
The Influence of the Interactions Between Nanomaterials And
Proteins on Their Biodistribution
Protein Chip Or Protein Microarray and Nanomaterials
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Interactions Between Nanomaterials and Genetic Material (Dna and Rna)
Introduction
An Overview of Biochemical and Biophysical Aspects of DNA
Physicochemical Features of DNA Impact of Temperature
Optical Properties of DNA During Radiation Absorption
Relationship Between Density and DNA
Influence of Hydrophobicity and Hydrophilicity Concerning DNA
And Nanomaterials
The Impact of PH
Impact of Ionic Strength
A-Dna, B-Dna, and Z-Dna
Biological Significance of A-Dna
Biological Significance of B-Dna
Biological Significance of Z-Dna
Base Pair Geometry in DNA
Major and Minor Grooves of DNA
Dna and Its Helix Or Helical Structure
Protein and DNA Binding Interactions
Effects of Entropy on DNA
Elasticity of DNA
Overview of the Harmful Impacts of Nanomaterials Concerning DNA
Interactions Between Nanomaterials and DNA
Interaction Between Carbon Nanoparticles and Genetic Materials
Interaction Between Quantum Dots and Genetic Materials
Interaction Between Dendrimers and Genetic Materials
Interaction Between Histone Proteins and Nanomaterials
The Rna Exhibits the Physicochemical and Biophysical Features
Role of Rna As Polymer
Rna is a Thermodynamically Stable Biomolecule
Stability of Rna Concerning Enzymes
The Rna Exhibits Adaptability and Plasticity
Interactions Between Nanomaterials and Rna
Effective Role of Rna in the Development of Three Dimensional
Formulations of Nanoscale Materials
Stability of Rna Concerning Chemical and Biochemical Aspects
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Interactions Between Enzymes and Nanomaterials
Biocatalysis
Substrate
Immobilization of Enzyme
The Functional Roles of Nanomaterials in the Process of Immobilization of Enzyme
Nanomaterials and the Process of Immobilization of Enzymes
Applications of Immobilized Enzyme
Applications of Immobilized Enzymes in Biomedical Field
Application in Textile Technology and Industry
Application of Immobilization in Food Technology
Application of Immobilization of Enzyme in Biofuel Technology
Interactions Between Nanomaterials and Enzymes
The Derogative Impacts of Nanomaterials on Enzymes and Their Activity
Is There Any Correlation Between Nanomaterials, Enzymatic
Activities, and Biomimetics?
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Nanomaterials and Immune System: Interactions
Introduction: Overview-Immune System in Humans,
Nanotechnology, Nanoscience, and Nanomaterials
Potential Advantages of Nanomaterial Based Delivery System
Probable Flaws Or Undesirable Interactions That Appear During
The Applications of Nanomaterial Based Delivery Systems
Immunomodulation
Nanomaterials Are Competent Agents to Influence the Immune System
Influence of Nanomaterials on Immunostimulation,
Immunosuppression
Interactions Between Metal, Metal Oxide Nanoparticles, and Immune System
Interactions Between Carbon Nanomaterials and Immune System
Interactions Between Dendrimers and Immune System
Interactions Between Quantum Dots and Immune System
Author
- Yogendrakumar H. Lahir
- Pramod Avti
