The Neuroscience of Depression. Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Table of Contents

I. Depression: Introductory Chapters 1. Clinical staging in depression 2. Neurodevelopmental theory of depression 3. Depression after pregnancy 4. Modeling maternal depression during pregnancy: Rodent models of Major Depressive Disorder with Peripartum Onset 5. Depression in mothers and mental health in children: Impact, risk factors and interventions 6. Depression in college students 7. Depression in disasters and traumatic events 8. Depression and associated Alzheimer s disease 9. Comorbidities of depression and Parkinson's disease 10. Understanding the relationship between depression and alcohol among students 11. Depression in obesity 12. Depression and heart rate variability 13. Neuroinflammation and depression 14. Interlinking antidepressants and the immune system

II. Biomarkers and Diagnosis 15. Assessment scoring tools of depression 16. The Beck Depression Inventory: Uses and applications 17. The Hamilton Depression Rating scale: Uses and applications 18. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) 19. Screening for Antenatal Depression (AND) using self-report questionnaires: Conceptual issues and measurement limitations 20. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: Description and applicationsJacqueline 21. The Death Depression Scale: Description and applications 22. Depression Anxiety Stress Scales: Features and Applications 23. Arabic version of the two-question Quick Inventory of Depression: Description and applications (QID-2-Ar) 24. Depressive Symptoms and Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease 25. Thioredoxin as an antioxidant protein as a marker in depression 26. Methods of neuroimaging in depression: Applications to resting-state functional connectivity 27. Neural markers of depression in MRI

III. Pharmacological Treatments for Depression 28. Angiotensin receptor 1 blockade as an antidepression strategy 29. Cannabinoid CB1 receptors and antidepressant effects 30. Agomelatine: profiles and applications to depression 31. Bumetanide and use in depressive states 32. Linking citalopram, serotonin reuptake inhibitors and depressed pregnant women 33. Citalopram and usage in sleep-deprivation-induced depression 34. Monoaminergic System and Antidepressants 35. Duloxetine usage in depression 36. Escitalopram and blonanserin as antidepressant agents linking in neurotrophic mechanisms 37. Ketamine and the role of (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine in depression 38. Linking 5-Hydroxytryptamine, antidepressant actions of (R)-Ketamine and social stress model 39. Mirtazapine: Multi-target strategies for treating substance use disorder and depression

IV. Counselling, Psychotherapy and Behavioural Treatments for Depression 40. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and depression 41. Online (web based) programs for depression 42. Clay art therapy on emotion regulation: Research, theoretical underpinnings,�and treatment mechanisms 43. Solution-focused counselling: and use in postpartum depression 44. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive emotional training (CET) as a novel treatment for depression

V. Other Aspects of Treatment: Specific Groups, Monitoring and Novel Regimens 45. Putative effects of cannabidiol in depression and synaptic plasticity 46. Tanscutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in depression 47. Exercise for depression as a primary and comorbid with obesity disorder:�A narrative 48. Acupressure and depression: a scientific narrative 49. Potential beneficial effects of Bifidobacterium breve A1 on cognitive impairment and psychiatric disorders 50. Coenzyme Q and use in depression 51. Gene expression in Major Depressive Disorder: peripheral and brain based studies 52. Electroconvulsive therapy for depression: effectiveness, cognitive side-effects and mechanisms of action 53. Depression and offspring DNA methylation 54. Other Aspects of Treatment: Specific Groups, Monitoring and Novel Regimens: Treating depression with Theta burst stimulation (TBS)

Authors

Colin R Martin Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries. Lan-Anh Hunter Rosemead Surgery, Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK. Dr Lan-Anh Hunter BSc MBBS DFFP DRCOG MRCGP qualified from Guys, King's & St. Thomas' Medical School, London in 2001, where she developed an early interest in psychological medicine. She went on to study culture bound syndromes, whilst reading Medical Anthropology Honours degree at University College London, focusing on the cultural aspects of anorexia nervosa in her thesis. She subsequently worked in Australia and explored the psychological aspects of diabetes and its many complications on the aboriginal population. Prior to becoming a GP Principal, she lectured at Charing Cross Hospital teaching doctors in training, continuing this passion, as a GP trainer in her current role. Much has been written about depression in primary care and hence her call to this area. She specialises in psychological medicine, with training in coaching, narrative based medicine, cognitive behaviour therapy and she continues to see, support, treat and manage clinical depression on an everyday basis as a family GP in her Maidenhead practice. Vinood B. Patel Reader, University of Westminster, London, UK. Dr. Patel is a Reader at the University of Westminster. After completing his PhD at King's College London, he continued his research experience by undertaking his post-doctoral studies in the laboratory of Professor Cunningham in the Department of Biochemistry at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, (Winston-Salem, NC, USA). This extensive project involved investigating mechanisms of hepatic mitochondrial ribosome dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) using biophysical and proteomic techniques. These studies have led to new avenues in determining the pathology of ALD. His teaching areas at both post-graduate and undergraduate levels include clinical biochemistry, investigative pathology and laboratory investigation. Victor R Preedy Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King's College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King's College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King's College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Rajkumar Rajendram Consultant in Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy's, King's and St. Thomas Medical School, King's College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram's focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King's College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.