Volume 2 begins with an introductory chapter by Gilbert Saporta, a leading expert in the field, who summarizes the developments in data analysis over the last 50 years. The book is then divided into four parts: Part 1 examines (in)dependence relationships, innovation in the Nordic countries, dentistry journals, dependence among growth rates of GDP of V4 countries, emissions mitigation, and five-star ratings; Part 2 investigates access to credit for SMEs, gender-based impacts given Southern Europe’s economic crisis, and labor market transition probabilities; Part 3 looks at recruitment at university job-placement offices and the Program for International Student Assessment; and Part 4 examines discriminants, PageRank, and the political spectrum of Germany.
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Introduction xiii
Gilbert SAPORTA
Part 1 Applications 1
Chapter 1 Context-specific Independence in Innovation Study 3
Federica NICOLUSSI and Manuela CAZZARO
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Parametrization for CS independencies 4
1.3 Stratified chain graph models 6
1.4 Application on real data 7
1.5 Conclusion 12
1.6 References 12
Chapter 2 Analysis of the Determinants and Outputs of Innovation in the Nordic Countries 15
Cátia ROSÁRIO, António Augusto COSTA and Ana LORGA DA SILVA
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Innovation 16
2.3 Methodology 19
2.4 Results 21
2.5 Conclusion 25
2.6 References 26
Chapter 3 Bibliometric Variables Determining the Quality of a Dentistry Journal 29
Pilar VALDERRAMA, Manuel ESCABIAS, Evaristo JIMÉNEZ-CONTRERAS, Mariano JVALDERRAMA and Pilar BACA
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Statistical methodology 30
3.3 Results 32
3.4 Conclusions 35
3.5 Acknowledgment 35
3.6 References 36
Chapter 4 Analysis of Dependence among Growth Rates of GDP of V4 Countries Using Four-dimensional Vine Copulas 37
Jozef KOMORNÍK, Magda KOMORNÍKOVÁ and Tomáš BACIGÁL
4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Theory 38
4.3 Results 42
4.4 Conclusion and future work 45
4.5 Acknowledgment 47
4.6 References 47
Chapter 5 Monitoring the Compliance of Countries on Emissions Mitigation Using Dissimilarity Indices 49
Eleni KETZAKI, Stavros RALLAKIS, Nikolaos FARMAKIS and Eftichios SARTZETAKIS
5.1 Introduction 49
5.2 The proposed method 50
5.2.1 Description of method for individual data 51
5.2.2 Description of method for grouped data 52
5.3 Application of method 53
5.3.1 Application of method for individual data 54
5.3.2 Application of method for grouped data 55
5.4 Conclusions 55
5.5 Appendix 57
5.6 References 58
Chapter 6 Maximum Entropy and Distributions of Five-Star Ratings 59
Yiannis DIMOTIKALIS
6.1 Introduction 59
6.2 Entropy framework to five-star ratings 60
6.3 Maximum entropy of ratings for values k = 1,2,3,,30 66
6.3.1 Ratings with two outcomes (k = 1) 66
6.3.2 Ratings with three Outcomes (k=2) 69
6.3.3 Ratings with four outcomes (k=3) 73
6.3.4 Ratings with five outcomes (k = 4) 76
6.3.5 Ratings entropy for outcomes k>4 80
6.3.6 Maximum entropy constraints for the binomial distribution 82
6.4 Application to real five-star rating data 83
6.5 Conclusions 86
6.6 References 86
Part 2 The Impact of the Economic and Financial Crisis in Europe 89
Chapter 7 Access to Credit for SMEs after the 2008 Financial Crisis: The Northern Italian Perspective 91
Cinzia COLAPINTO and Mariangela ZENGA
7.1 Introduction 91
7.2 Italian SMEs and access to credit 92
7.3 The data 93
7.4 Methodology 94
7.5 Analysis and discussion 97
7.5.1 The measure for the Great Recession period (2008-2012) 97
7.5.2 The measure for the recovery period (2013-2015) 99
7.5.3 Comparing the two crisis phases 102
7.6 Conclusion 105
7.7 References 105
Chapter 8 Gender-Based Differences in the Impact of the Economic Crisis on Labor Market Flows in Southern Europe 107
Maria SYMEONAKI, Maria KARAMESSINI and Glykeria STAMATOPOULOU
8.1 Introduction 107
8.2 Data, methods and limitations 108
8.3 Results 111
8.4 Conclusions and discussion 111
8.5 References 119
Chapter 9 Measuring Labor Market Transition Probabilities in Europe with Evidence from the EU-SILC 121
Maria SYMEONAKI, Maria KARAMESSINI and Glykeria STAMATOPOULOU
9.1 Introduction 121
9.2 Data, methods and limitations 122
9.3 Results 124
9.4 Conclusions 135
9.5 References 135
Part 3 Student Assessment and Employment in Europe 137
Chapter 10 Almost Graduated, Close to Employment? Taking into Account the Characteristics of Companies Recruiting at a University Job Placement Office 139
Franca CRIPPA, Mariangela ZENGA and Paolo MARIANI
10.1 Introduction 139
10.2 Recruiters and graduates seeking an HEI common ground 140
10.3 Web survey pitfalls: considerations for data collection 141
10.4 Sampled recruiters: an outline 144
10.5 Conclusion 146
10.6 References 146
Chapter 11 How Variation of Scores of the Programme for International Student Assessment can be Explained through Analysis of Information 149
Valérie GIRARDIN, Justine LEQUESNE and Olivier THÉVENON
11.1 Introduction 149
11.2 Multiplicative models and Zighera’s parameterization 151
11.3 Application to PISA surveys 155
11.3.1 Data and variables 155
11.3.2 Analysis of scores in mathematics 157
11.3.3 Conclusion 162
11.4 References 163
Part 4 Visualization 165
Chapter 12 A Topological Discriminant Analysis 167
Rafik ABDESSELAM
12.1 Introduction 167
12.2 Topological equivalence 168
12.3 Topological discriminant analysis 171
12.4 Application example 173
12.5 Conclusion and perspectives 175
12.6 Appendix 176
12.7 References 178
Chapter 13 Using Graph Partitioning to Calculate PageRank in a Changing Network 179
Christopher ENGSTRÖM and Sergei SILVESTROV
13.1 Introduction 179
13.1.1 Computing PageRank 181
13.2 Changes in personalization vector 182
13.3 Adding or removing edges between components 184
13.3.1 Computations in practice 186
13.3.2 Adding or removing an edge inside a component 187
13.3.3 Maintaining the component structure 189
13.4 Conclusions 190
13.5 References 191
Chapter 14 Visualizing the Political Spectrum of Germany by Contiguously Ordering the Party Policy Profiles 193
Andranik TANGIAN
14.1 Introduction 193
14.2 The model 195
14.3 Conclusions 206
14.4 References 206
List of Authors 209
Index 213
