6 Rail Asset Management Market, by Offering
6.1 Introduction
Figure 26 Services Segment Expected to Achieve a Higher CAGR by 2026
Table 14 Market, by Offering, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 15 Market, by Offering, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.2 Solutions
6.2.1 Solutions: Market Drivers
6.2.2 Solutions: COVID-19 Impact
Figure 27 Analytics Segment Expected to Grow at the Highest CAGR During the Forecast Period
Table 16 Offering: Rail Asset Management Market, by Solution, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 17 Offering: Market, by Solution, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 18 Solution: Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 19 Solution: Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.2.3 Asset Performance Management
Figure 28 Predictive Maintenance Segment Expected to Grow at a Higher CAGR During the Forecast Period
Table 20 Solutions: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 21 Solutions: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 22 Asset Performance Management: Rail Asset Management Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 23 Asset Performance Management: Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.2.3.1 Condition Monitoring
Table 24 Condition Monitoring: Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 25 Condition Monitoring: Market by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.2.3.2 Predictive Maintenance
Table 26 Predictive Maintenance: Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 27 Predictive Maintenance: Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.2.4 Analytics
Table 28 Analytics: Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 29 Analytics: Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.2.5 Asset Planning and Scheduling
Table 30 Asset Planning and Scheduling: Rail Asset Management Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 31 Asset Planning and Scheduling: Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.2.6 Security
Table 32 Security: Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 33 Security: Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.2.7 Workforce Management
Table 34 Workforce Management: Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 35 Workforce Management: Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.2.8 Network Management
Table 36 Network Management: Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 37 Network Management: Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.2.9 Other Solutions
Table 38 Other Solutions: Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 39 Other Solutions: Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.3 Services
6.3.1 Services: Market Drivers
6.3.2 Services: COVID-19 Impact
Figure 29 Managed Services Segment Expected to Grow at a Higher CAGR During the Forecast Period
Table 40 Offering: Rail Asset Management Market, by Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 41 Offering: Market, by Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 42 Services: Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 43 Services: Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.3.3 Professional Services
Figure 30 Support and Maintenance Segment Expected to Grow at the Highest CAGR During the Forecast Period
Table 44 Services: Market, by Professional Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 45 Services: Market, by Professional Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 46 Professional Services: Rail Asset Management Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 47 Professional Services: Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.3.3.1 Consulting and Training
Table 48 Consulting and Training: Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 49 Consulting and Training: Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.3.3.2 System Integration and Deployment
Table 50 System Integration and Deployment: Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 51 System Integration and Deployment: Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.3.3.3 Support and Maintenance
Table 52 Support and Maintenance: Rail Asset Management Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 53 Support and Maintenance: Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
6.3.4 Managed Services
Table 54 Managed Services: Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 55 Managed Services: Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
9 Rail Asset Management Market, by Region
9.1 Introduction
Figure 33 Europe Estimated to Lead the Market in 2021
Figure 34 Asia-Pacific Expected to be the Fastest-Growing Region in the Market During the Forecast Period
Table 68 Market, by Region, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 69 Market Size, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
9.2 North America
9.2.1 North America: Market Drivers
9.2.2 North America: COVID-19 Impact
9.2.3 North America: Regulatory Implications
Table 70 North America: Rail Asset Management Market, by Offering, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 71 North America: Market, by Offering, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 72 North America: Market, by Solution, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 73 North America: Market, by Solution, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 74 North America: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 75 North America: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 76 North America: Market, by Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 77 North America: Market, by Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 78 North America: Market, by Professional Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 79 North America: Market, by Professional Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 80 North America: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 81 North America: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 82 North America: Market, by Application, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 83 North America: Market, by Application, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 84 North America: Market, by Country, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 85 North America: Market, by Country, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
9.2.4 United States
9.2.4.1 Increasing Need for Modern Rail Infrastructure
Table 86 United States: Rail Asset Management Market, by Offering, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 87 United States: Market, by Offering, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 88 United States: Market, by Solution, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 89 United States: Market, by Solution, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 90 United States: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 91 United States: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 92 United States: Market, by Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 93 United States: Market, by Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 94 United States: Market, by Professional Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 95 United States: Market, by Professional Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 96 United States: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 97 United States: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 98 United States: Railmarket, by Application, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 99 United States: Market, by Application, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
9.2.5 Canada
9.2.5.1 Government Initiatives and Policies Driving the Market
Table 100 Canada: Rail Asset Management Market, by Offering, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 101 Canada: Market, by Offering, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 102 Canada: Market, by Solution, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 103 Canada: Market, by Solution, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 104 Canada: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 105 Canada: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 106 Canada: Market, by Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 107 Canada: Market, by Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 108 Canada: Market, by Professional Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 109 Canada: Market, by Professional Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 110 Canada: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 111 Canada: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 112 Canada: Market, by Application, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 113 Canada: Market, by Application, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
9.3 Europe
9.3.1 Europe: Market Drivers
9.3.2 Europe: COVID-19 Impact
9.3.3 Europe: Regulatory Implications
Figure 35 Europe: Market Snapshot
Table 114 Europe: Rail Asset Management Market, by Offering, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 115 Europe: Market, by Offering, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 116 Europe: Market, by Solution, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 117 Europe: Market, by Solution, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 118 Europe: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 119 Europe: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 120 Europe: Market, by Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 121 Europe: Market, by Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 122 Europe: Market, by Professional Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 123 Europe: Market, by Professional Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 124 Europe: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 125 Europe: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 126 Europe: Market by Application, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 127 Europe: Market, by Application, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 128 Europe: Market, by Country, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 129 Europe: Market, by Country, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
9.3.4 United Kingdom
9.3.4.1 Government Investments for the Development of Rail Infrastructure
Table 130 United Kingdom: Rail Asset Management Market, by Offering, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 131 United Kingdom: Market, by Offering, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 132 United Kingdom: Market, by Solution, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 133 United Kingdom: Market, by Solution, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 134 United Kingdom: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 135 United Kingdom: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 136 United Kingdom: Market, by Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 137 United Kingdom: Market, by Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 138 United Kingdom: Market, by Professional Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 139 United Kingdom: Market, by Professional Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 140 United Kingdom: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 141 United Kingdom: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 142 United Kingdom: Market, by Application, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 143 United Kingdom: Rail Asset Management Market, by Application, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
9.3.5 Germany
9.3.5.1 Rising Need for Efficient Rail Operations
9.3.6 France
9.3.6.1 Advancements in Robotics and IoT and the Increased Labor Costs
9.3.7 Rest of Europe
9.4 Asia-Pacific
9.4.1 Asia-Pacific: Market Drivers
9.4.2 Asia-Pacific: COVID-19 Impact
9.4.3 Asia-Pacific: Regulatory Implications
Figure 36 Asia-Pacific: Market Snapshot
Table 144 Asia-Pacific: Rail Asset Management Market, by Offering, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 145 Asia-Pacific: Market, by Offering, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 146 Asia-Pacific: Market, by Solution, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 147 Asia-Pacific: Market, by Solution, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 148 Asia-Pacific: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 149 Asia-Pacific: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 150 Asia-Pacific: Market, by Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 151 Asia-Pacific: Market, by Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 152 Asia-Pacific: Market, by Professional Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 153 Asia-Pacific: Market, by Professional Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 154 Asia-Pacific: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 155 Asia-Pacific: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 156 Asia-Pacific: Market, by Application, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 157 Asia-Pacific: Market, by Application, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 158 Asia-Pacific: Market, by Country, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 159 Asia-Pacific: Market, by Country, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
9.4.4 China
9.4.4.1 Government Investments in Rail Infrastructure and Global Trade
Table 160 China: Rail Asset Management Market, by Offering, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 161 China: Market, by Offering, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 162 China: Market, by Solution, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 163 China: Market, by Solution, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 164 China: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 165 China: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 166 China: Market, by Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 167 China: Market, by Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 168 China: Market, by Professional Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 169 China: Market, by Professional Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 170 China: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 171 China: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 172 China: Market, by Application, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 173 China: Rail Asset Management Market, by Application, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
9.4.5 Japan
9.4.5.1 Increased Adoption of New Technologies for Rail Infrastructure
9.4.6 India
9.4.6.1 Government Investments in the Development of the Rail Infrastructure
9.4.7 Australia & New Zealand
9.4.7.1 Government Initiatives and Policies Driving the Market in Anz
9.4.8 Rest of Asia-Pacific
9.5 Middle East & Africa
9.5.1 Middle East & Africa: Market Drivers
9.5.2 Middle East & Africa: COVID-19 Impact
9.5.3 Middle East & Africa: Regulatory Implications
Table 174 Middle East & Africa: Rail Asset Management Market, by Offering, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 175 Middle East & Africa: Market, by Offering, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 176 Middle East & Africa: Market, by Solution, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 177 Middle East & Africa: Market, by Solution, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 178 Middle East & Africa: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 179 Middle East & Africa: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 180 Middle East & Africa: Market, by Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 181 Middle East & Africa: Market, by Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 182 Middle East & Africa: Market, by Professional Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 183 Middle East & Africa: Market, by Professional Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 184 Middle East & Africa: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 185 Middle East & Africa: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 186 Middle East & Africa: Market, by Application, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 187 Middle East & Africa: Market, by Application, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 188 Middle East & Africa: Market, by Country, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 189 Middle East & Africa: Market, by Country, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
9.5.4 Nigeria
9.5.4.1 Public-Private Partnerships in the Development of the Rail Infrastructure
Table 190 Nigeria: Rail Asset Management Market, by Offering, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 191 Nigeria: Market, by Offering, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 192 Nigeria: Market, by Solution, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 193 Nigeria: Market, by Solution, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 194 Nigeria: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 195 Nigeria: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 196 Nigeria: Market, by Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 197 Nigeria: Market, by Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 198 Nigeria: Market, by Professional Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 199 Nigeria: Market, by Professional Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 200 Nigeria: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 201 Nigeria: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 202 Nigeria: Market, by Application, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 203 Nigeria: Rail Asset Management Market, by Application, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
9.5.5 South Africa
9.5.5.1 Increasing Need for Transportation Services
9.5.6 Rest of Middle East & Africa
9.6 Latin America
9.6.1 Latin America: Market Drivers
9.6.2 Latin America: COVID-19 Impact
9.6.3 Latin America: Regulatory Implications
Table 204 Latin America: Rail Asset Management Market, by Offering, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 205 Latin America: Market, by Offering, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 206 Latin America: Market, by Solution, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 207 Latin America: Market, by Solution, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 208 Latin America: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 209 Latin America: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 210 Latin America: Market, by Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 211 Latin America: Market, by Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 212 Latin America: Market, by Professional Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 213 Latin America: Market, by Professional Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 214 Latin America: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 215 Latin America: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 216 Latin America: Market, by Application, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 217 Latin America: Market, by Application, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 218 Latin America: Market, by Country, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 219 Latin America: Market, by Country, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
9.6.4 Brazil
9.6.4.1 Increased Need for the Development of Rail Infrastructure
Table 220 Brazil: Rail Asset Management Market, by Offering, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 221 Brazil: Market, by Offering, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 222 Brazil: Market, by Solution, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 223 Brazil: Market, by Solution, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 224 Brazil: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 225 Brazil: Market, by Asset Performance Management Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 226 Brazil: Market, by Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 227 Brazil: Market, by Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 228 Brazil: Market, by Professional Service, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 229 Brazil: Market, by Professional Service, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 230 Brazil: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 231 Brazil: Market, by Deployment Mode, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
Table 232 Brazil: Market, by Application, 2016-2020 (USD Million)
Table 233 Brazil: Rail Asset Management Market, by Application, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
9.6.5 Mexico
9.6.5.1 Increased Need for Modern and Advanced Infrastructure
9.6.6 Rest of Latin America
12 Adjacent/Related Market
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Limitations
12.2 Smart Railways Market - Global Forecast to 2026
12.2.1 Market Definition
12.2.2 Market Overview
12.2.3 Smart Railways Market, by Offering
Table 274 Smart Railways Market, by Offering, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 275 Smart Railways Market, by Offering, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
12.2.4 Smart Railways Market, by Solution
Table 276 Solutions: Smart Railways Market, by Type, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 277 Solutions: Smart Railways Market, by Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
12.2.5 Smart Railways Market, by Service
Table 278 Services: Smart Railways Market, by Type, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 279 Services: Smart Railways Market, by Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
12.2.6 Smart Railways Market, by Professional Service
Table 280 Professional Services: Smart Railways Market, by Type, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 281 Professional Services: Smart Railways Market, by Type, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
12.2.7 Smart Railways Market, by Region
Table 282 Smart Railways Market, by Region, 2017-2020 (USD Million)
Table 283 Smart Railways Market, by Region, 2021-2026 (USD Million)
12.3 Railway Management System Market - Global Forecast to 2025
12.3.1 Market Definition
12.3.2 Market Overview
12.3.3 Railway Management System Market, by Offering
Table 284 Railway Management System Market, by Offering, 2016-2019 (USD Million)
Table 285 Railway Management System Market, by Offering, 2019-2025 (USD Million)
12.3.4 Railway Management System Market, by Solution
Table 286 Railway Management System Market, by Solution, 2016-2019 (USD Million)
Table 287 Railway Management System Market, by Solution, 2019-2025 (USD Million)
12.3.5 Railway Management System Market, by Region
Table 288 Railway Management System Market, by Region, 2016-2019 (USD Million)
Table 289 Railway Management System Market, by Region, 2019-2025 (USD Million)
12.4 Railway Platform Security Market - Global Forecast to 2024
12.4.1 Market Definition
12.4.2 Market Overview
12.4.3 Railway Platform Security Market, by Component
Table 290 Railway Platform Security Market, by Component, 2017-2024 (USD Million)
12.4.4 Railway Platform Security Market, by Solution
Table 291 Solutions: Railway Platform Security Market, by Type, 2017-2024 (USD Million)
12.4.5 Railway Platform Security Market, by Service
Table 292 Services: Railway Platform Security Market, by Type, 2017-2024 (USD Million)
12.4.6 Railway Platform Security Market, by Professional Service
Table 293 Professional Services Market, by Type, 2017-2024 (USD Million)
12.4.7 Railway Platform Security Market, by Application
Table 294 Railway Platform Security Market, by Application, 2017-2024 (USD Million)
12.4.8 Railway Platform Security Market, by Region
Table 295 Railway Platform Security Market, by Region, 2017-2024 (USD Million)
12.5 Digital Railway Market - Global Forecast to 2024
12.5.1 Market Definition
12.5.2 Market Overview
12.5.3 Digital Railway Market, by Solution
Table 296 Digital Railway Market, by Solution, 2017-2024 (USD Billion)
12.5.4 Digital Railway Market, by Service
Table 297 Digital Railway Market, by Service, 2017-2024 (USD Billion)
12.5.5 Digital Railway Market, by Professional Service
Table 298 Professional Services: Digital Railway Market, by Type, 2017-2024 (USD Billion)
12.5.6 Digital Railway Market, by Application
Table 299 Digital Railway Market, by Application, 2017-2024 (USD Billion)
12.5.7 Digital Railway Market, by Region
Table 300 Digital Railway Market, by Region, 2017-2024 (USD Billion)