Vascularization in Tissue Engineering

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Biological Basis of Vascularization
1. Introduction of Biological Vascularization
1.1. Vasculogenesis
1.1.1. Embryonic Vasculogenesis
1.1.2. Postpartum Vasculogenesis
1.1.3. Vasculogenesis in Reparative Process
1.2. Angiogenesis
1.2.1. Introduction of Angiogenesis
1.2.2. Branching, Maturation and Resting of Blood Vessels in Angiogenesis
2. Biological Molecules
2.1. the Vegf Family
2.2. Pdgf Family
2.3. Angiopoietin
2.4. the Bfgf and the Fgf Superfamily
2.5. Integrins and Proteases
2.6. Junctional Molecules
3. the Markers and Testing of Angiogenesis
3.1. Markers in Extracellular Matrix
3.1.1. Fibronectin
3.1.2. Polysaccharide
3.1.3. Promoting Factor
3.1.4. Related Proteases
3.1.5. Specific Substance Produced by Angiogenesis

• Consent for Publication
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgements
• References

Chapter 2 Effects of Microenvironment Factors on Angiogenesis
1. Introduction
2. Effect of Extracellular Matrix on Angiogenesis in Tissue

• Engineering

2.1. Properties of the Extracellular Matrix of Vessels
2.2. Role of Matrix Stiffness in Regulating Endothelial Cells Behaviour
2.3. Role of Matrix Stiffness in Regulating Angiogenesis
2.4. Underlying Mechanism of Matrix Stiffness on Angiogenesis
2.4.1. Mechanosensing and Mechanotransduction
2.4.2. Expression of Functional Proteins and Growth Factors
3. Effect of Fluid Shear Force on Angiogenesis
4. Effect of Micropatterns of Substrate Materials On

• Angiogenesis

5. Effect of Cell Loading Stress on Angiogenesis
6. Effect of Nitric Oxide Level on Angiogenesis

• Yichen Ge, Yuting Wen and Xiaoxiao Cai
• Changyue Xue and Xiaoxiao Cai
• Concluding Remarks
• Consent for Publication
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgements
• References

Chapter 3 Microenvironment of Pathological Vascularization
1. Introduction
2. Pathological Conditions Leading to Adverse Vascularisation
2.1. Inflammation-Related Diseases and Angiogenesis
2.1.1. Inflammation-Related Diseases and Angiogenesis
2.1.2. Pathological Mechanism of Inflammatory Angiogenesis
2.1.3. Consequence of Inflammatory Angiogenesis
2.2. Vascularization Under Ischemia
2.2.1. Ischemic Diseases and Angiogenesis
2.2.2. Pathological Mechanism of Ischemic Angiogenesis
2.2.3. Consequence of Ischemic Angiogenesis
2.3. Vascularization Under Hypoxia
2.3.1. Hypoxic Disease and Angiogenesis
2.3.2. Pathological Mechanism of Hypoxic Angiogenesis
2.4. Vascularization Under Senility
2.4.1. Pathological Mechanism of Aging Angiogenesis
2.4.2. the Consequences of Impaired Angiogenesis
3. Characteristics of Abnormal Blood Vessels
3.1. Abnormal Vascular Structure and Dysfunction
3.2. Abnormality of Endothelial Cell
3.3. Excessive Vascular Permeability

• Concluding Remarks
• Consent for Publication
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgements
• References

Chapter 4 Vascularization in Co-Culture Systems
1. Vascularization in Physiological and Pathological Conditions
1.1. Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis in Healing and Tissue Regeneration
1.1.1. Vasculogenesis
1.1.2. Angiogenesis
2. Vascularization in Physiological Microenvi-Ronments
2.1. Vascularization in Bone Injury Sites
2.2. Vascularization in Wound Healing
3. Co-Culture Methodologies in Tissue Engineering
3.1. Cells Types for Co-Culture Systems
3.1.1. Classified by the Role of Cells
3.1.2. Classified by Cells Types
3.2. Direct Co-Culture & Indirect Co-Culture
3.2.1. Direct Co-Culture System
3.2.2. Indirect Co-Culture System
3.3. Cellular Interactions in Co-Culture
3.3.1. Cell-Cell Adhesion

• Mei Zhang and Xiaoxiao Cai
• Tianyi Zhang and Xiaoxiao Cai

3.3.2. Signaling Via Cell-Ecm Adhesion
3.3.3. Paracrine Signaling Through Soluble Factors
3.4. Factors in Co-Culture Systems
3.4.1. Culture Media
3.4.2. Seeding Methods
3.4.3. Extracellular Matrix (Ecm)
3.4.4. Oxygen Environment
3.4.5. 3D Scaffolds
3.4.6. Biomechanical Stimulation
4. Applications of Co-Culture in Vascular Engineering
4.1. Bone Tissue Engineering (Bte)
4.2. Cardiac Regeneration
4.2.1. Use of Endothelial Cells and Mscs
4.2.2. Use of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (Hpscs)
4.2.3. Use of Endothelial Cells and Perivascular Cells
4.3. Skin Regeneration

• Consent for Publication
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgements
• References

Chapter 5 Angiogenesis and Materials
1. Introduction
2. Tissue Engineering Biological Scaffold Materials
2.1. the Design Concept of Ideal Biological Scaffold Material
2.2. Classification and Basic Concept of Biological Scaffold Materials
2.3. Topological Structure of Scaffold Material
3. Tissue Engineering Strategy for Inducing Angiogenesis Using

• Biological Scaffolds

3.1. Scaffold-Based Delivery System
3.2. Special Treatment of Scaffold Material to Promote Vascularization
3.3. Scaffold-Based Cell Complex
3.4. Prevascularization to Promote Vascularization of Engineered Tissue
4. Biological Consideration of Scaffold Materials in Inducing

• Angiogenesis

4.1. the Outcome of Scaffold Materials in the Process of Vascularization
4.2. Modes of Degradation
4.3. Factors Affecting the Degradation of Scaffold
5. Cutting Edge Trend and Development of Scaffold Materials
5.1. Shortages of Existing Support Materials
5.2. Relevant Frontier Applications

• Consent for Publication
• Conflict of Interest
• Acknowledgements
• References
• Xin Qin, Yuting Wen and Xiaoxiao Cai
• Subject Index

Author

• Xiaoxiao Cai