In this book, we have summarized recent progresses due to novel nanomaterials for sustainable water resources. Book provides a summary of the state of the art knowledge to scientists, engineers and policy makers, about recent developments due to nanotechnology for sustainable water resources arena. The advances in sustainable water resources technologies in the context of modern society’s interests will be considered preferably which allow to identify grand challenges and directions for future research. The book contributors have been selected from all over the world and the essential functions of the nanotechnologies have presented rather than their anticipated applications. Moreover, up to date knowledge on economy, toxicity and regulation related to nanotechnology are presented in detail. In the end, role of nanotechnology for green and sustainable future has also been briefly debated.
Table of Contents
Preface xix
Part I Nanotechnology for Natural Resources
1 Application of Nanotechnology in Water Treatment, Wastewater Treatment and Other Domains of Environmental Engineering Science -A Broad Scientific Perspective and Critical Review 3
SukanchanPalit
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 The Vision of the Study 5
1.3 The Need and the Rationale of the Study 6
1.4 The Scope of the Study 7
1.5 Environmental Sustainability, the Vision to Move Forward and the Immense Challenges 7
1.6 Water and Wastewater Treatment - The Scientific Doctrine and Immense Scientific Cognizance 7
1.6.1 Nanotechnology and Drinking Water Treatment 8
1.6.2 Nanotechnology and Industrial Wastewater Treatment 8
1.7 The Scientific Vision of Membrane Science 9
1.7.1 Classification of Membrane Separation Processes 9
1.7.2 A Review of Water Treatment Membrane Technologies 9
1.8 Recent Scientific Endeavour in the Field of Membrane Separation Processes 11
1.9 Recent Scientific Pursuit in the Field of Application of Nanotechnology in Water Treatment 11
1.10 Scientific Motivation and Objectives in Application of Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment 15
1.11 Desalination and the Future of Human Society 16
1.11.1 Recent Scientific Endeavour in the Field of Desalination Procedure 16
1.11.2 Scientific Motivation and Objectives in Desalination Science 18
1.12 NanofiltrationTechnologies, the Future of Reverse Osmosis and the Scientific Vision of Global Water Issues 19
1.13 Recent Advances in Membrane Science and Technology in Seawater Desalination 19
1.14 Recent Scientific Endeavour in the Field of Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Forward Osmosis and Other Branches of Membrane Science 20
1.14.1 Scientific Motivation and Technological Objectives in the Field of Nanofiltration, Reverse Osmosis and the Innovative World of Forward Osmosis 21
1.15 Current and Potential Applications for Water and Wastewater Treatment 22
1.15.1 Vision of Adsorption Techniques 22
1.15.2 Potential Application in Water Treatment 22
1.15.3 The Avenues of Membranes and Membrane Processes 23
1.15.4 The Science of Disinfection and Microbial Control 23
1.15.5 Potential Applications in Water Treatment 24
1.16 Water Treatment Membrane Technologies 24
1.17 Non-Traditional Advanced Oxidation Techniques and its Wide Vision 25
1.17.1 Ozonation Technique and its Broad Application in Environmental Engineering Science 25
1.17.2 Scientific Motivation and Objectives in Ozonation Technique 26
1.18 Scientific Cognizance, Scientific Vision and the Future Avenues of Nanotechnology 26
1.18.1 The True Challenge and Vision of Industrial Wastewater Treatment 26
1.19 Advanced Oxidation Processes, Non-Traditional Environmental Engineering Techniques and its Vision for the Future 27
1.19.1 Scientific Research Endeavour in the Field of Advanced Oxidation Processes 27
1.20 Environmental Sustainability, the Futuristic Technologies and the Wide Vision of Nanotechnology 30
1.20.1 Vision of Science, Avenues of Nanotechnology and the Future of Industrial Pollution Control 30
1.20.2 Technological Validation, the Science of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and the Vision Towards Future 31
1.21 Integrated Water Quality Management System and Global Water Issues 31
1.21.1 Groundwater Remediation and Global Water Initiatives 31
1.21.2 Arsenic Groundwater Remediation, the Future of Environmental Engineering Science and the Vision for the Future 32
1.21.3 Scientific Motivation and Objectives in the Field of Arsenic Groundwater Remediation 32
1.21.4 Vision of Application of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Tackling Global Groundwater Quality Issues 33
1.21.5 Heavy Metal Groundwater Contamination and Solutions 33
1.21.6 Arsenic Groundwater Contamination and Vision for the Future 34
1.22 Integrated Groundwater Quality Management System and the Vision for the Future 34
1.23 Membrane Science and Wastewater Reclamation 34
1.24 Future of Groundwater Heavy Metal Remediation and Application of Nanotechnology 35
1.25 Future Research and Development Initiatives in the Field of Nanotechnology Applications in Wastewater Treatment 36
1.26 Futuristic Vision, the World of Scientific Validation and the Scientific Avenues for the Future 36
1.27 Future Research and Development Needs 37
1.28 Conclusions 37
References 37
2 Nanotechnology Solutions for Public Water Challenges 41
Ankita Dhillon and Dinesh Kumar
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Application of Nanotechnology in Water and Wastewater Treatment 44
2.2.1 Photocatalysis 45
2.2.2 Nanofiltration 49
2.2.3 Nanosorbents 53
2.3 Effects of Nanotechnology 57
2.4 Conclusions 58
Acknowledgements 59
References 59
3 Nanotechnology: An Emerging Field for Sustainable Water Resources 73
Pradeep Pratap Singh and Ambika
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 Classification of Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment 74
3.2.1 Nanoadsorbents 74
3.2.2 Nanocatalysts 75
3.2.3 Nanomembranes 75
3.3 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 77
3.3.1 Conventional Approach for the Production of NPs 77
3.3.2 Precipitation of Nanoparticles 77
3.3.3 Nanoparticles from Emulsions 77
3.3.4 Green Approach for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles 78
3.4 Application of Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment 78
3.4.1 Nanoadsorbents 78
3.4.2 Nanocatalysts 81
3.4.3 Nanomembranes 86
3.4.4 Miscellaneous Nanomaterials 88
3.5 Risk of Nanotechnology 89
3.6 Conclusions 89
References 90
4 Removal of Hazardous Contaminants from Water or Wastewater Using Polymer Nanocomposites Materials 103
Felycia Edi Soetaredjo, Suryadi Ismadji, Kuncoro Foe and Gladdy L. Woworuntu
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 104
4.3 Adsorption of Dyes 106
4.4 Adsorption of Antibiotics and Other Organic Contaminants 111
4.5 Processing of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites as Adsorbents 113
4.5.1 Exfoliation Adsorption 113
4.5.2 Melt Intercalation 114
4.5.3 Template Synthesis 115
4.5.4 In-Situ Polymerization 115
4.6 Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites 116
4.7 Carbon Nanotube Polymer Nanocomposites 119
4.8 Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites 119
4.9 Adsorption Equilibrium Studies 120
4.9.1 Langmuir Isotherm 120
4.9.2 Freundlich Isotherm 126
4.9.3 Dubinin Radushkevich 126
4.9.4 Temkin Adsorption Equation 128
4.9.5 Sips Isotherm Equation 129
4.9.6 Toth Adsorption Equation 130
4.10 Adsorption Kinetic Studies 130
4.11 Summary 132
Acknowledgment 133
References 133
5 Sustainable Nanocarbons as Potential Sensor for Safe Water 141
Kumud Malika Tripathi, Anupriya Singh, Yusik Myung, TaeYoung Kim, and Sumit Kumar Sonkar
5.1 Introduction 141
5.2 Recent Advancement in Sustainable Nanocarbons 144
5.3 Sustainable Nanocarbons for Safe Water 149
5.3.1 Sensing of Toxic Metal Ions 150
5.3.2 Sensing of Inorganic Pollutants 156
5.3.3 Sensing of Organic Pollutants 161
5.3.4 Sensing of Nanomaterials 165
5.3.5 Sensing of Byproducts 166
5.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Trend 166
Acknowledgment 167
References 167
Part 2 Nanosensors as Tools for Water Resources
6 Nanosensors as Tools for Water Resources 179
Ephraim Vunain and A. K. Mishra
6.1 Introduction 180
6.1.1 Water Resources Contamination Due to Heavy Metals 181
6.1.2 Water Resources Contamination Due to Nutrients 182
6.2 Contaminant Monitoring Procedures 183
6.2.1 Electrochemical-Based Sensors 184
6.2.2 Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)-Based Sensors 188
6.2.3 Biosensors 189
6.2.4 Nanoparticles- and Nanocomposites-Based Sensors 189
6.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 190
References 191
7 Emerging Nanosensing Strategies for Heavy Metal Detection 199
S. Varun and S.C.G. Kiruba Daniel
7.1 Introduction 199
7.2 Recent Trends in Nanosensing Strategies: An Overview 201
7.2.1 Nanosensors Based on Biosensing Principle 201
7.2.2 Nanoparticle-Mediated Electrodes 208
7.2.3 Interference Sensing: A New Paradigm 213
7.3 Microfluidic Nanotechnology: Emerging Platform for Sensing 214
7.3.1 Microfluidic Sensors 214
7.3.2 Paper-Based Microfluidic Sensors 214
7.4 Summary and Outlook 220
Acknowledgement 220
References 220
8 Capture of Water Contaminants by a New Generation of Sorbents Based on Graphene and Related Materials 227
Ana L. Cukierman and Pablo R. Bonelli
8.1 Introduction 228
8.2 Characterization of Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Magnetic Properties of Graphene-Based Materials 229
8.3 Removal of Inorganic and Water-Soluble Organic Contaminants with Graphene-Based Sorbents 231
8.3.1 Removal of Inorganic Contaminants: Heavy Metal and Nonmetal Ions 232
8.3.2 Removal of Water-Soluble Organic Contaminants: Dyes and Pharmaceuticals 241
8.4 Cleanup of Oil Spills and Other Water-Insoluble Organic Contaminants 255
8.5 Summary and Outlook 267
Acknowledgment 268
References 269
9 Design and Analysis of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Removal of Environmental Contaminants 277
Yoshitaka Fujimoto
9.1 Introduction 277
9.2 Methodology 278
9.2.1 First Principles Total Energy Calculation 278
9.2.2 Formation Energy 279
9.2.3 Adsorption Energy 280
9.2.4 Charge Density Difference 280
9.2.5 Work Function 280
9.2.6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Image 280
9.2.7 Computational Details 281
9.3 Substitutionally Doped Graphene Bilayer 281
9.3.1 Structure 281
9.3.2 Energetics 282
9.3.3 Energy Band Structure 284
9.3.4 Work Function 285
9.3.5 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Image 285
9.4 Gas Adsorption Effect 287
9.4.1 Structure and Energetics 287
9.4.2 Energy-Band Structures and Electron States 289
9.4.3 Total Charge Density 291
9.4.4 Work Function 293
9.4.5 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy Image 294
9.5 Conclusions 295
Acknowledgment 295
References 296
10 Nanosensors: From Chemical to Green Synthesis for Wastewater Remediation 301
Priyanka Joshi and Dinesh Kumar
10.1 Introduction 302
10.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 303
10.2.1 Physical Methods 303
10.2.2 Chemical Method 305
10.3 Biological Methods 309
10.3.1 Biomolecule 309
10.3.2 Microorganism 310
10.3.3 Plant Materials 311
10.4 Application of Nanoparticles 311
10.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 315
Acknowledgment 316
References 316
11 As-Prepared Carbon Nanotubes for Water Purification: Pollutant Removal and Magnetic Separation 329
Jie Ma, Yao Ma and Fei Yu
11.1 Introduction 330
11.2 Experimental Method 331
11.2.1 Materials 331
11.2.2 Preparation of Magnetic Carbon Nanotube 331
11.2.3 Batch Adsorption Experiments 333
11.2.4 Characterization Method 335
11.3 Removal of Dye from Aqueous Solution by NaClO-Modified Magnetic Carbon Nanotube 336
11.3.1 Characterization of Adsorbents 336
11.3.2 Adsorption Properties 340
11.4 Removal of Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene from Aqueous Solution by KOH-Activated Magnetic Carbon Nanotube 343
11.4.1 Characterization of Adsorbents 343
11.4.2 Adsorption Properties 348
11.5 Removal of Organic Pollutants from Aqueous Solution by Chitason-Grafted Magnetic Carbon Nanotube 358
11.5.1 Characterization of Adsorbents 358
11.5.2 Adsorption Properties 359
11.6 Summary and Outlook 367
Reference 367
12 Nanoadsorbents: An Approach Towards Wastewater Treatment 371
Rekha Sharma and Dinesh Kumar
12.1 Introduction 372
12.2 Classification of Nanomaterials as Nanoadsorbents 375
12.3 Importance of Nanomaterials in the Preconcentration Process 376
12.4 Properties and Mechanisms of Nanomaterials as Adsorbents 377
12.4.1 Innate Surface Properties 377
12.4.2 External Functionalization 378
12.5 Nanoparticles for Water and Wastewater Remediation 379
12.5.1 Nanoparticles of Metal Oxide 379
12.5.2 Metallic Nanoparticles 380
12.5.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles 381
12.5.4 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials 382
12.5.5 Silicon Nanomaterials 383
12.5.6 Nanofibers (NFs) 384
12.6 Applications in Aqueous Media 384
12.6.1 Nanoparticles 385
12.6.2 Nanostructured Mixed Oxides 387
12.6.3 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials 388
12.6.4 Silicon Nanomaterials 389
12.6.5 Nanofibers (NFs) 391
12.7 Conclusions 391
12.8 Future Scenario 392
Acknowledgment 393
References 393
Part 3 Nano-Separation Techniques for Water Resources
13 Hybrid Clay Mineral for Anionic Dye Removal and Textile Effluent Treatment 409
Fadhila Ayari
13.1 Introduction 410
13.2 Experimental 411
13.2.1 Clay Adsorbent 411
13.3 Result and Discussion 413
13.3.1 Characterizations of Collected Clay 413
13.3.2 Characterizations of Hybrid Material 420
13.3.3 Adsorption Studies 436
13.3.4 Application to Natural Effluent 451
13.4 Conclusions 452
References 456
14 Nano-Separation Techniques for Water Resources 461
Pashupati Pokharel and Mahesh Joshi
14.1 Current Progress in Nanotechnologies for Water Resources and Wastewater Treatment Processes 462
14.2 Nanomaterials in Nano-Separation Techniques for Water Treatment Process 464
14.3 Biochar-Based Nanocomposites for the Purification of Water Resources and Wastewater 467
14.3.1 Surface Chemistry and Functionalization of Biochar Material 468
14.3.2 Pretreatment of Biomass Using Iron/Ion Oxide, Nanometal Oxide/Hydroxide, and Functional Nanoparticles 468
14.3.3 Post-Treatment of Biochar Using Iron Ion/Oxide, Functional Nanoparticles, Nanometal Oxide/Hydroxide 470
14.3.4 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 470
14.3.5 Interaction of Biochar-Based Nanocomposites with Organic Contaminants 471
14.3.6 Adsorption of Inorganic Contaminants Other than Heavy Metals 472
14.3.7 Adsorption and Instantaneous Degradation of Organic Contaminants 472
14.4 Conclusions 473
References 473
15 Recent Advances in Nanofiltration Membrane Techniques for Separation of Toxic Metals from Wastewater 477
Akil Ahmad, David Lokhat, Yang Wang, Mohd Rafatullah
15.1 Introduction 478
15.2 Membrane Technology 480
15.3 Nanofiltration Membrane for Metal Removal/Rejection 483
15.4 Summary and Outlook 492
Acknowledgment 493
References 493
16 Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers for Efficient Removal of Hg2+ from Aqueous Solutions 501
Emel Tamahkar, Deniz Turkmen, Semra Akgonullu, Tahira Qureshi and Adil Denizli
16.1 Introduction 502
16.2 Experimental Method 508
16.2.1 Materials 508
16.2.2 Production of BC Nanofibers 508
16.2.3 Preparation of Cibacron Blue F3GA Attached-Bacterial Cellulose (BC-CB) Nanofibers 508
16.2.4 Characterization Studies 509
16.2.5 Batch Adsorption Studies 509
16.2.6 Competitive Adsorption Studies 510
16.2.7 Desorption and Reusability Studies 510
16.3 Results and Discussion 511
16.3.1 Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers 511
16.3.2 Effect of pH 512
16.3.3 Effect of Initial Concentration of Hg2+ 512
16.3.4 Competitive Adsorption 515
16.3.5 Regeneration of BC-CB Nanofibers 515
16.4 Conclusions 516
References 518
Part 4 Sustainable Future with Nanotechnology
17 Nanotechnology Based Separation Systems for Sustainable Water Resources 525
Susmita Dey Sadhu, Meenakshi Garg and Prem Lata Meena
17.1 Introduction and Background 526
17.2 Nanotechnology in Water Treatment 530
17.3 Nanofiltration - A Membranous Technique 533
17.3.1 What is Filtration? 533
17.3.2 Membrane Filtration Technology 533
17.3.3 Nanofiltration 534
17.3.4 Role of Nanofiltration 535
17.3.5 Different Polymers and Their Membranes in Nanofiltration 536
17.4 Nanoadsorbents 539
17.4.1 Types of Adsorbents 539
17.4.2 Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater 540
17.4.3 Organic Waste Removal 541
17.5 Nanoparticles 547
17.5.1 Dendrimer 548
17.5.2 Metals and Their Oxides 549
17.5.3 Zeolites 550
17.5.4 Carbaneous and Carbon Nanotubes 551
17.6 Recent Researches in Nanoseparation Techniques of Wastewater 552
17.6.1 Graphene from Sugar and its Application in Water Purification 552
17.6.2 Understanding the Degradation Pathway of the Pesticide, Chlorpyrifos by Noble Metal Nanoparticles 552
17.6.3 Measuring and Modelling Adsorption of PAHs to Carbon Nanotubes Over a Six Order of Magnitude Wide Concentration Range 553
17.6.4 “SOS Water” Mobile Water Purifier 553
17.6.5 An Electrochemical Carbon Nanotube Filter for Water Treatment Applications 554
17.6.6 High Speed Water Sterilization System for Developing Countries 554
17.6.7 Metal Nanoparticles on Hierarchical Carbon Structures: New Architecture for Robust Water Purifiers 554
17.7 Conclusions 555
References 555
Index 559
