Provides extensive coverage of standardized QoS technologies for fixed and mobile ultra-broadband networks and services - bringing together technical, regulation, and business aspects
The Quality of Service (QoS) has been mandatory for traditional telecommunication services such as telephony (voice) and television (TV) since the first half of the past century, however, with the convergence of telecommunication networks and services onto Internet technologies, the QoS provision remains a big challenge for all ICT services, not only for traditional ones. This book covers the standardized QoS technologies for fixed and mobile ultra-broadband networks and services, including the business aspects and QoS regulation framework, which all will have high impact on the ICTs in the current and the following decade.
QoS for Fixed and Mobile Ultra-Broadband starts by introducing readers to the telecommunications field and the technology, and the many aspects of both QoS and QoE (Quality of Experience). The next chapter devotes itself to Internet QoS, starting with an overview of numerous technology protocols and finishing with business and regulatory aspects. The next three chapters look at QoS in NGN and Future Networks, QoS for fixed ultra-broadband, and QoS for mobile ultra-broadband. The book also provides readers with in-depth accounts of services in fixed and mobile ultra-broadband; broadband QoS parameters, KPIs, and measurements; network neutrality; and the QoS regulatory framework.
- Comprehensively covers every aspect of QoS technology for fixed and mobile ultra-broadband networks and services, including the technology, the many regulations, and their applications in business
- Explains how the QoS is transiting from the traditional telecom world to an all-IP world
- Presents all the fundamentals of QoS regulation, as well as SLA regulation
QoS for Fixed and Mobile Ultra-Broadband is an excellent resource for managers, engineers, and employees from regulators, ICT government organizations, telecommunication companies (operators, service providers), ICT companies, and industry. It is also a good book for students and professors from academia who are interested in understanding, implementation, and regulation of QoS for fixed and mobile ultra-broadband.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Telecommunications/ICT Sector in the Twenty-First Century 2
1.2 Convergence of the Telecom and Internet Worlds and QoS 4
1.3 Introduction to QoS, QoE, and Network Performance 9
1.3.1 Quality of Service (QoS) Definition 10
1.3.2 Quality of Experience (QoE) 11
1.3.3 Network Performance (NP) 12
1.3.4 QoS, QoE, and NP Relations 13
1.4 ITU’s QoS Framework 14
1.4.1 Universal Model 14
1.4.2 Performance Model 15
1.4.3 Four-Market Model 17
1.5 QoE Concepts and Standards 18
1.5.1 QoE and QoS Comparison 18
1.5.2 QoS and QoE Standards 19
1.6 General QoS Terminology 20
1.7 Discussion 21
References 23
2 Internet QoS 25
2.1 Overview of Internet Technology Protocols 25
2.1.1 Internet Network Layer Protocols: IPv4 and IPv6 26
2.1.2 Main Internet Transport Layer Protocols: TCP and UDP 28
2.1.3 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - DHCP 32
2.1.4 Domain Name System - DNS 32
2.1.5 Internet Fundamental Applications 34
2.1.5.1 Web Technology 34
2.1.5.2 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 34
2.1.5.3 Email Protocols 35
2.2 Fundamental Internet Network Architectures 35
2.2.1 Client-Server Internet Networking 35
2.2.2 Peer-to-Peer Internet Networking 36
2.2.3 Basic Internet Network Architectures 36
2.2.4 Autonomous Systems on the Internet 38
2.3 Internet Traffic Characterization 39
2.3.1 Audio Traffic Characterization 40
2.3.2 Video Traffic Characterization 40
2.3.3 Non-Real-Time Traffic Characterization 42
2.4 QoS on Different Protocols Layers 44
2.5 Traffic Management Techniques 45
2.5.1 Classification of IP Packets 46
2.5.2 Packet Classification From the Technical Side 46
2.5.3 Packet Scheduling 47
2.5.4 Admission Control 47
2.5.5 Traffic Management Versus Network Capacity 49
2.6 Internet QoS Frameworks: the IETF and the ITU 50
2.7 Integrated Services (IntServ) and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) 51
2.8 QoS with Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) 54
2.9 Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) 55
2.10 Basic Inter-Provider QoS Model 57
2.10.1 Basic DiffServ Model for a Single Provider 58
2.10.2 Basic DiffServ Inter-Provider Model 58
2.11 IP Network Architectures for End-to-End QoS 59
2.12 Discussion 61
References 62
3 QoS in NGN and Future Networks 65
3.1 ITU’s Next Generation Networks 65
3.2 Transport and Service Stratum of NGNs 67
3.3 Service Architecture in NGN 69
3.3.1 IMS Architecture 70
3.3.2 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 73
3.3.3 Diameter 75
3.4 QoS Architectures for NGN 78
3.4.1 Resource and Admission Control Function 78
3.4.2 Ethernet QoS for NGN 79
3.4.2.1 QoS Services in Ethernet-based NGN 81
3.4.3 Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) 83
3.5 Management of Performance Measurements in NGN 84
3.6 DPI Performance Models and Metrics 86
3.7 QoS in Future Networks 89
3.7.1 Network Virtualization and QoS 90
3.7.2 Software-Defined Networking and QoS 93
3.8 Business and Regulatory Aspects 95
3.8.1 NGN Policies 95
3.8.2 NGN Regulation Aspects 96
3.8.3 NGN Business Aspects 97
References 99
4 QoS for Fixed Ultra-Broadband 101
4.1 Ultra-broadband DSL and Cable Access 103
4.1.1 DSL Ultra-Broadband Access 103
4.1.1.1 ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) 103
4.1.2 Cable Ultra-Broadband Access 105
4.2 Ultra-Broadband Optical Access 107
4.3 QoS for Fixed Ultra-Broadband Access 110
4.3.1 QoS for DSL Access 110
4.3.2 QoS for Cable Access 112
4.3.3 QoS for PON Access 114
4.4 QoS in Ethernet and Metro Ethernet 117
4.4.1 Class of Service for the Carrier Ethernet 120
4.5 End-to-End QoS Network Design 123
4.5.1 End-to-End Network Performance Parameters for IP-based Services 124
4.5.2 QoS Classes by the ITU 126
4.5.3 End-to-End QoS Considerations for Network Design 128
4.6 Strategic Aspects for Ultra-Broadband 130
References 133
5 QoS for Mobile Ultra-Broadband 137
5.1 Mobile Ultra-Broadband Network Architectures 138
5.1.1 3G Network Architecture 139
5.1.2 4G Network Architecture 140
5.1.3 5G Network Architecture 145
5.2 QoS in 3G Broadband Mobile Networks 147
5.3 QoS in 4G Ultra-Broadband: LTE-Advanced-Pro 150
5.4 QoS and Giga Speed WiFi 154
5.5 WiFi vs. LTE/LTE-Advanced in Unlicensed Bands: The QoS Viewpoint 160
5.6 The ITU’s IMT-2020 162
5.7 QoS in 5G Mobile Ultra-Broadband 165
5.7.1 5G QoS Control and Rules 168
5.7.2 5G QoS Flow Mapping 168
5.8 Mobile Broadband Spectrum Management and QoS 170
5.9 Very Small Cell Deployments and Impact on QoS 172
5.10 Business and Regulation Aspects for Mobile Ultra-Broadband 174
5.10.1 Business Aspects 174
5.10.2 Regulation Aspects 176
References 177
6 Services in Fixed and Mobile Ultra-Broadband 179
6.1 QoS-enabled VoIP Services 179
6.1.1 NGN Provision of VoIP Services 180
6.1.2 Discussion on Telecom Operator vs. OTT Voice Service Quality 182
6.2 QoS-enabled Video and IPTV Services 183
6.2.1 IPTV and QoS 184
6.3 QoE for VoIP and IPTV 188
6.3.1 QoE for VoIP 188
6.3.2 QoE for IPTV 190
6.4 QoS for Popular Internet Services 192
6.5 QoS for Business Users (VPN Services) 196
6.6 QoS for Internet Access Service and Over-the-Top Data Services 198
6.6.1 Traffic Management for OTT Services 200
6.6.2 Traffic Management Approaches 200
6.6.3 Traffic Management Influence on QoE for OTT Services 204
6.7 Internet of Things (IoT) Services 205
6.7.1 Mobile Cellular Internet of Things 206
6.7.2 IoT Big Data and Artificial Intelligence 209
6.8 Cloud Computing Services 210
6.8.1 QoS Metrics for Cloud Services 212
6.9 Business and Regulatory Challenges for Services Over Ultra-Broadband 214
6.9.1 Business Aspects for Broadband Services 214
6.9.2 Regulatory Challenges for Broadband Services 216
References 218
7 Broadband QoS Parameters, KPIs, and Measurements 221
7.1 QoS, QoE, and Application Needs 221
7.2 Generic and Specific QoS Parameters 224
7.2.1 Comparable Performance Indicators 225
7.2.2 Standardized QoS Parameters 225
7.3 Interconnection and QoS 227
7.3.1 QoS Aspects for TDM Interconnection 228
7.3.2 Internet Traffic Interconnection 230
7.3.3 End-to-End QoS and IP Networks Interconnection 231
7.4 KPIs for Real-Time Services 233
7.4.1 KPIs for Voice Over LTE Services 235
7.4.2 KPIs for IPTV and Video Services 236
7.5 KPIs for Data Services and VPNs 237
7.5.1 KPIs for Data Services 237
7.5.2 KPIs for VPN Services 240
7.5.3 KPIs for Mobile Services 241
7.6 KPIs for Smart Sustainable Cities 244
7.7 QoS and QoE Assessment Methodologies 246
7.7.1 QoS/QoE Measurement Systems 246
7.7.2 Basic Network Model for Measurements 248
7.7.3 Quality Assessment Methodologies 249
7.8 Broadband QoS Measurements 251
7.8.1 Framework for QoS Measurements of IP Network Services 251
7.8.2 QoS Evaluation Scenarios 253
7.8.3 Discussion About the Sampling Methodology 254
7.9 Quality Measurement Tools and Platforms 255
7.10 Discussion 257
References 258
8 Network Neutrality 261
8.1 Introduction to Network Neutrality 261
8.2 Degradations of Internet Access Service 262
8.3 Main Regulatory Goals on Network Neutrality 266
8.4 Network Neutrality Business Aspects 268
8.5 Role of NRAs in Regulation of Network Neutrality 270
8.6 Network Neutrality Approaches 272
8.6.1 Network Neutrality Approach in Europe 272
8.6.2 Network Neutrality Approach in the United States 274
8.7 Challenges Regarding QoS and Network Neutrality 276
8.8 Network Neutrality Enforcement 278
8.9 Discussion 279
References 281
9 QoS Regulatory Framework 283
9.1 Scope of QoS Regulation 283
9.2 Fundamentals of QoS Regulation 285
9.3 QoS Regulation Guidelines by the ITU 287
9.4 SLA and QoS Regulation 288
9.4.1 QoS Agreement 289
9.4.2 SLA and QoS Regulation 290
9.5 Specifying Parameters, Levels, and Measurement Methods 291
9.5.1 Defining QoS Parameters 292
9.5.2 Setting Target Levels and Making Measurements 293
9.6 KPIs and Measurement Methods for Fixed and Mobile Services 294
9.6.1 Audit of QoS and Publishing the Measurements 295
9.6.2 KPI Measurements in Mobile Networks 295
9.6.3 KPI Measurements in Fixed Broadband Networks 298
9.7 QoS and Pricing 299
9.8 QoS Enforcement 302
9.9 Discussion 305
References 306
10 Conclusions 307
Index 313
