Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction and Mathematical Concepts 1
1.1 The Nature of Physics 1
1.2 Units 2
1.3 The Role of Units in Problem Solving 3
1.4 Trigonometry 6
1.5 Scalars and Vectors 8
1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction 10
1.7 The Components of a Vector 12
1.8 Addition of Vectors by Means of Components 15
Concept Summary 19
Focus on Concepts 19
Problems 21
Additional Problems 24
Concepts and Calculations Problems 25
Team Problems 26
2 Kinematics in One Dimension 27
2.1 Displacement 27
2.2 Speed and Velocity 28
2.3 Acceleration 31
2.4 Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration 34
2.5 Applications of the Equations of Kinematics 37
2.6 Freely Falling Bodies 41
2.7 Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration 45
Concept Summary 47
Focus on Concepts 48
Problems 49
Additional Problems 53
Concepts and Calculations Problems 54
Team Problems 54
3 Kinematics in Two Dimensions 55
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration 55
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions 56
3.3 Projectile Motion 60
3.4 Relative Velocity 68
Concept Summary 72
Focus on Concepts 73
Problems 74
Additional Problems 77
Concepts and Calculations Problems 78
Team Problems 79
4 Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion 80
4.1 The Concepts of Force and Mass 80
4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion 81
4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 83
4.4 The Vector Nature of Newton’s Second Law of Motion 85
4.5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 86
4.6 Types of Forces: An Overview 88
4.7 The Gravitational Force 88
4.8 The Normal Force 92
4.9 Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces 95
4.10 The Tension Force 101
4.11 Equilibrium Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion 102
4.12 Nonequilibrium Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion 106
Concept Summary 111
Focus on Concepts 112
Problems 114
Additional Problems 118
Concepts and Calculations Problems 119
Team Problems 120
5 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion 121
5.1 Uniform Circular Motion 121
5.2 Centripetal Acceleration 122
5.3 Centripetal Force 125
5.4 Banked Curves 129
5.5 Satellites in Circular Orbits 130
5.6 Apparent Weightlessness and Artificial Gravity 133
5.7 *Vertical Circular Motion 136
Concept Summary 137
Focus on Concepts 138
Problems 139
Additional Problems 141
Concepts and Calculations Problems 142
Team Problems 143
6 Work and Energy 144
6.1 Work Done by a Constant Force 144
6.2 The Work-Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy 147
6.3 Gravitational Potential Energy 153
6.4 Conservative Versus Nonconservative Forces 155
6.5 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy 157
6.6 Nonconservative Forces and the Work-Energy Theorem 161
6.7 Power 162
6.8 Other Forms of Energy and the Conservation of Energy 164
6.9 Work Done by a Variable Force 164
Concept Summary 166
Focus on Concepts 167
Problems 168
Additional Problems 172
Concepts and Calculations Problems 173
Team Problems 174
7 Impulse and Momentum 175
7.1 The Impulse-Momentum Theorem 175
7.2 The Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum 179
7.3 Collisions in One Dimension 184
7.4 Collisions in Two Dimensions 189
7.5 Center of Mass 189
Concept Summary 192
Focus on Concepts 193
Problems 194
Additional Problems 197
Concepts and Calculations Problems 198
Team Problems 199
8 Rotational Kinematics 200
8.1 Rotational Motion and Angular Displacement 200
8.2 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration 203
8.3 The Equations of Rotational Kinematics 205
8.4 Angular Variables and Tangential Variables 208
8.5 Centripetal Acceleration and Tangential Acceleration 210
8.6 Rolling Motion 213
8.7 *The Vector Nature of Angular Variables 214
Concept Summary 215
Focus on Concepts 216
Problems 216
Additional Problems 220
Concepts and Calculations Problems 221
Team Problems 222
9 Rotational Dynamics 223
9.1 The Action of Forces and Torques on Rigid Objects 223
9.2 Rigid Objects in Equilibrium 226
9.3 Center of Gravity 231
9.4 Newton’s Second Law for Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis 236
9.5 Rotational Work and Energy 241
9.6 Angular Momentum 244
Concept Summary 246
Focus on Concepts 247
Problems 248
Additional Problems 254
Concepts and Calculations Problems 255
Team Problems 256
10 Simple Harmonic Motion and Elasticity 257
10.1 The Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion 257
10.2 Simple Harmonic Motion and the Reference Circle 261
10.3 Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion 267
10.4 The Pendulum 270
10.5 Damped Harmonic Motion 273
10.6 Driven Harmonic Motion and Resonance 274
10.7 Elastic Deformation 275
10.8 Stress, Strain, and Hooke’s Law 279
Concept Summary 280
Focus on Concepts 281
Problems 282
Additional Problems 287
Concepts and Calculations Problems 288
Team Problems 288
11 Fluids 289
11.1 Mass Density 289
11.2 Pressure 291
11.3 Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid 293
11.4 Pressure Gauges 297
11.5 Pascal’s Principle 298
11.6 Archimedes’ Principle 300
11.7 Fluids in Motion 305
11.8 The Equation of Continuity 307
11.9 Bernoulli’s Equation 309
11.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation 311
11.11 *Viscous Flow 314
Concept Summary 317
Focus on Concepts 318
Problems 319
Additional Problems 323
Concepts and Calculations Problems 324
Team Problems 325
12 Temperature and Heat 326
12.1 Common Temperature Scales 326
12.2 The Kelvin Temperature Scale 328
12.3 Thermometers 329
12.4 Linear Thermal Expansion 330
12.5 Volume Thermal Expansion 337
12.6 Heat and Internal Energy 339
12.7 Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity 340
12.8 Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat 343
12.9 *Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter 347
12.10 *Humidity 350
Concept Summary 352
Focus on Concepts 352
Problems 353
Additional Problems 358
Concepts and Calculations Problems 358
Team Problems 359
13 The Transfer of Heat 360
13.1 Convection 360
13.2 Conduction 363
13.3 Radiation 370
13.4 Applications 373
Concept Summary 375
Focus on Concepts 375
Problems 376
Additional Problems 378
Concepts and Calculations Problems 379
Team Problems 379
14 The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory 380
14.1 Molecular Mass, the Mole, and Avogadro’s Number 380
14.2 The Ideal Gas Law 383
14.3 Kinetic Theory of Gases 388
14.4 *Diffusion 392
Concept Summary 395
Focus on Concepts 396
Problems 397
Additional Problems 399
Concepts and Calculations Problems 400
Team Problems 400
15 Thermodynamics 401
15.1 Thermodynamic Systems and Their Surroundings 401
15.2 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 402
15.3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 402
15.4 Thermal Processes 404
15.5 Thermal Processes Using an Ideal Gas 408
15.6 Specific Heat Capacities 411
15.7 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 412
15.8 Heat Engines 413
15.9 Carnot’s Principle and the Carnot Engine 414
15.10 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps 417
15.11 Entropy 420
15.12 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 425
Concept Summary 425
Focus on Concepts 426
Problems 427
Additional Problems 431
Concepts and Calculations Problems 432
Team Problems 432
16 Waves and Sound 433
16.1 The Nature of Waves 433
16.2 Periodic Waves 435
16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String 436
16.4 *The Mathematical Description of a Wave 439
16.5 The Nature of Sound 439
16.6 The Speed of Sound 442
16.7 Sound Intensity 446
16.8 Decibels 448
16.9 The Doppler Effect 450
16.10 Applications of Sound in Medicine 454
16.11 *The Sensitivity of the Human Ear 455
Concept Summary 456
Focus on Concepts 457
Problems 458
Additional Problems 463
Concepts and Calculations Problems 464
Team Problems 464
17 The Principle of Linear Superposition and Interference Phenomena 465
17.1 The Principle of Linear Superposition 465
17.2 Constructive and Destructive Interference of Sound Waves 466
17.3 Diffraction 470
17.4 Beats 473
17.5 Transverse Standing Waves 474
17.6 Longitudinal Standing Waves 478
17.7 *Complex Sound Waves 481
Concept Summary 482
Focus on Concepts 483
Problems 484
Additional Problems 487
Concepts and Calculations Problems 488
Team Problems 488
18 Electric Forces and Electric Fields 489
18.1 The Origin of Electricity 489
18.2 Charged Objects and the Electric Force 490
18.3 Conductors and Insulators 493
18.4 Charging by Contact and by Induction 493
18.5 Coulomb’s Law 495
18.6 The Electric Field 500
18.7 Electric Field Lines 505
18.8 The Electric Field Inside a Conductor: Shielding 508
18.9 Gauss’ Law 510
18.10 *Copiers and Computer Printers 513
Concept Summary 516
Focus on Concepts 516
Problems 517
Additional Problems 521
Concepts and Calculations Problems 521
Team Problems 522
19 Electric Potential Energy and the Electric Potential 523
19.1 Potential Energy 523
19.2 The Electric Potential Difference 524
19.3 The Electric Potential Difference Created by Point Charges 530
19.4 Equipotential Surfaces and Their Relation to the Electric Field 534
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics 537
19.6 *Biomedical Applications of Electric Potential Differences 541
Concept Summary 544
Focus on Concepts 544
Problems 546
Additional Problems 548
Concepts and Calculations Problems 549
Team Problems 550
20 Electric Circuits 551
20.1 Electromotive Force and Current 551
20.2 Ohm’s Law 553
20.3 Resistance and Resistivity 554
20.4 Electric Power 557
20.5 Alternating Current 559
20.6 Series Wiring 562
20.7 Parallel Wiring 565
20.8 Circuits Wired Partially in Series and Partially in Parallel 569
20.9 Internal Resistance 570
20.10 Kirchhoff ’s Rules 571
20.11 The Measurement of Current and Voltage 574
20.12 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel 575
20.13 RC Circuits 577
20.14 Safety and the Physiological Effects of Current 579
Concept Summary 580
Focus on Concepts 581
Problems 582
Additional Problems 588
Concepts and Calculations Problems 589
Team Problems 589
21 Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields 590
21.1 Magnetic Fields 590
21.2 The Force That a Magnetic Field Exerts on a Moving Charge 592
21.3 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field 595
21.4 The Mass Spectrometer 599
21.5 The Force on a Current in a Magnetic Field 600
21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil 602
21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents 605
21.8 Ampère’s Law 612
21.9 Magnetic Materials 613
Concept Summary 616
Focus on Concepts 617
Problems 618
Additional Problems 623
Concepts and Calculations Problems 624
Team Problems 624
22 Electromagnetic Induction 625
22.1 Induced Emf and Induced Current 625
22.2 Motional Emf 627
22.3 Magnetic Flux 631
22.4 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction 634
22.5 Lenz’s Law 637
22.6 *Applications of Electromagnetic Induction to the Reproduction of Sound 640
22.7 The Electric Generator 641
22.8 Mutual Inductance and Self-Inductance 646
22.9 Transformers 649
Concept Summary 652
Focus on Concepts 653
Problems 654
Additional Problems 659
Concepts and Calculations Problems 659
Team Problems 660
23 Alternating Current Circuits 661
23.1 Capacitors and Capacitive Reactance 661
23.2 Inductors and Inductive Reactance 664
23.3 Circuits Containing Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance 665
23.4 Resonance in Electric Circuits 670
23.5 Semiconductor Devices 672
Concept Summary 678
Focus on Concepts 679
Problems 680
Additional Problems 681
Concepts and Calculations Problems 682
Team Problems 683
24 Electromagnetic Waves 684
24.1 The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves 684
24.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 688
24.3 The Speed of Light 690
24.4 The Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves 692
24.5 The Doppler Effect and Electromagnetic Waves 695
24.6 Polarization 697
Concept Summary 704
Focus on Concepts 704
Problems 705
Additional Problems 708
Concepts and Calculations Problems 709
Team Problems 710
25 The Reflection of Light: Mirrors 711
25.1 Wave Fronts and Rays 711
25.2 The Reflection of Light 712
25.3 The Formation of Images by a Plane Mirror 713
25.4 Spherical Mirrors 716
25.5 The Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors 718
25.6 The Mirror Equation and the Magnification Equation 722
Concept Summary 728
Focus on Concepts 728
Problems 729
Additional Problems 731
Concepts and Calculations Problems 731
Team Problems 732
26 The Refraction of Light: Lenses and Optical Instruments 733
26.1 The Index of Refraction 733
26.2 Snell’s Law and the Refraction of Light 734
26.3 Total Internal Reflection 739
26.4 Polarization and the Reflection and Refraction of Light 745
26.5 The Dispersion of Light: Prisms and Rainbows 746
26.6 Lenses 748
26.7 The Formation of Images by Lenses 749
26.8 The Thin-Lens Equation and the Magnification Equation 752
26.9 Lenses in Combination 755
26.10 The Human Eye 756
26.11 Angular Magnification and the Magnifying Glass 761
26.12 The Compound Microscope 763
26.13 The Telescope 764
26.14 Lens Aberrations 765
Concept Summary 767
Focus on Concepts 768
Problems 769
Additional Problems 775
Concepts and Calculations Problems 775
Team Problems 776
27 Interference and the Wave Nature of Light 777
27.1 The Principle of Linear Superposition 777
27.2 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment 779
27.3 Thin-Film Interference 782
27.4 The Michelson Interferometer 786
27.5 Diff raction 787
27.6 Resolving Power 791
27.7 The Diff raction Grating 796
27.8 *Compact Discs, Digital Video Discs, and the Use of Interference 798
27.9 X-Ray Diff raction 799
Concept Summary 801
Focus on Concepts 802
Problems 803
Additional Problems 805
Concepts and Calculations Problems 806
Team Problems 807
28 Special Relativity 808
28.1 Events and Inertial Reference Frames 808
28.2 The Postulates of Special Relativity 809
28.3 The Relativity of Time: Time Dilation 811
28.4 The Relativity of Length: Length Contraction 815
28.5 Relativistic Momentum 817
28.6 The Equivalence of Mass and Energy 819
28.7 The Relativistic Addition of Velocities 824
Concept Summary 827
Focus on Concepts 827
Problems 828
Additional Problems 830
Concepts and Calculations Problems 831
Team Problems 831
29 Particles and Waves 832
29.1 The Wave-Particle Duality 832
29.2 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Constant 833
29.3 Photons and the Photoelectric Effect 834
29.4 The Momentum of a Photon and the Compton Effect 840
29.5 The De Broglie Wavelength and the Wave Nature of Matter 843
29.6 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 845
Concept Summary 849
Focus on Concepts 849
Problems 850
Additional Problems 852
Concepts and Calculations Problems 852
Team Problems 852
30 The Nature of the Atom 853
30.1 Rutherford Scattering and the Nuclear Atom 853
30.2 Line Spectra 855
30.3 The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 857
30.4 De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Assumption About
Angular Momentum 861
30.5 The Quantum Mechanical Picture of the Hydrogen Atom 862
30.6 The Pauli Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table of the Elements 866
30.7 X-Rays 868
30.8 The Laser 872
30.9 *Medical Applications of the Laser 874
30.10 *Holography 876
Concept Summary 878
Focus on Concepts 879
Problems 880
Additional Problems 883
Concepts and Calculations Problems 883
Team Problems 883
31 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity 885
31.1 Nuclear Structure 885
31.2 The Strong Nuclear Force and the Stability of the Nucleus 887
31.3 The Mass Defect of the Nucleus and Nuclear Binding Energy 888
31.4 Radioactivity 890
31.5 The Neutrino 896
31.6 Radioactive Decay and Activity 897
31.7 Radioactive Dating 900
31.8 Radioactive Decay Series 903
31.9 Radiation Detectors 904
Concept Summary 906
Focus on Concepts 907
Problems 908
Additional Problems 910
Concepts and Calculations Problems 910
Team Problems 910
32 Ionizing Radiation, Nuclear Energy, and Elementary Particles 911
32.1 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation 911
32.2 Induced Nuclear Reactions 915
32.3 Nuclear Fission 916
32.4 Nuclear Reactors 919
32.5 Nuclear Fusion 920
32.6 Elementary Particles 922
32.7 Cosmology 928
Concept Summary 931
Focus on Concepts 932
Problems 932
Additional Problems 934
Concepts and Calculations Problems 935
Team Problems 935
Appendixes A-1
Appendix A Powers of Ten and Scientific Notation A-1
Appendix B Significant Figures A-1
Appendix C Algebra A-2
Appendix D Exponents and Logarithms A-3
Appendix E Geometry and Trigonometry A-4
Appendix F Selected Isotopes A-5
Answers To Check Your Understanding A-10
Answers To Odd-Numbered Problems A-18
Index I-1
Note: Chapter sections marked with an asterisk (*) can be omitted with little impact to the overall development of the material.
