Tuberculosis is an infection of the lungs caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related species. It is prevalent in tropical regions and continues to occur in more than 10 million new individuals annually and despite many advances in medicine, still results in 1.3 million deaths annually.
This clinical practice handbook presents information on all topics related to the disease, including its epidemiology, microbiology, clinical features, diagnostic procedures, treatments, BCG vaccination and infection control in health facilities. Special topics such as the treatment of tuberculosis is pediatric patients, surgery, multi-drug resistance and adverse reactions to tuberculosis drugs are also covered. Information is presented in 16 simple easy-to-read chapters with key figures, tables and references that help to explain relevant topics.
Tuberculosis: A Clinical Practice Guide is an ideal reference manual for medical students and healthcare personnel seeking information about tuberculosis.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Tuberculosis Global Epidemiology
- Introduction
- Tuberculosis Statistics
- References
Chapter 2 Microbiology of Tuberculosis
- Introduction
- The Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex (Mtc)
- References
Chapter 3 Tuberculosis: a Natural History of the Disease
- Introduction
- References
Chapter 4 Clinical Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
- Introduction
- Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (Eptb)
- Pleural Tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis Empyema
- Miliary Tuberculosis
- Tb Lymphadenitis
- Osteoarticular Tuberculosis
- Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis
- Central Nervous System Tuberculosis (Cns-Tb)
- Genitourinary Tb (Gu-Tb)
- Laryngeal Tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis Pericarditis
- References
Chapter 5 Imaging in Tuberculosis
- Introduction
- Primary Tuberculosis
- Reactivation (Post-Primary) Tuberculosis
- Imaging in Extrapulmonary Tb
- Tuberculous Pericarditis
- Central Nervous System Tb
- Skeletal Tuberculosis
- References
Chapter 6 Laboratory Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
- Introduction
- Smear Microscopy
- Mycobacterial Culture (Phenotypic Method)
- Molecular Methods (Genotypic Methods)
- Xpert Mtb/Rif Assay
- Line-Probe Assays (Lpas)
- Lpas for First-Line Drugs
- Lpas for Second-Line Drugs
- Other Diagnostic Methods
- Lateral-Flow Lam Test
- Tb-Lamp Method
- Truenat Mtb
- Whole Genome Sequencing for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
- References
Chapter 7 Tuberculosis in Special Situations: Liver and Renal Disease, Pregnancy, Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis In Immunosuppressed Individuals Other Than Hiv, Tuberculosis, and Diabetes
- Introduction
- Chronic Renal Failure
- Chronic Liver Disease
- Pregnancy
- Tuberculosis, and Diabetes
- Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (Eptb)
- Miliary Tuberculosis
- Lymph Node Tuberculosis
- Osteoarticular Tuberculosis
- Gastrointestinal and Peritoneal Tuberculosis
- Central Nervous System (Cns) Tuberculosis
- Genitourinary (Gu) Tuberculosis
- Laryngeal Tuberculosis
- Pericardial Tuberculosis
- Pleural Tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis and the Use of Biologic Agents a Rheumatology
- References
Chapter 8 Childhood Tuberculosis
- Introduction
- Clinical Features of Tuberculosis
- Pulmonary Tb
- Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
- Pleural Tuberculosis
- Lymphadenitis
- Tuberculosis Meningitis (Tm)
- Skeletal Tb
- Abdominal Tb
- Miliary/Disseminated Tb
- Scoring Systems for the Diagnosis of Pediatric Tuberculosis
- Congenital Tb
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Latent Tuberculosis Infection
- Treatment of Tuberculosis Disease
- Adjunctive Therapy
- Monitoring During Treatment
- Bcg Vaccination
- References
Chapter 9 Tuberculosis in Persons Living with HIV
- Introduction
- Clinical Presentation of Tb Disease
- Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Plwhiv
- Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection (Ltbi)
- Disease Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Among Plwhiv
- Treatment of Tuberculosis in Plwhiv
- Integrated Therapy of Tb in Hiv Infected Individuals
- Initiation of the Antiretroviral Treatment (Art) in Tb Patients Living with HIV
- Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
- Management of Iris
- Interaction Between Antituberculosis and Antiretroviral Drugs
- Treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
- Side Effects of Treatment Regimens for TB-HIV
- Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Plwhiv
- References
Chapter 10 Treatment of Tuberculosis: Susceptible Strains
- Introduction
- Recommended Regimens for Drug-Susceptible TB
- Treatment Implementation and Patient Care and Support
- Recommended Baseline and Follow-Up Evaluations
- Who Should Receive Treatment for More Than Six Months?
- Management of Treatment Interruption
- Treatment of Culture-Negative Tuberculosis
- Inadequate Treatment Response and Treatment Failure
- References
Chapter 11 Treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
- Introduction
- Treatment of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
- Mono-Resitance Resistance to Isoniazid
- Isolated Resistance to Ethambutol (Emb), Pyrazinamide (Pza), or Streptomycin (Sm)
- Poly-Resistant M. Tuberculosis
- Treatment of Mdr/Xdr Tuberculosis
- Options in Mdr-Tb Regimens
- The Shorter, All Oral, Bedaquiline-Containing Mdr-Tb Regimen
- 4-6 Bdq-Lfx/Mfx-Cfz-Z-E-Hh-Eto/5 Lfx/Mfx-Cfz-Z-E
- Composition of Longer Mdr-Tb Regimens
- Subgroup Considerations
- Mdr/Rr-Tb in People Living with Hiv
- Mdr/Rr-Tb Alone or with Additional Resistance
- Rifampin-Resistant Tb
- Children
- Extrapulmonary Tb and Tb Meningitis
- Bpal Regimen for Treatment of Mdr/Rr-Tb with Additional
- Fluoroquinolone Resistance
- People Living with Hiv Infection (Plhiv)
- Patients with Very Limited Treatment Options
- References
Chapter 12 Diagnosis and Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infection
- Introduction
- High-Risk Groups for Ltbi Diagnosis and Treatment
- Testing for Ltbi
- Tuberculin Skin Test
- Treatment of Latent Tuberculosis Infections
- Preventive Treatment in Contacts of Patients with Multidrug-resistant
- Tuberculosis
- References
Chapter 13 Surgical Treatment in Tuberculosis
- Introduction
- A Brief History of Surgical Treatment for Tuberculosis
- Modern Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- The Success of Surgical Treatment in Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- Pre-Operative Evaluation
- Post-Operative Care
- Surgery for Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
- References
Chapter 14 Bcg Vaccination
- Introduction
- Who Recommendations for Bcg Vaccination
- References
Chapter 15 Tuberculosis Infection Prevention and Control
- Introduction
- Administrative Controls
- Environmental Controls
- Respiratory Protection
- Tb Screening of Health Care Workers
- Hcws in Tuberculosis Laboratories
- References
Chapter 16 Antituberculosis Drugs Adverse Effects
- Introduction
- Side and Adverse Effect by Body System
- Gastrointestinal Effects
- Hepatoxicity
- Hypersensitivity and Skin Reactions
- Morbilliform and Maculopapular Eruptions
- Lichenoid Reactions
- Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
- Treatment Must be Interrupted Immediately If a Drug is Identified
- As a Cause of this Reaction and It Should Not be Used Ever Again 171
- Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome
- Neurotoxicity
- Peripheral Neuropathy
- Effects on the Central Nervous System (Cns)
- Ototoxicity
- Toxicity on the Eighth Cranial Nerve
- Nephrotoxicity
- Ophthalmological Toxicity
- Muscle and Tendinous Toxicity
- Thyroid Toxicity
- Hematological Toxicity
- Adverse Cardiovascular Effects
- References
- Subject Index
Author
- Rafael Laniado-Laborín
