The Vertebrate Pigmentary System: From pigment cells to Disorders provides readers with fundamental knowledge of the structural and functional aspects of vertebrate pigment cells - melanophores and melanocytes - from their origin to different stages of development to related diseases.
Chapters of the book explain the specific regulatory receptors and markers, signaling pathways of skin melanocytes along with the diseases (hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation) in humans associated with their disruption. Concurrently, the etiologies of pigmentary disorders and the various therapeutic approaches for their treatment are presented in focused chapters of the book with updated information from recent publications. A summary of natural product based treatment for hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation rounds up the contents.
This reference is a basic guide for medical students and dermatology residents, and a handy source of information for students, researchers, academicians in the field of pigment cell biology, pharmacology and cosmetology.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Origin, Proliferation and Development of Vertebrate Pigment Cells-Melanophores and Melanocytes
1. Introduction
2. Origin of Melanophores/Melanocytes
3. Studies in Support of Neural Crest Origin of Melanophores In Different Classes of Vertebrates
4. Migration of Melanophores
5. Mitf as a Core Element in Melanoblast Differentiation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Melanophores and Smooth Muscles: a Comparative Perspective
1. Introduction
2. Mechanism of Smooth Muscle Contraction and Relaxation
3. Melanophores and Smooth Muscles: Comparative Perception
4. Experiments That Reveals the Resemblance of Melanophores With Smooth Muscle Cells
4.1. Electrical Stimulation
4.2. Mechanical Stimulation
4.3. Light Stimulation
4.4. Chemical Stimulation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Melanogenesis: Mechanism and Factors Involved in Melanin Synthesis
1. Introduction
2. Biochemistry of Melanogenesis
3. Regulation of Melanogenesis by Intrinsic Factors
3.1. G-Protein Coupled Receptors Pathways
3.1.1. Crf Pathway
3.1.2. Pomc Derived Peptides
3.1.3. Endothelin Signaling Pathway
3.1.4. Wnt Signaling Pathway
3.1.5. Glutamatergic and Adrenergic Signaling Pathways
4. Tyrosine Kinase Receptors Pathway
4.1. Scf/Kit Pathway
4.2. Bfgf and Hgf Signalling Pathway
4.3. Neuregulin Pathway and Bmp Pathway
5. Packaging of Melanin and Melanosomes Transfer
5.1. Formation of Melanosomes
5.2. Melanogenic Enzyme Delivery into Melanosomes
5.3. Melanosome Transfer to Keratinocytes
6. Regulation of Melanogenesis by External Environment
6.1. Solar Ultraviolet Radiation
6.2. Environmental Pollution
6.3. Hormonal Fluctuations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Alteration in Melanogenesis: Pigmentary Disorders And Their Etiopathogenesis
1. Introduction
2. Hypopigmentation Diseases
2.1. Vitiligo
2.1.1. Pathogenesis of Vitiligo
2.2. Albinism
2.3. Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis (Igh)
2.4. Pityriasis Alba
2.5. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome
3. Hyperpigmentation Disorders
3.1. Post Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
3.2. Melasma
3.3. Ephelides and Solar Lentigines
3.4. Lichen Planus Pigmentosus
3.5. Erythema Dyschromicum Perstans (Edp)
3.6. Prurigo Pigmentosa (Pp)
3.7. Maturational Dyschromia
3.8. Riehl Melanosis
3.9. Acanthosis Nigricans
3.10. Naevus of Ota
3.11. Exogeneous Ochronosis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Prevalence of Pigmentary Disorders and Their Impact On The Quality of Life
1. Introduction
2. Studies Conducted to Determine the Prevalence of Pigmentary
Disorders in Different Countries
3. Impact of Pigmentary Disorders on Quality of Life of The Patient
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Treatment and Therapies Available for Pigmentary Disorders
1. Introduction
2. Treatments Available for Hypopigmentation
2.1. Physical Treatment
2.1.1. Narrow Band Uvb-Nbuvb
2.1.2. Puva Therapy
2.1.3. Monochromatic Excimer Light and Laser
2.2. Pharmacological Treatment
2.2.1. Topical Corticosteroid
2.2.2. Immunomodulators
2.3. Surgical Treatment
2.3.1. Tissue Grafting
2.3.2. Epidermal Cell Suspension Grafting
3. Treatments Available for Hyperpigmentation
3.1. Dermabrasion
3.2. Chemical Peeling
3.3. Sunscreen
3.4. Cosmetic Camouflage
3.5. Laser Therapy
3.6. Topical Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Natural Product Based Treatment for Hypopigmentation
1. Introduction
2. Hypopigmentation and Its Related Disorders
3. Current Treatment Options for Hypopigmentation
4. Consequences of Available Treatment for Hypopigmentation
5. Natural Product Based Treatment for Hypopigmentation
5.1. Glycyrrhizin of Glycyrrhiza Glabra
5.2. Vigna Angularis (Adzuki Beans)
5.3. Piper Methysticum and Piper Nigrum
5.4. Vitex Agnus Castus
5.5. Mediterranean Medicinal Plants
5.6. Nelumbo Nucifera (Lotus)
5.7. Citrus Species
5.8. Passiflora Species
5.9. Seasame Seed and Oil
5.10. Pyrostegia Venusta
5.11. Garcinia Mangostana (Mangosteen)
5.12. Zanthoxylum Piperitum and Sebastiana Schottiana
5.13. Salvia Species
5.14. Oenanthe Javanica
5.15. Larrea Divaricate
5.16. Chinese Herbs
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Natural Product Based Treatment for Hyperpigmentation
1. Introduction
2. Hyperpigmentation and Its Related Disorders
3. Available Treatment Modalities for Hyperpigmentation
4. Limitations of Current Treatment Options
5. Natural Product Based Treatment for Hyperpigmentation
5.1. Inhibition of Tyrosinase Activity
5.2. Inhibition of Expression of Tyrosinase and Its Related Proteins
5.3. Inhibition of Transfer of Melanosomes to Keratinocytes
6. Skin Whitening Ingredients Extracted from Natural Sources Other Than Plants
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Role of Computational Tools to Evaluate Potent Tyrosinase Inhibitors Used for the Treatment of Skin Hyperpigmentation
1. Introduction
2. Tyrosinase: Structural Properties and Role in Melanogenesis
3. Computer Aided Methods for the Identification of Inhibitors Of Tyrosinase
4. Inhibitors of Tyrosinase from Natural Origin and Their Molecular Docking Studies
4.1. Arabinose
4.2. Hesperitin
4.3. Isorhamnetin
4.4. Rutin
4.5. Dieckol
4.6. Oxymatrine
4.7. Morin
4.8. Ascorbic Acid
4.9. Salidroside
4.10. Apigenin
4.11. Phloretin
5. Design, Synthesis and Antityrosinase Mechanism of Different Analogues Using Computational Tools
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 a Preventive Approach to Hypopigmentation and Hyperpigmentation
1. Introduction
2. Formation of Melanin in the Skin
3. Pigmentary Disorders at a Glance
4. Preventive Approaches to Skin Hypo and Hyperpigmentation of Skin
4.1. Drugs and Antibiotics
4.1.1. Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
4.1.2. Amiodarone
4.1.3. Antimalarial
4.1.4. Tetracycline
4.1.5. Chemotherapeutic Drugs for Cancer Treatment
4.1.6. Psychotropic Drugs
4.2. Hair Dyes
4.3. Cheap Cosmetics
Conclusion
References
Subject Index
Author
- Sharique A. Ali
- Naima Parveen
