Diagnostic Ultrasound: Abdomen and Pelvis. Edition No. 2

Table of Contents

Anatomy

Abdomen

Liver

Biliary System

Spleen

Pancreas

Kidneys

Bowel

Abdominal Lymph Nodes

Peritoneal Spaces and Structures

Abdominal Wall

Pelvis

Ureters and Bladder

Prostate

Testes

Uterus

Cervix

Vagina

Ovaries

Diagnoses

Liver

Introduction and Overview

Approach to Hepatic Sonography

Diffuse Parenchymal Disease

Acute Hepatitis

Hepatic Cirrhosis

Hepatic Fibrosis/Elastography

Hepatic Steatosis

Hepatic Schistosomiasis

Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome (Venoocclusive Disease)

Ultrasound LI-RADS

Cyst and Cyst-Like Lesions

Hepatic Cyst

Biliary Hamartoma

Caroli Disease

Biloma

Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm of Liver

Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess

Amebic Hepatic Abscess

Hepatic *Echinococcus* Cyst

Hepatic Diffuse Microabscesses

Peribiliary Cyst

Focal Solid Masses

Hepatic Cavernous Hemangioma

Focal Nodular Hyperplasia

Hepatic Adenoma

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatic Metastases

Hepatic Lymphoma

CEUS LI-RADS

Vascular Conditions

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)

Portal Vein Occlusion

Budd-Chiari Syndrome

Portal Vein Gas

Portal Hypertension

Hepatic Artery Pseudoaneurysm

Liver Transplants

Liver Transplant Hepatic Artery Stenosis/Thrombosis

Liver Transplant Portal Vein Stenosis/Thrombosis

Liver Transplant Hepatic Venous Stenosis/Thrombosis

Liver Transplant Biliary Stricture

Biliary System

Introduction and Overview

Approach to Biliary Sonography

Gallstones and Mimics

Cholelithiasis

Gallbladder Polyps

Gallbladder Wall Pathology

Acute Calculous Cholecystitis

Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis

Chronic Cholecystitis

Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis

Porcelain Gallbladder

Hyperplastic Cholecystosis (Adenomyomatosis)

Gallbladder Carcinoma

Ductal Pathology

Biliary Ductal Dilatation

Choledochal Malformation

Choledocholithiasis

Biliary Ductal Gas

Cholangiocarcinoma

Ascending Cholangitis

Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis

Pancreas

Introduction and Overview

Approach to Pancreatic Sonography

Pancreatitis

Acute Pancreatitis

Pancreatic Pseudocyst

Chronic Pancreatitis

Simple Cysts and Cystic Neoplasms

Mucinous Cystic Pancreatic Tumor

Serous Cystadenoma of Pancreas

Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (IPMN)

Solid-Appearing Pancreatic Neoplasms

Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma

Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasm

Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasm

Pancreas Transplant

Approach to Pancreatic Transplant Sonography

Pancreas Transplant Vascular Complications

Pancreas Transplant Nonvascular Complications

Spleen

Introduction and Overview

Approach to Splenic Sonography

Splenic Lesions

Splenomegaly

Splenic Cyst

Splenic Tumors

Splenic Infarct

Urinary Tract

Introduction and Overview

Approach to Urinary Tract Sonography

Normal Variants and Pseudolesions

Column of Bertin, Kidney

Renal Junction Line

Renal Ectopia

Horseshoe Kidney

Ureteral Duplication

Ureteral Ectopia

Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

Calculi and Calcinosis

Urolithiasis

Nephrocalcinosis

Hydronephrosis

Cysts and Cystic Disorders

Simple Renal Cyst

Complex Renal Cyst

Cystic Disease of Dialysis

Cystic Nephroma

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Urinary Tract Infection

Acute Pyelonephritis

Renal Abscess

Emphysematous Pyelonephritis

Pyonephrosis

Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis

Tuberculosis, Urinary Tract

Solid Renal Neoplasms

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal Angiomyolipoma

Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Renal Lymphoma

Vascular Conditions

Renal Artery Stenosis

Renal Vein Thrombosis

Renal Infarct

Perinephric Hematoma

Prostate

Prostatic Hyperplasia

Prostatic Carcinoma

Bladder

Bladder Carcinoma

Ureterocele

Bladder Diverticulum

Bladder Calculi

Schistosomiasis, Bladder

Urethral Diverticulum

Kidney Transplant

Introduction and Overview

Approach to Sonography of Renal Allografts

Renal Transplant Complications

Allograft Hydronephrosis

Perirenal Transplant Fluid Collections

Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis

Transplant Renal Artery Thrombosis

Transplant Renal Vein Thrombosis

Renal Transplant Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula

Renal Transplant Pseudoaneurysm

Renal Transplant Rejection

Delayed Renal Graft Function

Adrenal Gland

Adrenal Hemorrhage

Myelolipoma

Adrenal Adenoma

Adrenal Cyst

Pheochromocytoma

Adrenal Carcinoma

Abdominal Wall/Peritoneal Cavity

Approach to Sonography of Abdominal Wall/Peritoneal Cavity

Abdominal Wall Hernia

Groin Hernia

Ascites

Peritoneal Carcinomatosis

Peritoneal Space Abscess

Segmental Omental Infarction

Bowel

Approach to Bowel Sonography

Bowel Features

Appendicitis

Appendiceal Mucocele

Intussusception

Epiploic Appendagitis

Diverticulitis

Crohn Disease

Bowel Masses

Scrotum

Introduction and Overview

Approach to Scrotal Sonography

Scrotal Lesions

Testicular Germ Cell Tumors

Gonadal Stromal Tumors, Testis

Testicular Lymphoma/Leukemia

Epidermoid Cyst

Tubular Ectasia of Rete Testis

Testicular Microlithiasis

Testicular Torsion/Infarction

Undescended Testis

Epididymitis/Orchitis

Scrotal Trauma

Hydrocele

Spermatocele/Epididymal Cyst

Adenomatoid Tumor

Varicocele

Female Pelvis

Introduction and Overview

Approach to Sonography of the Female Pelvis

Cervical and Myometrial Pathology

Nabothian Cyst

Cervical Carcinoma

Adenomyosis

Leiomyoma

Uterine Anomalies

Endometrial Disorders

Hematometrocolpos

Endometrial Polyp

Endometrial Carcinoma

Endometritis

Intrauterine Device

Pregnancy-Related Disorders

Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy

Unusual Ectopic Pregnancies

Failed First Trimester Pregnancy

Retained Products of Conception

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

Ovarian Cysts and Cystic Neoplasms

Functional Ovarian Cyst

Hemorrhagic Cyst

Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome

Serous Ovarian Cystadenoma/Carcinoma

Mucinous Ovarian Cystadenoma/Carcinoma

Ovarian Teratoma

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Endometrioma

O-RADS

Non-Ovarian Cystic Masses

Hydrosalpinx

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Parovarian Cyst

Peritoneal Inclusion Cyst

Vaginal and Vulvar Cysts

Bartholin Cyst

Gartner Duct Cyst

Miscellaneous Ovarian Masses

Sex Cord-Stromal Tumor

Adnexal/Ovarian Torsion

Ovarian Metastases Including Krukenberg Tumor

Differential Diagnoses

Liver

Hepatomegaly

Diffuse Liver Disease

Cystic Liver Lesion

Hypoechoic Liver Mass

Echogenic Liver Mass

Target Lesions in Liver

Multiple Hepatic Masses

Hepatic Mass With Central Scar

Periportal Lesion

Irregular Hepatic Surface

Portal Vein Abnormality

Biliary System

Gallbladder

Diffuse Gallbladder Wall Thickening

Hyperechoic Gallbladder Wall

Focal Gallbladder Wall Thickening/Mass

Echogenic Material in Gallbladder Lumen

Dilated Gallbladder

Bile Ducts

Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Duct Dilatation

Pancreas

Cystic Pancreatic Lesion

Solid Pancreatic Lesion

Pancreatic Duct Dilatation

Spleen

Focal Splenic Lesion

Urinary Tract

Intraluminal Bladder Mass

Abnormal Bladder Wall

Kidney

Enlarged Kidney

Small Kidney

Hypoechoic Kidney

Hyperechoic Kidney

Cystic Renal Mass

Solid Renal Mass

Renal Pseudotumor

Dilated Renal Pelvis

Abdominal Wall/Peritoneal Cavity

Diffuse Peritoneal Fluid

Solid Peritoneal Mass

Cystic Peritoneal Mass

Prostate

Enlarged Prostate

Focal Lesion in Prostate

Bowel

Bowel Wall Thickening

Scrotum

Diffuse Testicular Enlargement

Decreased Testicular Size

Testicular Calcifications

Focal Testicular Mass

Focal Extratesticular Mass

Extratesticular Cystic Mass

Female Pelvis

Cystic Adnexal Mass

Solid Adnexal Mass

Extraovarian Adnexal Mass

Enlarged Ovary

Enlarged Uterus

Abnormal Endometrium

Authors

Aya Kamaya Associate Professor of Radiology, Director, Stanford Body Imaging Fellowship, Director of Ultrasound, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Aya Kamaya, MD is an Associate Professor of Radiology at Stanford University. She is the Director of Ultrasound and Body Imaging Fellowship Director. Her clinical focuses are Oncologic Imaging, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Imaging, Urogenital Imaging, Gynecological Imaging, Thyroid Ultrasound, Ultrasound, and Diagnostic Radiology. Kamaya is the co-lead author from Diagnostic Ultrasound: Abdomen and Pelvis, 1e. Jade Wong-You-Cheong Professor, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Director of Ultrasound, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland. Jade J. Wong-You-Cheong, MD is a Professor of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine at the University of Maryland. She also has a secondary appointment in Surgery and is the Vice Chair of Quality and Patient Safety. Wong is the co-lead author from Diagnostic Ultrasound: Abdomen and Pelvis, 1e.