COVID-19: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives informs readers about the current status of knowledge on COVID-19 infection. The book begins by presenting basic information about the history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures against COVID-19.
The second part of the book contains information about the repurposing of drugs, herbal medicines, and immunotherapy against COVID-19 infections. Integrating both general and advanced information about Sars-cov-2, this book updates a wide range of readers including students, researchers, health care professionals and the general public on novel coronaviruses and COVID-19.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
- Introduction
- Structure
- Types
- Animal Coronaviruses
- Human Coronaviruses
- Global Impact
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Conclusion
- Consent For Publication
- Conflict Of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 2 History And Epidemiology Of Covid-19
- Introduction
- Classification
- Emergence And Spreading Of Coronaviruses (Timeline)
- Epidemiology
- Coronavirus Cases In India
- Conclusion
- Consent For Publication
- Conflict Of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 3 Pathogenesis Of Covid-19
- Introduction
- Pathogenesis
- Life Cycle Of A Virus
- Entry And Replication Of The Virus Inside The Host
- Coronavirus Altered Signalling Pathways
- Extra-Pulmonary Mechanism
- Clinical Manifestations
- Conclusion
- Consent For Publication
- Conflict Of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 4 Diagnosis, Treatment And Management Of Covid-19
- Introduction
- Diagnostic Approaches
- Physical Symptoms
- Laboratory Tests: Sample Intake Methods, Analysis
- Molecular Tests (Antigen)
- Serology
- Hematological Examination
- Imaging
- Chest X-Ray Examination
- Chest Computed Tomography
- Lung Ultrasound
- Feluda Paper Strip Test
- Treatment, Management And Prevention
- Asymptomatic And Non-Serious Cases
- Mild To Moderate Cases
- Serious Cases
- Preventive Measures Public
- Post Covid-19 Infection Treatment
- Conclusion
- Consent For Publication
- Conflict Of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 5 Convalescent Plasma For Treatment Of Covid-19 Infection
- Introduction
- Treatment Options Explored Till Date
- Historical Background Of Passive Antibody Therapy
- Toxin Neutralization
- Convalescent Plasma-Based Therapeutics Against Covid-19
- Challenges
- Ethical Constraint
- Conclusion
- Consent For Publication
- Conflict Of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 6 Effect Of Early Lockdown In India During The Outbreak Of Covid-19: A Comparative Study Of Usa, Italy And India
- Introduction
- Progression Of The Disease
- Significance Of Lockdown
- Impact Of Diagnosis
- Demographic Distribution
- Conclusion And Future Perspectives
- Consent For Publication
- Conflict Of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- Vipin Bhati, Sheetal Yadav And Anoop Kumar
- Rahul Shukla, Reddy Gayathri Aparnasai And Mayank Handa
- Gagandeep Maan, Navyashree V Gowda, Anoop Kumar And Awanish Mishra
- References
Chapter 7 Covid-19 Altered Immune Signalling Pathways
- Introduction
- Covid-19 Altered Innate Immune Response Signalling Pathways
- Effects On Macrophages
- Effects On Tlr Signalling Pathways
- Myd88 Dependent Signalling
- Myd88 Independent Signalling
- Covid-19 Altered The Connection Between The Innate And Adaptive Immune System
- Covid-19 Altered Humoral Response Pathways
- Conclusion
- Consent For Publication
- Conflict Of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 8 Covid-19 Altered Brain Signalling Pathways
- Introduction
- Neuropathology Of Covid-19
- Direct Pathway
- A. Blood Circulation Pathway
- B. Neuronal Pathway
- Hypoxic Brain Injury
- Immune System
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (Ace-2)
- Various Neurological Disorder Reported To Be Associated With
- Covid-19
- Cerebrovascular Complications
- Encephalopathy
- Viral Encephalitis
- Role Of Brain Signalling Pathways In Manifestation Of Covid-19
- Interferon Signalling Pathway
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (Mapk) Pathway
- Jak/Stat Pathway
- Ace-2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas Signalling Pathway
- Unfolded Protein Response (Upr) And Autophagy Pathways
- Major Components Of Nervous System Involved In Covid-19
- Neurons
- Movement Disorders In The World Of Covid-19
- Nervous System Involvement After Infection With Covid-19
- Multidisciplinary Research Priorities For The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Call For Action
- For Mental Health Science
- Lack Of Dyspnea In Covid-19 Patients
- Neuroinfection May Potentially Contribute To The Pathophysiology And Clinical
- Manifestations Of Covid-19
- Neurological Manifestations In Covid-19 Caused By Sars-Cov-2
- Ace- 2
- Shashikanta Sau And Anoop Kumar
- Urvashi Langeh, Tania Bajaj, Priyanka Bajaj, Swati Kaushal, Diksha Saluja, Shelly
- Agarwal, Neelam Sharma, Bharti Verma, Meena Yadav, Rima Singh, Charan Singh
- And Arti Singh
- Organ-Protective Effect Of Ace- 2 And Its Effect On The Prognosis Of Covid-19
- Covid-19 And Ace Inhibitors And Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (Arbs)
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors In Patients With Covid-19
- Mitochondria Of Brain Cells
- Conclusion
- Consent For Publication
- Conflict Of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 9 Risk Factors And Complications Associated With Covid-19
- Introduction
- Possible Risk Factors For Susceptibility Of Covid-19
- Age
- Gender And Sex
- Medical Conditions
- Hypertension
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Cardiovascular Disorders
- Pregnancy
- Lifestyle Issues
- Smoking
- Crowding
- Occupation
- Covid-19 Associated Complications
- Pneumonia And Respiratory Complications/Failure
- Nephritis And Acute Renal Failure
- Myocarditis And Cardiac Failure
- Hepatic Malfunctions/Failure
- Conclusion And Future Perspectives
- Consent For Publication
- Conflict Of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 10 Possible Mechanism Of Deaths Due To Covid-19
- Introduction
- Distribution Of Death Cases Due To Covid-19
- Possible Mechanism Of Deaths Without Treatment
- Possible Mechanism Of Deaths During Treatment
- Patients With Pre-Existing Medical Conditions
- Patients Without Any History Of Pre-Existing Medical Conditions
- Role Of Concomitant Medications And Possible Mechanism Of
- Deaths
- Measures To Minimize Death Due To Covid-19
- Conclusion
- Consent For Publication
- Conflict Of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Gagandeep Maan And Awanish Mishra
- Aakriti Garg And Anoop Kumar
Chapter 11 Possible Targets Of Sars-Cov-2
- Introduction
- Potential Drug Targets
- Potential Sars-Cov-2 Targets
- Blocking Critical Viral Proteins
- Potential Targets Inhibiting The Self-Assembly Process
- Potential Human Cell Targets
- Targeting Of Virulence Factor
- Targeting Of Host-Specific Receptor Or Enzymes
- Conclusion
- Consent For Publication
- Conflict Of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 12 Repurposing Of Drugs For Covid-19 Infections
- Introduction
- Repurposing Of Drugs Against Sars-Cov-2
- Chloroquine And Hydroxychloroquine
- Lopinavir/Ritonavir
- Ribavirin
- Umifenovir
- Ace Inhibitors And Angiotensin Inhibitors
- Remdesivir
- Favipiravir
- Corticosteroids
- Anti-Cytokines Or Immunomodulatory Agents
- Rapamycin
- Ivermectin
- Camostat And Nafamostat
- Current Challenges And Future Perspectives
- Conclusion
- Consent For Publication
- Conflict Of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 13 Herbals For Covid-19 Infection
- Introduction
- Herbals Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Sars)
- Herbals Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (Mers)
- Herbals Against Covid-19
Author
- Anoop Kumar
