Volume 1 is divided into three parts, the first of which provides an overview of the hydrogen embrittlement problem in specific technologies including petrochemical refining, automotive hydrogen tanks, nuclear waste disposal and power systems, and H2 storage and distribution facilities. Part two then examines modern methods of characterization and analysis of hydrogen damage and part three focuses on the hydrogen degradation of various alloy classes
With its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, Volume 1 of Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of materials in energy technologies is an invaluable reference tool for engineers, designers, materials scientists, and solid mechanicians working with safety-critical components fabricated from high performance materials required to operate in severe environments based on hydrogen. Impacted technologies include aerospace, petrochemical refining, gas transmission, power generation and transportation.
Table of Contents
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Introduction
Part I: The hydrogen embrittlement problem
Chapter 1: Hydrogen production and containment
Abstract:
1.1 Introduction
1.2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) stationary vessels in hydrogen service
1.3 Department of Transportation (DOT) steel transport vessels
1.4 Fracture mechanics method for steel hydrogen vessel design
1.5 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) stationary composite vessels
1.6 Composite transport vessels
1.7 Hydrogen pipelines
1.8 Gaseous hydrogen leakage
1.9 Joint design and selection
1.10 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) code leak and pressure testing
Chapter 2: Hydrogen-induced disbonding and embrittlement of steels used in petrochemical refining
Abstract:
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Petrochemical refining
2.3 Problems during/after cooling of reactors
2.4 Effect of hydrogen content on mechanical properties
2.5 Conclusion
Chapter 3: Assessing hydrogen embrittlement in automotive hydrogen tanks
Abstract:
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Experimental details
3.3 Results and discussion
3.4 Conclusions and future trends
Chapter 4: Gaseous hydrogen issues in nuclear waste disposal
Abstract:
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nature of nuclear wastes and their disposal environments
4.3 Gaseous hydrogen issues in the disposal of high activity wastes
Chapter 5: Hydrogen embrittlement in nuclear power systems
Abstract:
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Experimental methods
5.3 Environmental factors
5.4 Metallurgical effects
5.5 Conclusions
5.6 Acknowledgements
Chapter 6: Standards and codes to control hydrogen-induced cracking in pressure vessels and pipes for hydrogen gas storage and transport
Abstract:
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic code selected for pressure vessels
6.3 Code for piping and pipelines
6.4 Additional code requirements for high pressure hydrogen applications
6.5 Methods for calculating the design cyclic (fatigue) life
6.6 Example of crack growth in a high pressure hydrogen environment
6.7 Summary and conclusions
Part II: Characterisation and analysis of hydrogen embrittlement
Chapter 7: Fracture and fatigue test methods in hydrogen gas
Abstract:
7.1 Introduction
7.2 General considerations for conducting tests in external hydrogen
7.3 Test methods
7.4 Conclusions
7.5 Acknowledgements
Chapter 8: Mechanics of modern test methods and quantitative-accelerated testing for hydrogen embrittlement
Abstract:
8.1 Introduction
8.2 General aspects of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) testing
8.3 Smooth specimens
8.4 Pre-cracked specimens the fracture mechanics (FM) approach to stress corrosion cracking (SCC)
8.5 Limitations of the linear elastic fracture mechanics (FM) approach
8.6 Future trends
8.7 Conclusions
Chapter 9: Metallographic and fractographic techniques for characterising and understanding hydrogen-assisted cracking of metals
Abstract:
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Characterisation of microstructures and hydrogen distributions
9.3 Crack paths with respect to microstructure
9.4 Characterising fracture-surface appearance (and interpretation of features)
9.5 Determining fracture-surface crystallography
9.6 Characterising slip-distributions and strains around cracks
9.7 Determining the effects of solute hydrogen on dislocation activity
9.8 Determining the effects of adsorbed hydrogen on surfaces
9.9 In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of fracture in thin foils and other TEM studies
9.10 'Critical' experiments for determining mechanisms of hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC
9.11 Proposed mechanisms of hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC)
9.12 Conclusions
9.13 Acknowledgements
Chapter 10: Fatigue crack initiation and fatigue life of metals exposed to hydrogen
Abstract:
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Effect of hydrogen on total-life fatigue testing and fatigue crack growth (FCG) threshold stress intensity range
10.3 Mechanisms of fatigue crack initiation (FCI)
10.4 Conclusions
10.5 Future trends in total-life design of structural components
Chapter 11: Effects of hydrogen on fatigue-crack propagation in steels
Abstract:
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Materials and experimental methods
11.3 Effect of hydrogen on the fatigue behavior of martensitic SCM435 Cr-Mo steel
11.4 Effect of hydrogen on fatigue-crack growth behavior in austenitic stainless steels
11.5 Effects of hydrogen on fatigue behavior in lower-strength bainitic/ferritic/martensitic steels
11.6 Summary and conclusions
11.7 Acknowledgement
11.9 Appendix
Part III: The hydrogen embrittlement of alloy classes
Chapter 12: Hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steels
Abstract:
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Microstructures of martensitic high strength steels
12.3 Effects of hydrogen on crack growth
12.4 Discussion of microstructural effects
12.5 Conclusions
Chapter 13: Hydrogen trapping phenomena in martensitic steels
Abstract:
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Hydrogen in the normal lattice of pure iron
13.3 Theoretical treatments for diffusion in a lattice containing trap sites
13.4 Experimental and simulation techniques for measurement of trapping parameters
13.5 Hydrogen trapping at lattice defects in martensitic steels
13.6 Design of nano-sized alloy carbides as beneficial trap sites to enhance resistance to hydrogen embrittlement
13.7 Conclusions
Chapter 14: Hydrogen embrittlement of carbon steels and their welds
Abstract:
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Hydrogen solubility and diffusivity in carbon steels
14.3 Mechanical properties of carbon steels and their welds in high pressure hydrogen
14.4 Important factors in hydrogen gas embrittlement
14.5 Hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms in low strength carbon steels
14.6 Future research needs
14.7 Conclusions
14.8 Sources of further information and advice
Chapter 15: Hydrogen embrittlement of high strength, low alloy (HSLA) steels and their welds
Abstract:
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The family of high strength, low alloy (HSLA) steels
15.3 The welding of high strength, low alloy (HSLA) steels
15.4 Mechanical effect of hydrogen on high strength, low alloy (HSLA) steels
15.5 Conclusions
Chapter 16: Hydrogen embrittlement of stainless steels and their welds
Abstract:
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Fundamentals of austenitic stainless steels
16.3 Hydrogen transport
16.4 Environment test methods
16.5 Models and mechanisms
16.6 Observations of hydrogen-assisted fracture
16.7 Trends in hydrogen-assisted fracture
16.8 Conclusions and future trends
16.9 Acknowledgments
Chapter 17: Hydrogen embrittlement of nickel, cobalt and iron-based superalloys
Abstract:
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Hydrogen transport properties in superalloys
17.3 Hydrogen gas effects on mechanical properties of superalloys
17.4 Important factors in hydrogen embrittlement
17.5 Future trends
17.6 Conclusions
Chapter 18: Hydrogen effects in titanium alloys
Abstract:
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Terminology, classification and properties of titanium alloys
18.3 Hydrogen embrittlement behavior in different classes of titanium alloys
18.4 Hydrogen trapping in titanium alloys
18.5 Positive effects in titanium alloys
18.6 Summary and conclusions
Chapter 19: Hydrogen embrittlement of aluminum and aluminum-based alloys
Abstract:
19.1 Introduction: scope and objective
19.2 Hydrogen interactions in Al alloy systems (experiment and modeling)
19.3 Gaseous hydrogen and hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE) in Al-based alloys
19.4 Mechanisms of hydrogen-assisted cracking in Al-based systems
19.5 Improvement of the hydrogen resistant Al-base alloys based on metallurgical, surface engineering or environmental chemistry modifications
19.6 Needs, gaps and opportunities in Al-based systems
19.7 Future trends
19.8 Sources of further information and advice
Chapter 20: Hydrogen-induced degradation of rubber seals
Abstract:
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Example of cracking of a rubber O-ring used in a high pressure hydrogen storage vessel
20.3 Effect of filler on blister damage to rubber sealing materials in high pressure hydrogen gas
20.4 Influence of gaseous hydrogen on the degradation of a rubber sealing material
20.5 Testing of the durability of a rubber O-ring by using a high pressure hydrogen durability tester
20.6 Additional work required and future plans
20.7 Conclusions
20.8 Acknowledgement
Index
