The development of a vector for the delivery of therapeutic drugs in a controlled and targeted fashion is still a major challenge in the treatment of many diseases. The conventional application of drugs may lead to many limitations including poor distribution, limited effectiveness, lack of selectivity and dose dependent toxicity. An efficient drug delivery system can address these problems. Recent nanotechnology advancements in the biomedical field have the potential to meet these challenges in developing drug delivery systems. Nanomaterials are changing the biomedical platform in terms of disease diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Nanomaterials aided drug delivery provides an advantage by enhancing aqueous solubility that leads to improved bioavailability, increased resistance time in the body, decreased side effects by targeting drugs to the specific location, reduced dose dependent toxicity and protection of drugs from early release.
In this two-part book, the contributors have compiled reports of recent studies illustrating the promising nanomaterials that can work as drug carriers which can navigate conventional physiological barriers. A detailed account of several types of nanomaterials including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, micelles, carbon nanomaterials, magnetic nanoparticles, solid lipid-based nanoparticles, silica nanomaterials and hydrogels for drug delivery is provided in separate chapters. The contributors also present a discussion on clinical aspects of ongoing research with insights towards future prospects of specific nanotechnologies.
Part I covers the following topics:
In this two-part book, the contributors have compiled reports of recent studies illustrating the promising nanomaterials that can work as drug carriers which can navigate conventional physiological barriers. A detailed account of several types of nanomaterials including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, micelles, carbon nanomaterials, magnetic nanoparticles, solid lipid-based nanoparticles, silica nanomaterials and hydrogels for drug delivery is provided in separate chapters. The contributors also present a discussion on clinical aspects of ongoing research with insights towards future prospects of specific nanotechnologies.
Part I covers the following topics:
- Polymeric nanoparticles
- Characterization of nanostructured systems for bioactive compound delivery
- Liposomes
- Dendrimers
- Nanomicelles
- Carbon nanotubes
- magnetic nanoparticles
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Polymeric Nanoparticles as a Promising Drug Delivery- Vehicle
- Nidhi Gupta, Ramesh Chandra and Surendra Nimesh
- Introduction
- Polymeric Nanoparticles for Dna/Sirna Delivery
- Advantages and Limitations of Nanoparticles
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 2 Characterization of Nanostructured Systems For
- Bioactive Compound Delivery
- Gabriel Silva Borges, Flávia Lidiane Oliveira Da Silva, Osmar Patrício Almeida, Taízia
- Dutra Silva and Guilherme Carneiro
- Introduction
- Size Analysis
- Dynamic Light Scattering
- Equipment
- Performing the Technique
- Analyzing the Results
- Laser Diffraction
- Equipment
- Performing the Technique
- Analyzing the Results
- Zeta Potential
- Equipment
- Performing the Technique
- Analyzing the Results
- Morphology
- Optical Microscopy
- Types of Optical Microscopy
- Applications
- Scanning Electron Microscopy
- Principles of the Technique
- Equipment
- Environmental Sem
- Applications
- Transmission Electron Microscopy
- Equipment
- Principles of the Technique
- Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy and Environmental Transmission
- Electron Microscopy
- Applications
- Atomic Force Microscopy
- Equipment
- Principles of the Technique
- Sample Preparation and Data Analysis
- Applications
- Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy
- Principles of Technique and Equipment
- Applications
- Crystalline State, Polymorphism and Drug Nanosystem
- Interaction
- Infrared Spectroscopy
- Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy
- X-Ray Diffraction
- Small-Angle Scattering of X-Rays
- Thermal Analyses
- Differential Scanning Calorimetry
- Differential Thermal Analysis
- Events Detected in Dsc and Dta
- Applications of Dsc and Dta
- Tga
- Applications of Tga
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 3 Liposomes: The New Developments in Topical Drug Delivery 100
- Gajanand Sharma, Kanika Thakur, Nitika Dehal, Akanksha Mahajan, Kaisar Raza
- And O.P. Katare
- Introduction
- Composition of Liposomes
- Phospholipid
- Natural Phospholipids
- Synthetic Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
- Classification of Liposomes
- Based on Structural Parameters
- Based on the Method of Preparation
- Based on Composition and Applications
- Preparation of Liposomes
- Conventional Methods
- Novel Methods
- Supercritical Fluid Technology
- Dual Asymmetric Centrifugation (Dac)
- Freeze Drying Technology
- Cross-Flow Filtration Technology
- Membrane Contactor Technology
- Characterization of Liposomes
- Physical Characterization
- Vesicle Shape and Lamellarity
- Vesicle Size and Size Distribution
- Optical Microscopy
- Negative Stain Transmission Electron Microscopy (Tem)
- Cryo-Tem
- Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (Saxs)
- Atomic Force Microscopy (Afm)
- Dynamic Light Scattering (Dls)
- Field Flow Fractionation (Fff) Technique
- Size Exclusion Chromatography (Sec)
- Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (Nta)
- Entrapment Efficiency (Ee)
- Surface Charge
- Chemical Characterization
- Biological Characterization
- Liposomal Drug Loading Methods
- Passive Loading Method
- Active (Remote) Loading Method
- Targeting Strategies for Liposomes
- Passive Targeting
- Active Targeting
- Triggered Drug Targeting
- Ph Sensitive Liposomes
- External Stimuli-Dependent Release
- Magnetically Sensitive Liposomes
- Electro Responsive Liposomes
- Applications of Liposomes
- Liposomes for Topical Delivery
- Liposomes for Pulmonary Delivery
- Liposomes for Ophthalmic Delivery
- Liposomes for Parenteral Delivery
- Liposomes for Oral Delivery
- Liposomes as Vaccine Delivery
- Clinical Uses of Liposomal Drugs
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 4 Role of Dendrimers in Drug Delivery and Targeting
- Sarita Rani, Neetu Sehrawat, Sudhakar Rajoria and Umesh Gupta
- Introduction
- Synthetic Approaches
- Divergent Method
- Convergent Method
- Dendrimer-Drug Interactions
- Non-Covalent Interactions
- Covalent Interactions
- Properties
- Monodispersity
- Size and Shape
- Biocompatibility
- Surface Charge
- Toxicity and Surface Functionality
- Pharmacokinetics
- Types of Dendrimers
- Pamam Dendrimers
- Ppi Dendrimers
- Peptide Dendrimers
- Glycodendrimers
- Tecto/Core-Shell Dendrimers
- Chiral Dendrimers
- Triazine Dendrimers
- Poly-L-Lysine Dendrimers
- Applications of Dendrimers
- Dendrimers in Cancer Therapy
- Dendrimer in Infectious Diseases
- Dendrimers in Ocular Diseases
- Dendrimer in Dermatological Diseases
- Dendrimer in Cns Disorders
- Dendrimers in Cardiovascular Diseases/Hypertension
- Dendrimers in Ulcerative Colitis Diseases
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 5 Chronicle of Nanomicelles in Drug Delivery: from Bench To
- Bedside
- Neha Bajwa, Preet Amol Singh, Vaskuri G.S. Sainaga Jyothi, Rupinder Kaur Sodhi
- Ashish Baldi, Satish Sardana, Ramesh Chandra and Jitender Madan
- Introduction
- Principle of Micelles Formation
- Amphiphilic Copolymers
- Micellization of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers
- Characterization of Polymeric Micelles
- Shape of Polymeric Micelles
- Size of Polymeric Micelles
- Critical Micelles Concentration (Cmc) Determination
- Stability Studies of Polymeric Micelles
- Synthesis of Drug Conjugated Polymeric Micelles
- Drug Incorporation in Polymeric Micelles
- Drug Solubilization Capacity of the Polymeric Micelles
- Drug Partitioning in Polymeric Micelles
- Drug Release from Polymeric Micelles
- Sustained and Controlled Drug Release
- Ph Sensitive Drug Release
- Pharmaceutical Applications of Polymeric Micelles
- Polymeric Micelles as Solubilizing Agents for Poorly Soluble Drugs
- Sustained Release Profile of Polymeric Micelles
- Polymeric Micelles Drug Steering Application
- Application of Polymeric Micelles in Drug Delivery Through Different Routes Of
- Administration
- Application of Polymeric Micelles in Diagnostics
- Clinical Applications of Nanomicelles and Regulatory Approval
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 6 Potential and Promises of Carbon Nanotubes in Drug
- Delivery
- Nagarani Thotakura, Vipin Kumar and Kaisar Raza
- Introduction
- Methods Involved in Synthesis of Cnts
- Arc Discharge Method
- Laser Ablation Method
- Chemical Vapor Deposition (Cvd)
- Flame Pyrolysis
- Common Chemical Reactions of Cnts
- Covalent Attachment of Functional Groups
- Sidewall Halogenation of Cnts
- Hydrogenation
- Ozonolysis
- Mechanochemical Reactions
- Plasma Activation
- Nucleophilic Additions
- Noncovalent Interactions
- Endohedral Filling
- Applications of Cnts
- Artificial Implants
- Preservatives
- Diagnostic Tool
- As a Catalyst
- Formation of Batteries
- Solar Cells
- Transistors
- Cnts as Delivery Vehicles
- Peptide Delivery
- Cellular Uptake of Cnts
- Delivery of Nucleic Acids
- Drug Delivery Using Cnts
- Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution Studies of Cnts
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Elimination
- Safety Concerns and Challenges
- Conclusions
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Author
- Surendra Nimesh
- Nidhi Gupta
- Ramesh Chandra
