Demystifying COVID-19: Understanding the Disease, Its Diagnosis. and Treatment

Table of Contents

• Fatality and Mortality Differences Between Countries
• Which Countries Have the Highest Number of Cases?
• To Normalize or Not to Normalize, It is the Main Question!
• Contagiousness of Coronavirus
• In What Ways is Coronavirus Transmitted?
• Where is the Contamination Happening?
• Is It Airborne?
• Air Conditioning + 1 Patient = 10 Patients: Who is Guilty?
• How is the Air Conditioner Cleaned?
• How Should We Clean Our Air Conditioner?
• Conclusion
• References

• What are R0, Rt, and Re?
• Incubation Period
• Principles of Surveillance and Struggle with the Pandemic: How
• Countries Differ from Each Other?
• How Effective is Home Stay, Social / Individual Isolation In
• Preventing the Spread of COVID-19?
• Belgium Has a Very Different Case Situation
• Herd Immunity and the 'Second Wave' Problem: Myth or Truth?
• Is the ‘Ordinary Citizen’ Also Guilty? Which Mistakes Did They Do
• In the Pandemic and ‘Normalization’?
• How Does this Disease End?
• The Spanish Flu Experiences of 1918: Does History Light Our Way?
• Why is It Called ‘Spanish Flu’?
• Is It Different from Other Flu Syndromes?
• What Happened in the Usa?
• Mass Graves Were Opened in the Usa in September 1918 due to Massive Death Toll
• References

• Diabetes, Cancer, and Kidney Failure
• The Relationship Between COVID-19 Fatality Rate And
• Comorbidities
• Pulmonary Diseases and COVID-19
• Could COVID-19 Infection Also Cause Copd-Aa?
• Are Patients with Copd or Asthma at High Risk for Contracting COVID-19?
• Are Patients with Copd at High Risk for Severe COVID-19 and Death?
• How are the Follow-Up and Treatment of Copd and Copd-Aa Cases During The
• Pandemics?
• Are Systemic Corticosteroids (Cst) Used in Copd-Aa During Pandemic?
• Are There Any Changes for Asthma Patients?
• How is an Asthma Attack Treated while Infected with COVID-19?
• Is the Use of Nebulizers Recommended in the Treatment of Asthma/Copd During
• The COVID-19 Outbreak?
• Does Smoking and Copd Development Alter Expression of Ace2 Receptors?
• Does Smoking Affect Clinical Course?
• Is Smoking Also Effective in Influenza?
• Is COVID-19 More Severe in Smokers?
• What are the Key Findings of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes with High
• Level of Evidence?
• What is “Smoker's Paradox” (Sp), are There Any Justifications?
• Obesity and COVID-19
• Numerical Data Showing the Relationship Between Obesity and COVID-19
• Diabetes and COVID-19
• In a Diabetic Patient Hospitalized in the COVID-19 Process, There Will be 5 Essential
• Steps of Management
• Cancer and COVID-19
• Why are Cancer Patients More Disadvantaged in Terms of COVID-19?
• Are There Any More Special Risk Groups Among People with Cancer?
• Can Cancer be Diagnosed During the Pandemic Period, and Can Interventions Be
• Performed as Before?
• Are There Specific Difficulties in Diagnostic Interventions for COVID-19?
• Are There Specific Difficulties for Cancer Patients Regarding Care and Treatment?
• Is There Any Difference Regarding the Psychological Conditions of Cancer Patients in This Period?
• The Risk of Reactive or Major Depression Will be Further
• Increased
• What are the General Messages?
• Renal Failure (Rf), Acute Kidney Injury (Aki) and COVID-19
• Lung-Kidney Axis (Lka): a New Pathway for Kidney Damage?
• Conclusion
• References

• Era
• Phenomena Proven to Increase the Risk of COVID-19 Transmission In
• Hcw
• Is COVID-19 Risky for Hcw?
• How Much Risk COVID-19 Impose on Hcw?
• Headlines from Various Countries
• The Situation in Turkey
• Situations Increasing the Risk of Infection to Hcw
• Findings
• Precautions and Measures
• Personal Protective Equipment
• Sequence of Control Measures
• Infection Protection and Control Measures
• Psychosocial Problems in Hcw During the Pandemics
• What Kind of Interventions Can be Pursued to Support the Resilience and Mental Health Of
• Frontline Hcw During the Pandemic?
• Is There Any Good News to Convey?
• Conclusion
• References

• Of Clinical Course and Management
• Do Patients Who are Diagnosed Necessarily Have Symptoms?
• Asymptomatic and Symptomatic… is There a 3Rd Way?
• Can a Mild-Looking Patient Worsen Quickly?
• Which Markers Can We Use to Predict Clinical Worsening?
• Radiological Criteria
• Typical Case
• How are COVID and Cough Related?
• Cough in Terms of Contagiousness
• Pharmacological Methods to Relieve Cough
• Gastrointestinal Complaints and Findings in the Course of COVID-
• 19
• Corona Facts: Which is Correct?
• Conclusion
• References

• Radiological Adjuncts to Recognition
• Laboratory Tests
• Cytokines and Related Findings
• Laboratory Values Can Also Highlight the Stages of the Disease
• Do Antibody Tests Give Accurate Results in the Early Period After Infection?
• Chest Imaging - Radiological Examinations
• Which Should We Choose? X-Ray, Ct, Usg, or Mr?
• Case Example and Time Course of the Disease
• Conclusion
• References

• COVID-19
• Key Findings from Different Database Studies
• Are Ethnic Differences Important for COVID-19?
• Ht and COVID-19
• Myocardial Injury Severity and Mortality
• How Much Myocardial Damage Occurs in COVID-19?
• In Whom Does Myocardial Damage Occur and How Do We Identify It?
• Any Pathological Finding?
• Global View of Myocardial Infarction (Stemi / Nstemi) After COVID-19
• Did the Pandemic Affect Heart Attacks?
• What Should be Done?
• COVID-19 and Myocardial Damage, Myocarditis
• Fulminant Myocarditis (Fm)
• Symptoms and Signs in Myocarditis
• Ancillary Studies
• Thrombotic Events, Bleeding, Coagulopathies, and COVID-19
• Cytokine-Mediated Alveolar Inflammation Triggers the Formation of Microthrombi in The
• Pulmonary Vasculature, Which Can Culminate into Thrombi or Embolism in Severe Cases 133
• Increased D-Dimer, Pt, Aptt, Crp, Esr, and Pct Levels Noted on Presentation Were
• Found to be Associated with Death in COVID-19 Patients (Al-Samkari Et Al., 2020)
• Additional Note: Mean Values of Fibrinogen, Ferritin, Pct are Also Higher in Patients
• With Thrombosis
• Pathological Mechanism
• Conclusion
• References

• COVID-19
• Introduction
• How Important is Gis in the Pathophysiology of the Virus?
• Which Gi Findings Do We Mention About?
• Children and Gi Complaints
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (Ibd) and COVID-19
• Hepatic Damage and COVID-19
• Conclusion
• References

• What are Stress Reactions? What Can We Do?
• Why are We Stressed During this Period?
• Adverse Emotional, Physical, or Cognitive Responses That Arise In
• Response to the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic Include
• COVID-19 and Our Psychology: What Do the Researchers Say?
• COVID-19 and Dealing with Stress
• Coping with Stress
• Awareness of Emotions
• Social Relations
• Try Not to Disturb Your Routine and Sleep Patterns
• Do Hobbies Work?
• What Does Physical Activity Bring Us?
• Bias and Stigmatization
• Conclusion
• References

• Introduction
• How Can COVID-19 Affect the Brain and Nervous System?
• What Kind of Damage Does COVID-19 Cause in the Brain?
• What Kinds of Neurological Signs and Symptoms Do COVID-19 Can Be
• Evident?
• Does It Have Long-Term Effects on the Cns?
• Effects of COVID-19 on People with Neurological Disorders
• Does COVID-19 Increase the Risk of Stroke?
• Many Patients Mention Loss of Smell / Taste
• Is There an Association Between Anosmia and Respiratory Failure? 172
• Does COVID-19 Trigger Brain Tissue Inflammation (Encephalitis)?
• What are the Treatment Methods After COVID-19 Inflicts the Cns? 175
• Conclusion
• References

• Definition
• Clinical Features
• Diagnosis
• The Most Common Ct Findings on Presentation (Adapted from Pan
• Et Al, 2020)
• Differential Diagnoses
• Other Situations to be Distinguished
• Serum Antibody Detection
• Laboratory Findings
• Risk Factors for Severe Disease
• Ards
• Treatment of Pneumonia and Ards
• Hypoxia Management in Severe and Critical COVID-19 Patient
• Specific Drug Treatments
• Conclusion
• References

• What are the Characteristics of Pregnant Women with COVID-19? 208
• Should There be a Different Warning for Pregnant Healthcare Workers?
• Could the Pregnant Women with COVID-19 Transmit the Disease to the Baby?
• How is Protection from COVID-19 During Pregnancy?
• What are the General Treatment Methods in Pregnant Women?
• Are the Drugs Used in the Treatment of COVID-19 Harmful During Pregnancy?
• Can the Woman with COVID-19 Breastfeed Her Baby?
• Is There Anything to Pay Attention to After Birth?
• Can Children Take COVID-19 Medications Used by Adults?
• COVID-19 in Children: It is Not a Fairy Tale, It is a Reality
• Are the Children “Carriers of COVID-19”?
• Are the Signs and Symptoms in Children Different from Adults?
• Is COVID-19 More Risky for Children with Asthma or Allergies? What are the Risks?
• Are the Laboratory Findings Different in Children?
• Which Children Get COVID-19?
• How is the COVID-19 Virus Transmitted to Children?
• Should Masks and Gloves be Used for Children Who are Going Out Necessarily?
• Since the Mortality Rate in Children is Close to Zero, COVID-19 Has Nothing to Do With
• Children, Right?
• Should Children be Locked Up at Home?
• Does the Baby's Breastfeeding Affect the COVID-19 Clinical Course?
• How is the Diagnosis Made?
• Imaging Principles for Pediatric COVID-19 Suspected Cases
• Can Sequential Cxr be Requested?
• Can Cxr be Ordered After Recovery?
• Discharge Criteria
• How Can We Tell Kids About COVID-19?
• Conclusion
• References

• What Kind of Symptoms Should Raise Suspicion of COVID-19 in The
• Elderly?
• Is There Any Difference Between Other Epidemics and COVID-19 In
• This Regard?
• Is COVID-19 Different in the Elderly?

Author

• Ozgur Karcioglu
• Selman Yeniocak
• Mandana Hosseinzadeh