Postbiotics: Science, Technology, and Applications

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Ecology of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract

• Introduction
• Probiotics
• Beneficial Properties of Probiotics
• Probiotic and Gut Microbiota
• Modulation of the Intestinal Microbiota by the Application of Probiotics
• Modulation of Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis by Probiotics
• Prebiotics
• Beneficial Properties of Prebiotics
• The Consumption of Functional Foods and the Establishment Of Gastrointestinal Health

Chapter 2 Obstacles and Challenges in the Use of Probiotics

• Nutritional and Clinical Concerns
• Systemic Infections and Chronic Diseases
• Over-Stimulation of the Immune System
• Transmission of Antibiotic-Resistance Genes
• Production of Toxic Metabolites
• Production of Biogenic Amines
• Production of D-Lactic Acid
• Limitations of Probiotic Use in the Industry
• Lack of Viability and Stability
• Alteration of the Flavor and Aroma of Probiotic Products

Chapter 3 Postbiotics: a Solution to Leave Problems of the Production and Consumption of Probiotics

• Main Postbiotic Constituents and Their Biological Activities
• Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (Tmao)
• Short-Chain Fatty Acids (Scfas)
• Long-Chain Fatty Acids (Lcfas)
• 4-Ethyl Phenyl Sulfate (4-Eps)
• Indole
• Other Protein-Derived Metabolites
• Polyamines
• Retinoic Acid
• Bile Acids
• Flavonoids
• N-Acyl Amides

Chapter 4 Main Methods for the Preparation of Postbiotics

• Main Postbiotic Producer Microbial Cells
• The Main Laboratory Postbiotic Production Process
• The Primary Step (Inactivation Methods) in the Postbiotic Production Process
• Heat Inactivation (Hi)
• Uv Inactivation (Uv)
• Formalin Inactivation (Fi)
• Sonication
• The Secondary Step in the Postbiotic Production Process
• A Brief Discussion on the Extraction of Lipoteichoic Acids, Exopoly Saccharides, and Peptidoglycan
• Lipoteichoic Acids
• Exopolysaccharides
• Peptidoglycan
• Quality Control: Main Methods for Identification of Postbiotics

Chapter 5 Bioactivity Perspectives and Health Benefits of Postbiotics

• Gut Microbiome-Based Therapies: a New Approach
• Perspectives on Postbiotics Bioactivity
• Perspectives on the Health Benefits of Postbiotics
• The Effect of Postbiotics in the Growth Inhibition of the Pathogenic Microbes
• The Effect of Postbiotics in the Immunomodulation
• Modulation of the Gut Microbiota: An Effect of Postbiotics
• The Impact of Postbiotics in the Recuperation of Intestinal Injuries
• The Impact of Postbiotics in Intestinal Barrier Preservation and Reduction of Bacterial
• Translocation
• The Postbiotics Effects on the Treatment of Diarrhea
• The Impact of Postbiotics in Colitis Treatment
• The Effect of Postbiotics on the Digestive System Functions
• The Role of Postbiotics in the Reduction of Lactose Intolerance
• The Impact of Postbiotics on the Alcohol-Induced Liver Diseases Improvement
• The Postbiotics Impact on the Modulation of Inflammation
• The Effect of Postbiotics in the Growth Inhibition of the Cancer Cells
• The Role of Postbiotics in the Improvement of Food Allergy
• The Effect of Postbiotics in the Reduction of Cholesterol Level
• The Effect of Postbiotics in the Improvement of Colorectal Cancer Therapies
• The Impact of Postbiotics on the Response to Visceral Pain Modulation
• The Effect of Postbiotics on the Respiratory System Functions
• The Effect of Postbiotics in the Reduction of the Aging Effects
• The Role of Postbiotics in the Reduction of Tooth Decay
• The Impact of Postbiotics on the Atopic Dermatitis Treatment
• The Suppression Effect of Postbiotics and Age-Associated Manifestations

Chapter 6 Perspectives on the Postbiotics Application

• Pharmaceutical Applications
• Application in Veterinary Scope
• The Potential Application of Postbiotics in Aquaculture
• Immunostimulation
• Growth
• Disease Resistance
• Food Applications

Chapter 7 The Challenges and Strategies to Add Postbiotic

• Components into Food Matrices
• Appropriate Food Carrier for Postbiotic Compounds
• The Issues Related to the Addition of Bioactive Compounds
• (Postbiotics) into the Food Matrix
• Current Challenges
• The Bioavailability of Postbiotics
• The Strategy of the Addition of Bioactive Compounds (Postbiotics)
• Into the Food Matrix
• The Need to Issue a Permit for the Entry of Functional Postbiotic Foods into the Market and Monitor of Them
• Conclusion
• References

Author

• Amin Abbasi
• Elham Sheykhsaran
• Hossein Samadi Kafil