Influenza is one of the most ancient and intriguing diseases that has been accompanying our civilization for millennia. While mankind has successfully defeated many dangerous influenza infections in the last couple of centuries, influenza control remains a serious problem for public health. A number of influenza vaccines and antiviral compounds have been licensed in recent times. However, the influenza virus is still ahead of us, as it continues to persistently infect humans to this day. Influenza: A Century of Research shows how influenza virology has developed historically and the tremendous knowledge that has been uncovered in the study of influenza.
In this monograph, the authors present a historical perspective on influenza, chronologically, with an emphasis on its virology. Chapters cover information about the isolation of the first influenza viruses, substrates, and models for studying influenza, structure, and life cycle of the influenza virus, mechanisms of attenuation and virulence. Chapters progress into the multidisciplinary aspects of influenza research such as influenza virus ecology and the evolutionary origin of epidemic and pandemic influenza viruses. A significant part of the book also covers the description of the prevention and treatment of influenza and reasons that have contributed to insufficient control for influenza. The questions of how the COVID-19 pandemic affects the circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses, and if we can eliminate this virus are also addressed.
Influenza: A Century of Research is an informative source of information for a broad range of readers, academic or otherwise, who are interested in knowing more about the disease.
In this monograph, the authors present a historical perspective on influenza, chronologically, with an emphasis on its virology. Chapters cover information about the isolation of the first influenza viruses, substrates, and models for studying influenza, structure, and life cycle of the influenza virus, mechanisms of attenuation and virulence. Chapters progress into the multidisciplinary aspects of influenza research such as influenza virus ecology and the evolutionary origin of epidemic and pandemic influenza viruses. A significant part of the book also covers the description of the prevention and treatment of influenza and reasons that have contributed to insufficient control for influenza. The questions of how the COVID-19 pandemic affects the circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses, and if we can eliminate this virus are also addressed.
Influenza: A Century of Research is an informative source of information for a broad range of readers, academic or otherwise, who are interested in knowing more about the disease.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Historical Aspects- Introduction
- The First Influenza Viruses
- Models for Studying Influenza
- The Right Choice of Anesthetic for Animal Study
- Standardization of the Infectious Dose
- The Right Choice of the Virus as a Model for Research
- Substrates for Influenza Virus Cultivation
- Experimental Animals
- Embryonated Chicken Eggs
- Tissue Culture
- Laboratory Methods for Diagnosing Influenza
- Virus Culturing by Virological Methods
- Serological Diagnosis
- Molecular Identification
- Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests (Ridts)
- Concluding Remarks
- References
Chapter 2 Life Cycle of Influenza Virus
- Introduction
- Genome and Capsid Structure
- Replication in Host Cell
- The Entry into the Cell
- Endocytosis and Intracellular Migration of Virus-Containing Endosomes
- Transcription and Replication of the Viral Genome
- Translation
- Export of Vrna
- Post-Translation Modifications
- The Transport of Viral Proteins to the Plasma Membrane
- Packaging and Budding
- Molecular Mechanisms of Attenuation
- Basic About Cold-Adapted Laivs
- What Role Do Mutations/Mutated Genes Play in Attenuation?
- An Alternative Method of Attenuation of Laiv
- Molecular Mechanisms of Virulence
- Ha and Na as Determinants of Pathogenicity
- Polymerase Complex as a Determinant of Pathogenicity and Transmissibility
- Ns1 Protein as a Determinant of Pathogenicity
- Are Attenuation and Pathogenicity of the Influenza Virus Two
- Sides of the Same Coin?
- Concluding Remarks
- References
Chapter 3 Influenza Virus Ecology and Evolution
- Introduction
- Influenza Virus Reservoirs
- The Origin and Evolution of Human Influenza Viruses
- The Genome Evolution
- Antigenic Evolution of Influenza Viruses: Shift and Drift
- Influenza Pandemics
- Influenza Epidemics
- Influenza Viruses with Pandemic Potential
- Evolutionary Variability of Influenza Virus Properties as a Factor of Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Evolution of Influenza Viruses Based on Their Sensitivity to Replication Temperature
- Cyclical Nature of Evolutionary Variability of Virus Properties
- Concluding Remarks
- References
Chapter 4 Influenza Prophylaxis and Treatment
- Introduction
- Past, Present, and Future of Influenza Vaccines
- Substrates for Influenza Vaccine Development
- Conventional Egg-Derived Influenza Vaccines
- Immune Response to Conventional Egg-Derived Influenza Vaccines
- Cell Culture-Derived Influenza Vaccines
- Synthetic Influenza Vaccines
- Cross-Protection Potency of Influenza Vaccines
- Past, Present, and Future of Influenza Chemotherapy
- Direct-Acting Antivirals
- Resistance to Direct-Acting Antivirals: Bad or Good?
- Indirectly Acting Antivirals (Host-Directed Therapies)
- Antibody-Based Therapeutics
- Concluding Remarks
- References
Chapter 5 Reasons for Insufficient Control of Influenza
- Introduction
- Widespread Occurrence of Influenza Viruses
- Rapid Transmission
- Genetic Variability
- Antigenic Variability of Influenza Viruses
- Escaping from the Immune Response
- Drug Resistance
- Mixed Infections
- Viral-Viral Mixed Infections
- Viral-Bacterial Mixed Infections
- Narrow Specificity of Antivirals
- Narrow Specificity of Conventional Vaccines
- Disadvantages of Current Therapeutic and Diagnostic Methods
- Herd Immunity
- Point-Of-Care Tests
- Concluding Remarks
- References
Chapter 6 Impact of Influenza and COVID-19 Pandemics on Circulation Of Seasonal Respiratory Viruses
- Introduction
- Empty Space Goes Against the Laws of Nature
- Wars, Stress and Infectious Diseases
- Impact of Influenza Pandemics on Circulation of Seasonal
- Respiratory Viruses
- Impact of the First COVID-19 Pandemic on Circulation of Seasonal
- Respiratory Viruses and Other Pathogens
- Co-Infection of Sars-Cov-2 with Human Influenza Viruses
- Co-Infection of Sars-Cov-2 with Influenza-Like Viruses
- Co-Infection of Sars-Cov-2 with Other Viral and Non-Viral Pathogens
- Impact of Sars-Cov-2 on Circulation of Seasonal Influenza and Other Respiratory
- Viruses
- Lessons Learned from the 1918 Great Influenza Pandemic
- Can Vaccines Against Other Infections Protect Us Against COVID-19
- Or Minimize Its Severity?
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 7 is It Possible to Eradicate Influenza?
- The 18th Year of the 20Th Century
- One Hundred Years After
- Advances in Influenza Research
- Advances in Physiology and Medicine
- Is It Possible to Eradicate Influenza? the Paradox of the Current Situation
- Concluding Remarks
- References
- Abbreviations
- Subject Index
Author
- Irina Kiseleva
- Natalie Larionova
