Medicinal and Environmental Chemistry: Experimental Advances and Simulations is a collection of topics that highlight the use of pharmaceutical chemistry to assess the environment or make drug design and chemical testing more environment friendly. The ten chapters included in the first part of this book set cover diverse topics, blending the fields of environmental chemistry and medicinal chemistry and have been authored by experts, scientists and academicians from renowned institutions. The book introduces the reader to environmental contaminants and techniques for their quantification and removal. A medicinal perspective for effects and remediation of environmental hazards, and therapeutic strategies available to design new and safer drugs, is addressed with a focus on knowledge about experimental and simulation methods.
To further elaborate the importance of environmentally safe chemical practice, the concept of green chemistry has also been covered. Specialized chapters have been included in the book about persistent organic pollutants, heavy metal and plastic pollutants, the effect of environmental xenoesterogens on human health and the potential of natural products to combat ecotoxicity. Key Features:1. 10 topics which blend environmental chemistry and medicinal chemistry2. Contributions from more than 30 experts3. Includes introductory topics on environmental pollutants, investigative techniques in drug design and environmental risk assessment and green chemistry4. Includes specialized topics on persistent pollutants, ecotoxicity remediation and xenoestrogens5.
Bibliographic references This reference is an essential source of information for readers and scholars involved in environmental chemistry, pollution management and pharmaceutical chemistry courses at graduate and undergraduate levels. Professionals and students involved in occupational medicine will also benefit from the wide range of topics covered.
To further elaborate the importance of environmentally safe chemical practice, the concept of green chemistry has also been covered. Specialized chapters have been included in the book about persistent organic pollutants, heavy metal and plastic pollutants, the effect of environmental xenoesterogens on human health and the potential of natural products to combat ecotoxicity. Key Features:1. 10 topics which blend environmental chemistry and medicinal chemistry2. Contributions from more than 30 experts3. Includes introductory topics on environmental pollutants, investigative techniques in drug design and environmental risk assessment and green chemistry4. Includes specialized topics on persistent pollutants, ecotoxicity remediation and xenoestrogens5.
Bibliographic references This reference is an essential source of information for readers and scholars involved in environmental chemistry, pollution management and pharmaceutical chemistry courses at graduate and undergraduate levels. Professionals and students involved in occupational medicine will also benefit from the wide range of topics covered.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Environmental Chemistry: Applications, Interactions and Paradigm Shift in Futuristic Approaches- Vinod Praveen Sharma, P. Sharma and Abdul Rahman Khan
- Introduction
- Industrialization and Chemical Research Works
- Paradigm Changes and Innovations
- Agricultural Chemistry and Greener Habitations: Interlinks
- Futuristic Approaches
- Biomaterials
- Environmental Consciousness and Carbon Footprint Reduction
- New Chemical Entities and Structure-Activity Relationships
- Interface Between Medicinal and Environmental Chemistry
- Inferences
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 2 Medicinal Chemistry: Opportunities and Challenges
- Jamal Akhtar Ansari, Abbas Ali Mahdi and Zafar Alam
- Introduction
- Sources of a Drug
- Synthetic Sources
- Plant-Derived Secondary Metabolites/Phytochemicals
- Microbial Metabolites
- Marine Invertebrates Derived Compounds
- Porifera
- Cnidaria
- Mollusca
- Arthropoda
- Recombinant Dna Technology
- Animal-Based Medicines
- Designing of New Chemical Entities (Nces)
- Degradation of Drugs
- Challenges in Medicinal Chemistry
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 3 Environmental Xenoestrogens: Developmental Effect On
- Changing Environment, Molecular Mechanisms, and Human Health
- Atul Gupta and Imran Ahmad
- Introduction
- Estrogens
- Biosynthesis of Estrogens
- Glandular Estrogen Synthesis
- Extra-Glandular Synthesis
- Classification of Estrogens
- Steroidal Estrogens
- Nonsteroidal Estrogens
- Functions and Mechanism of Action of Estrogens
- Estrogen Receptors
- Xenoestrogens
- Natural Environmental Estrogen
- Synthetic Xenoestrogens
- Mechanism of Action of Xenoestrogens
- A. Binding Directly to Estrogen Receptor
- B. Other Plausible Mechanisms
- Sources of Xenoestrogens
- Water
- Chemical Pesticides and Fertilizers
- Non-Organic Food Products
- Plastics
- Cosmetics and Toiletries
- Phthalates
- Parabens
- Triclosan
- Household Cleaners and Kitchen Ware
- Pharmaceutical Products
- Adverse Effects of Xenoestrogens
- Xenoestrogens: Implications for Risk Assessment
- Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Affecting Reproduction
- Suggestions
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 4 Persistent Organic Pollutants: The Ancient Intruders Of
- Our Environment
- Devendra Kumar Patel, Neha Gupta, Sandeep Kumar and Juhi Verma
- Introduction
- Environmental Effect of Pops
2. Dioxins, Furans, and Polychlorinated Biphenyls
3. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (Pbdes)
4. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs)
- Health Effect of Pops
- Endocrine Disruptions
- Reproductive Defects
- Cardiovascular Problems
- Cancer
- Diabetes
- Remediation
- Microbial Degradation
2. Fungal Degradation
3. Algal Degradation
- Oxidation Process for Wastewater Treatment
- Recent Advancements
- Concluding Remarks
- List of Abbreviations
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 5 an Experimental and Simulation Study to Address
- Variabilities and Uncertainties in Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium Ingestion for a Vegetarian Diet
- Ashish Yadav, Kaniska Biswas, Mukesh Sharma, Arunima Khare and Pavan K.
- Nagar
- Introduction
- Study Area, Materials, and Method
- Sample Collection
- Food and Water Samples
- Urine Samples
- Sample Analysis
- Sample Processing
- Instrumentation and Analysis
- Urine Analysis
- Risk Assessment Methodology
- Results and Discussion
- Concentration of Pb and Cd in Various Food Items
- Risk Characterization
- Dietary Intake (Pb and Cd)
- Pbb-Based Risk Assessment
- Cdu-Based Risk Assessment
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 6 Safety Evaluation of Coloured Plastic Tiffins/Bottles and Medical Strategies to Mitigate Additive Toxicity
- Sonika Bhatia
- Introduction
- Heavy Metal Toxicity
- Toxicity Mechanism
- Medical Interventions and Strategies
- Common Chelating Agents in Use
- Dimercaprol
- Dmsa & Dmps-Oral Chelation Analogues of Dimercaprol
- Sodium-Calcium Edta
- Deferoxamine (Dfo)
- Penicillamine and Trientine (Trithylenetetramine)- Oral Copper
- Chelators
- Dmsa Analogues
- Deferiprone and Deferasirox-Oral Iron Chelators
- Combination Therapy
- Phthalate Toxicity
- Bisphenol a Toxicity
- Therapeutic Strategies to Reduce Toxicity due to Phthalates and Bpa
- Reducing Exposure
- Increasing Rate of Elimination
- Antioxidant Supplements
- A Case Study
- Results
- Heavy Metal Migration (In Ppm)
- Survey
- Objectives
- Tools Used
- Interpretation and Analysis of Survey
- Awareness Building
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 7 Natural Compounds with Anticancer Therapeutic
- Potential for Combating Ecotoxic Carcinogens
- Anamika Mishra and Nidhi Mishra
- Introduction
- Environment: a Reservoir of Ecotoxic Carcinogens and Source Of
- Anticancer Drugs
- Ecotoxic Carcinogens
- Aflatoxins
- Aristolochic Acids
- Arsenic
- Asbestos
- Benzene
- Beryllium
- Cadmium
- Chromium
- Cigarette Smoke
- Ionizing Radiation
- Environment for the Treatment of Cancer
- Vinca Alkaloids
- Taxanes
- Podophyllotoxin
- Camptothecin Derivatives
- Colchicine
- Combretastatin
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 8 Basics of Drug Designing Through Small Organic Molecules
- And Their Toxicological Impact on the Environment
- Mohd Azhar Khan, Arif Ali, Fakhra Jabeen, Malik Nasibullah, Tahmeena Khan
- Musheer Ahmad and Qazi Inamur Rahman
- Introduction
- Drug Design and Development of New Drugs
- The Procedure Followed in Drug Design
- Concept of Lead Compounds and Lead Modifications
- Concept of a Prodrug, Double Prodrug, and Soft Drug
- A. Prodrugs
- I. Electronic Nature
- Ii. Steric Factors
- B. Double Prodrugs
- C. Soft Drugs
2. Activated Soft Compounds
3. Natural Soft Drug
4. Soft Drug Based on the Active Metabolite Approach
5. Soft Drug Based on the Inactive Metabolite Approach
- Structure-Activity Relationship (Sar)
2. Effect of Aldehydes and Ketones
3. Effect of Acidic Groups
4. Effect of Alkyl Groups
- History and Development of Qsar (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship)
- Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (Qsar) Methods
2. Hansch Approach
- Relationship Between Free-Wilson and Hansch Analysis
- Factors Affecting Bio-Activity
- Spatial Considerations
- R, S System for Asymmetric Molecules
- Optical Isomerism and Biological Activity
- Priority Order Based on Atomic Number
- Geometrical Isomerism and Pharmacological Activity
- Isosterism
- Bio-Isosterism
- Redox Potentials
- Theories of Drug Activity
2. Occupancy Theory
3. Affinity and Intrinsic Activity
Author
- Tahmeena Khan
- Abdul Rahman Khan
- Saman Raza
- Iqbal Azad
