Hydrogen-Enriched Compressed Natural Gas (HCNG) Engines. A Technology for Low Impact Engines

Table of Contents

Section I Introduction 1. Introduction to HCNG engines 2. Background of HCNG engines 3. Impact on current transportation infrastructure 4. Challenges involved in HCNG adaptation 5. Fundamentals of HCNG 6. Physical Characteristics of HCNG 7. Experimental system and methodology 8. Laminar flame characteristics 9. Flammability limit 10. Flame propagation and dynamics 11. Early flame development 12. Performance characteristics of HCNG engine 13. Effect of compression ratio 14. Effect of spark timings 15. Effect of excess air ratio at idle conditions 16. Effect of wide open throttle operating conditions 17. Combustion and emission characteristics of HCNG engine 18. Effect of hydrogen addition on cycle-by cycle variations 19. Extension of Lean limit 20. Effect of Excess air ratio 21. Effect of spark timings 22. Reduction of idle speed 23. Engine combustion characteristics 24. Engine cycle-by-cycle variations 25. Engine emission characteristics 26. Effect of compression ratio on combustion, emissions and cyclic variations 27. Effect of fuel injection timings 28. Combustion and emission characteristics of DI HCNG engine 29. Application of direct injection in HCNG engines 30. Effect of fuel injection timing 31. Effect of hydrogen addition on emission 32. Effect of cyclic variability

Section II Optimization of HCNG engines-lean burn 33. Hydrogen ratio 34. Excess air ratio 35. Spark timings 36. Exhaust gas recycle (EGR) 37. Compression ratio 38. Extension of lean operation limit 39. Effect of hydrogen addition 40. Effect of engine load 41. Effect of engine speed 42. Effect of spark timing 43. Catalytic converters usage 

Section III Optimization of HCNG engines-stoichiometric Combustion 44. Hydrogen ratio 45. Exhaust gas recycle (EGR) 46. Spark timings 47. TWC performance

Section IV Numerical modelling of HCNG engines 48. Statistical Analysis method 49. Overview 50. Design of experiments 51. Gaussian function modeling 52. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) optimization 53. ANN modeling to study the performance of HCNG engine 54. ANN modeling to study the emission of HCNG engine 55. Intelligent Regression Algorithm optimization 56. Support Vector Machine(SVM) method 57. Support Vector Machine(SVM) to study performance of HCNG engines 58. Support Vector Machine(SVM) to study NOx emission of HCNG engines 59. Quasi dimensional combustion model 60. Effect of calibration coefficients on the model 61. Two zone thermodynamic model 62. Turbulent entrainment combustion model 63. Adiabatic flame temperature model 64. Laminar burning velocity model

Section V Life Cycle Assessment of HCNG engines 65. Life Cycle Assessment of HCNG engines 66. Sources of Hydrogen Production

Authors

Ma Fanhua Associate Professor, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, China. Dr. Fanhua Ma is currently associated with Tsinghua University as Associate Professor with more than twenty years of experience in academics and research. His area of expertise includes combustion, emission and control of internal combustion engines, especially focuses on Hydrogen enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) engines. He has published around sixty research papers in referred journals/conferences. He is technical advisor of various national and international engine manufacturers. He has appointed as lead technical advisor of HCNG fuel station infrastructure project of Chinese 863 project and deputy project coordinator of UNDP-GEF fuel-cell bus commercialization project of China. Zuohua Huang Professor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Dr. Zuohua Huang is Professor at Xi'an Jiaotong University, China. He received his Ph. D degree in 1994 at Xi'an Jiaotong University. His research interests are internal combustion engines, combustion physics and chemistry, combustion diagnostics and simulation. He is Editor of FUEL and Fellow of the Combustion Institute. He is highly cited researcher in the field of engineering and energy. Amit Kumar Thakur Associate Professor, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. Dr. Amit Kumar Thakur is currently associated with Lovely Professional University as Associate Professor with more than seventeen years of experience in academics and research. His area of expertise includes Renewable energy technologies, Thermal energy, Robotics and Internet of Things. He has organized and conducted a number of workshops, summer internships and expert lectures for students as well as faculty. He has published around Twenty-four research papers in referred journals/conferences. He is the Life member of The Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE), faculty member of Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), life member of The Aeronautical Society of India (AMeASI). He is the editorial board member and reviewer of various reputed journals. He was the Research sub-coordinator for ADRDE, DRDO in the project of design and development of the deceleration system for Space capsule recovery experiment (SRE). He has five patents to his name.